Purging: The separation of normal from malignant cells for autologous transplantation

Transfusion

Volumn 36, Issue 10, 1996, Pages 910-918

  Champlin, R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4 HYDROPEROXYCYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE DERIVATIVE; MAFOSFAMIDE;

APHERESIS; AUTOTRANSPLANTATION; BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; CANCER CELL; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CELL CULTURE; DENSITY GRADIENT; EFFECTOR CELL; GENE THERAPY; REVIEW; STEM CELL;

EID: 0029828707     PISSN: 00411132     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.1996.361097017179.x     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Champlin R. Technology of blood and marrow transplantation. ExpHematol 1995;23:273-6.
2. Frei E 3d, Canellos GP. Dose: a critical factor in cancer chemotherapy. Am J Med 1980;69:585-94.
3. Hryniuk WM, Bush H. The importance of dose intensity in ' chemotherapy of metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1984 ;2:1281-8.
4. Champlin RE. Bone marrow transplantation. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990.
5. Elias AD, Ayash L, Anderson KC, et al. Mobilization of peripheral blood progenitor cells by chemotherapy and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for hématologie support after high-dose intensification for breast cancer. Blood 1992;79:3036-44.
6. Socinski MA, Cannistra SA, Elias A, et al. In vivo administration of GM-CSF increases the number of peripheral blood (Pb) progenitor cells and the cycling fraction of bone marrow (BM) CPU GM. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1988;7:159.
7. Peters WP, Rosner G, Ross M, et al. Comparative effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on priming peripheral blood progenitor cells for use with autologous bone marrow after high-dose chemotherapy. Blood 1993;81:1709-19.
8. Sheridan WP, Begley CG, Juttner ÇA, et al. Effect of peripheral-blood progenitor cells mobilised by filgrastim (G-CSF) on platelet recovery after high-dose chemotherapy. Lancet 1992;339:640-4.
9. Ross AA. Cooper BW, Lazarus HM, et al. Detection and viability of tumor cells in peripheral blood stem cell collections from breast cancer patients using immunocytochemical and clonogenic assay techniques. Blood 1993:82:2605-10.
10. Moss TJ, Cairo M, Santana VM, et al. Clonogenicity of circulating neuroblastoma cells: implications regarding peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Blood 1994;83:3085-9.
11. Moss TJ, Sanders DO, Lasky LC, Bostrom B. Contamination of peripheral blood stem cell harvests by circulating neuroblastoma cells. Blood 1990:76:1879-83.
12. Simpson SJ, Vachula M, Kennedy MJ, et al. Detection of tumor cells in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, and apheresis products of breast cancer patients usins flow cytometry. Exp Hematol 1995:23:1062-8.
13. Brenner MK, Rill DR, Moen RC, et al. Gene-marking to trace origin of relapse after autologous bone-marrow transplantation. Lancet 1993:341:85-6.
14. Rill DR, Santana VM, Roberts WM, et al. Direct demonstration that autologous bone marrow transplantation for solid tumors can return a multiplicity of tumoricenic cells. Blood 1994:84:380-3.
15. Deisseroth AB, Zu Z, Claxton D, et al. Genetic marking shows that Phcells present in autologous transplants of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) contribute to relapse after autologous bone marrow in CML. Blood 1994;83:3068-76.
16. B rugger W, Brass KJ, Glatt M, et al. Mobilization of tumor cells and hematopoietic progenitor cells into peripheral blood of patients with solid tumors. Blood 1994;83:636-40.
17. Miyajima Y, Kato K, Numata S, et al. Detection of neuroblastoma cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood at diagnosis by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for tyrosinehydroxylasemRNA. Cancer 1995:75:2757-61.
18. Sharp JO, Joshi SS, Armitage JO, et al. Significance of detection of occult non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in histologically uninvolved bone marrow by a culture technique. Blood I992;79:1074-80.
19. Gribben JG, Freedman AS, Neuberg D, et al. Immunologie purging of marrow assessed by PCR before autologous bone marrow transplantation for B-cell lymphoma. N EngI J Med 1991:325:1525-33.
20. Lee MS, Chang KS, Cabanillas F, et al. Detection of minimal residual cells carrying the t( 14; 18) by DNA sequence amplification. Science 1987:237:175-8.
21. Negrin RS, Kiem HP, Schmidt-Wolf IG, et al. Use of the polymerase chain reaction to monitor the effectiveness of ex vivo tumor cell purging. Blood 1991:77:654-60.
22. Yeager AM, Kaizer H, Santos GW, et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, using ex vivo marrow treatment with 4-hydroperoxcyclophosphamide. N Engl J Med 1986:315:141-7.
23. Douay L, Mary JY, Giarratana MC, et al. Establishment of a reliable experimental procedure for bone marrow purging with mafosfamide (ASTA Z 7557). Exp Hematol 1989; 17:429-32.
24. Gorin NC, Aegerter P, Auvert B, et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation for acute myelocytic leukemia in first remission: a European survey of the role of marrow purging. Blood 1990:75:1606-14.
25. Domenech J, Desbois I, Linassier C, et al. Sensitivity of human CFU-GM to mafosfamide: analysis of the factors affecting individual variations. Bone Marrow Transplant 1993; 11:425-31.
26. Miller CB, Zehnbauer BA, Piantadosi S, et al. Correlation of occult clonogenic leukemia drug sensitivity with relapse after autologous bone marrow transplantation. Blood 1991 ;78:112531.
27. Rowley SD, Zuehlsdorf M, Braine HG. et al. CFU-GM content of bone marrow graft correlates with time to hématologie reconstitution following autologous bone marrow transplantation with 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide-purged bone marrow. Blood 1987:70:271-5.
28. Shah NK, Wingard JR, Piantadosi S, et al. Chromosome abnormalities in patients treated with 4-hydroperoxycycIophosphamide-purged autologous bone marrow transplantation. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1993:65:135-40.
29. Kalechman Y, Sotnik-Barkai I, Albeck M, Sredni B. Protection of bone marrow stromal cells from the toxic effects of cyclophosphamide in vivo and of ASTA-Z 7557 and etoposide in vitro by ammonium trichloro(dioxyethylene-O-O')tellurate (AS 101). Cancer Res 1993;53:1838-44.
30. Degliantoni G, Mangoni L, Rizzoli V. In vitro restoration of polyclonal hematopoiesis in a chronic myelogenous leukemia after in vitro treatment with 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide. Blood 1985;65:753-7.
31. Hebert ME, Greenberg ML, Chaffee S, et al. Pharmacologie purging of malignant T cells from human bone marrow using 9-D-arabinofuranosylguanine. Transplantation 1991;52:63440.
32. Gulati S, Acaba L, Yahalom J, et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation for acute myelogenous leukemia using 4hydroperoxycyclophosphamide and VP-16 purged bone marrow. Bone Marrow Transplant 1992;IO:129-34.
33. Kühl JS, Sikic BI, Blume KG, Chao NJ. Use of etoposide in combination with cyclosporin for purging multidrug-resistant leukemic cells from bone marrow in a mouse model. Exp Hematol 1992;20:1048-64.
34. Kapoor N, Tutschka PJ, Copelan EA. Bone marrow purging with glucocorticoids. Prog Clin Biol Res 1990;333:39-46.
35. Aihara M, Aihara Y, Schmidt-Wolf G, et al. A combined approach for purging multidrug-resistant leukemic cell lines in bone marrow using a monoclonal antibody and chemotherapy. Blood 1991;77:2079-84.
36. Verdonck LF, Heesbeen EC, van Heugten HG, et al. The cytotoxicity of alkyl-lysophospholipid on clonogenic leukemia cells and on normal bone marrow progenitor cells is highly, but differentially, increased by cryopreservation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1992;9:241-5.
37. Vogler WR, Berdel WE, Olson AC, et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation in acute leukemia with marrow purged with alkyl-lysophospholipid. Blood 1992;80:1423-9.
38. Dietzfelbinger HF, Kühn D, Zafferani M, et al. Removal of breast cancer cells from bone marrow by in vitro purging with ether lipids and cryopreservation. Cancer Res 1993;53:3747-51.
39. Ritz J, Sallan SE, Bast RC, et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation in CALLA-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia after in vitro treatment with J5 monoclonal antibody and complement. Lancet 1982;2:60-3.
40. Bast RC, Ritz J, Lipton JM. Elimination of leukemic cells from human bone marrow using monoclonal antibody and complement. Cancer Res 1983:43:1389-94.
41. Yau JC, Reading CL, Thomas MW, et al. Purging of T-lymphocytes with magnetic affinity colloid. Exp Hematol 1990; 18:21922.
42. Biéva CJ, Vander Brugghen FJ, Stryckmans PA. Malignant leukemic cell separation by iron colloid immunomagnetic adsorption. Exp Hematol 1989;17:914-20.
43. Kemshead JT, Heath L, Gibson FM, et al. Magnetic microspheres and monoclonal antibodies for the depletion of neuroblastoma cells from bone marrow: experiences, improvements and observations. BrJ Cancer 1986:54:771-8.
44. Reading CL, Thomas MW, Hickey CM, et al. Magnetic affinity colloid (MAC) cell separation of leukemia cells from autologous bone marrow aspirates. Leuk Res 1987;! 1:1067-77.
45. Dreger P, von Neuhoff N, Suttorp M, et al. Rapid engraftment of peripheral blood progenitor cell grafts purged with B cellspecific monoclonal antibodies and immunomagnetic beads. Bone Marrow Transplant 1995;16:627-9.
46. Roy DC, Perreault C, Belanger R, et al. Elimination of B-lineage leukemia and lymphoma cells from bone marrow grafts using anti-B4-blocked-ricin immunotoxin. J Clin Immunol 1995:15:51-7.
47. Uckun FM, Haissig S, Ledbetter JA, et al. Developmental hierarchy during early human B-cell ontogeny after autologous bone marrow transplantation using autografts depleted of CD19Bcell precursors by an anti-CD19 pan-B-cell immunotoxin containing pokeweéd antiviral protein. Blood 1992:79:3369-79.
48. Scheffold C, Brandt K, Johnston V, et al. Potential of autologous immunologie effector cells for bone marrow purging in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Bone Marrow Transplant 1995;15:33-9.
49. Anderson PM, Crist W, Hasz D, et al. GI9.4(aCD3) x B43(aCD19) monoclonal antibody heteroconjugate triggers CD 19 antigen-specific lysis of t(4; 11 ) acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells by activated CD3 antigen-positive cytotoxic T cells. Blood 1992;80:2826-34.
50. De Fabritiis P, Bregni M, Lipton J, et al. Elimination of clonogenic Burkitt's lymphoma cells from human bone marrow using 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide in combination with monoclonal antibodies and complement. Blood 1985 ;65:106470.
51. Uckun FM, Kersey JH, Haake R, et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation in high-risk remission B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia using a cocktail of three monoclonal antibodies (BA-1/CD24, BA-2/CD9, and BA-3/CD10) plus complement and 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide for ex vivo bone marrow purging. Blood 1992;79:1094-104.
52. Uckun FM, Kersey JH, Vallera DA, et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation in high-risk remission T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia using immunotoxins plus 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide for marrow purging. Blood 1990;76:1723-33.
53. Dickinson AM, Middleton SL, Latham J, et al. Cytokine treatment of human bone marrow activates anti-leukaemia effector cells: monitoring of purging by polymerase chain reaction and DNA analysis. Leukemia 1995;9:444-9.
54. Van den Brink MR, Voogt PJ, Marijt WA, et al. Lymphokineactivated killer cells selectively kill tumor cells in bone marrow without compromising bone marrow stem cell function in vitro. Blood 1989;74:354-60.
55. Verma UN, Bagg A, Brown E, Mazumder A. Interleukin-2 activation of human bone marrow in long-term cultures: an effective strategy for purging and generation of anti-tumor cytotoxic effectors. Bone Marrow Transplant 1994;13:115-23.
56. Klingemann HO, Eaves CJ, Barnett MJ, et al. Transplantation of patients with high risk acute myeloid leukemia in first remission with autologous marrow cultured in interleukin-2 followed by interleukin-2 administration. Bone Marrow Transplant 1994; 14:389-96.
57. Becker M, Fabrega S, Belloc F, et al. Interferon gamma is effective for BM purging in a patient with CML. Bone Marrow Transplant 1993;12:155-8.
58. Silla LM, Chen J, Zhong RK, et al. Potentiation of lysis of leukaemia cells by a bispecific antibody to CD33 and CD 16 (Fc gamma RIII) expressed by human natural killer (NK) cells. Br JHaematoI1995;89:712-8.
59. Skorski T, Nieborowska-Skorska M, Barletta C, et al. Highly efficient elimination of Philadelphia leukemic cells by exposure to bcr/abl antisense oligodeoxynucleotides combined with mafosfamide. J Clin Invest 1993;92:194-202.
60. Giles RV, Spiller DG, Green JA, et al. Optimization of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide structure for targeting bcr-abl mRNA. Blood 1995;86:744-54.
61. Snyder DS, Wu Y, Wang JL, et al. Ribozyme-mediated inhibition of bcr-abl gene expression in a Philadelphia chromosomepositive cell line. Blood 1993;82:600-5.
62. Kearney P, Wright LA, Milliken S, Biggs JC. Improved specificity of ribozyme-mediated cleavage of bcr-abl mRNA. Exp Hematol 1995;23:986-9.
63. Leopold LH, Shore SK, Newkirk TA, et al. Multi-unit ribozymemediated cleavage of bcr-abl mRNA in myeloid leukemias. Blood 1995;85:2162-70.
64. Yuan T, Zhou YQ, Herst CV, et al. Molecular approaches to purging of chronic myelogenous leukemia marrow in autologous transplantation. Prog Clin Biol Res 1992;377:227-30.
65. Gewirtz AM. Treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) with c-myb antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (abstract). Bone Marrow Transplant 1994;14(Suppl 3):S57.
66. Calabretta B, Sims RB, Valtieri M, et al. Normal and leukemic hematopoietic cells manifest differential sensitivity to inhibitory effects of c-myb antisense oligodeoxynucleotides: an in vitro study relevant to bone marrow purging. Proc Nail Acad Sei U SA1991;88:2351-5.
67. De Fabritiis P, Amadori S, Petti MC, et al. In vitro purging with BCR-ABL antisense oligodeoxynucleotides does not prevent haematologic reconstitution after autologous bone marrow transplantation. Leukemia 1995;9:662-4.
68. Hung MC, Matin A, Zhang Y, et al.//£/J-2/e;/-targeting gene therapy-a review. Gene I995;159:65-71.
69. Szilvassy SJ, Huffman R. Enriched hematopoietic stem cells: basic biology and clinical utility. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 1995;1:3.
70. Lebkowski JS, Schain LR, Okrongly D, et al. Rapid isolation of human CD34 hematopoietic stem cells-purging of human tumor cells. Transplantation 1992;53:1011-9.
71. Ci vin CI. Identification and positive selection of human progenitor/stem cells for bone marrow transplantation. Prog Clin Biol Res 1992;377:461-73.
72. Shpall EJ, Jones RB, Bearman SI, et al. Transplantation of enriched CD34-positive autologous marrow into breast cancer patients following high-dose chemotherapy: influence of CD34positive peripheral-blood progenitors and growth factors on engraftment. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12:28-36.
73. Berenson RJ, Bensinger WI, Hill RS, et al. Engraftment after infusion of CD34marrow cells in patients with breast cancer or neuroblastoma. Blood 1991 ;77:1717-22.
74. Lane TA, Law P, Maruyama M, et al. Harvesting and enrichment of hematopoietic progenitor cells mobilized into the peripheral blood of normal donors by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or G-CSF: potential role in allogeneic marrow transplantation. Blood 1995;85:275-82.
75. Baum CM, Weissman IL, Tsukamoto AS, et al. Isolation of a candidate human hematopoietic stem-cell population. Proc NatI Acad Sei U S A 1992;89:2804-8.
76. Gazitt Y, Reading CC, Hoffman R, et al. Purified CD34+ LinThystem cells do not contain clonal myeloma cells. Blood 1995;86:381-9.
77. Champlin RE, Ball E, Holland K, et al. Importance of cell dose with CD34-seIected autologous marrow transplants: results of a controlled trial (abstract). Blood 1995;(in press).
78. Macintyre EA, Belanger C, Debert C, et al. Detection of clonal CD34+19+ progenitors in bone marrow of bc/2-IgH-positive follicularlymphoma patients. Blood 1995;86:4691-8.
79. Vescio RA, Hong CH, Cao J, et ai. The hematopoietic stem cell antigen, CD34, is not expressed on the malignant cells in multiple myeloma. Blood 1994;84:3283-90.
80. Robertson MJ, Soiffer RJ, Freedman AS, et al. Human bone marrow depleted of CD33-positive cells mediates delayed but durable reconstitution of hematopoiesis: clinical trial of MY9 monoclonal antibody-purged autografts for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 1992;79:2229-36.
81. Verfaillie CM, Miller WJ, Boylan K, McGlave PB. Selection of benign primitive hematopoietic progenitors in chronic myelogenous leukemia on the basis of HLA-DR antigen expression. Blood 1992;79:1003-10.
82. Dunbar CE, Stewart FM. Separating the wheat from the chaff: selection of benign hematopoietic cells in chronic myeloid leukemia (editorial). Blood 1992;79:1107-10.
83. Uchida N, Fleming WH, Alpem EJ, Weissman IL. Heterogeneity of hematopoietic stem cells. Curr Opin Immunol I993;5:17784.
84. Uchida N, Aguila HL, Fleming WH, et al. Rapid and sustained hematopoietic recovery in lethally irradiated mice transplanted with purified Thy-1.1'0 Lin Sca-1hematopoietic stem cells. Blood 1994;83:3758-79.
85. Negrin RS, Kusnierz-GIaz CR, Still BJ, et al. Transplantation of enriched and purged peripheral blood progenitor cells from a single apheresis product in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Blood 1995;85:3334-41.
86. Eaves AC, Eaves CJ, Phillips GL, Barnett MJ. Culture purging in leukemia: past, present, and future. Leuk Lymphoma 1993;ll(Suppll):259-63.
87. Dexter MT, Alien TD, Lajtha LG. Conditions controlling the proliferation of haemopoietic stem cells in vitro. J Cell Physiol 1977;91:335-44.
88. Fraser CC, Szilvassy SJ, Eaves CJ, Humphries RK. Proliferation of totipotent hematopoietic stem cells m vitro with reten-tion of long-term competitive/;! vivo reconstituting ability. Proc Natl Acad Sei U S A 1992;89:1968-72.
89. Eaves CJ, Sutherland HJ, Cashman JD, et al. Regulation of primitive human hematopoietic cells in long-term marrow culture. Semin Hematol 1991 ;28:126-31.
90. Chang J, Morgenstern OR, Coutinho LH, et al. The use of bone marrow cells grown in long-term culture for autologous bone marrow transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia: an update. Bone Marrow Transplant 1989;4:5-9.
91. Coutinho LH, Testa NO, Chang J, et al. The use of cultured bone marrow cells in autologous transplantation. Prog Clin Biol Res 1990;333:415-32.
92. Barnett MJ, Eaves CJ, Phillips GL, et al. Autografting with cultured marrow in chronic myeloid leukemia: results of a pilot study. Blood 1994;84:724-32.
93. Agarvval R, Doren S, Hicks B, Dunbar CE. Long-term culture of chronic myelogenous leukemia marrow cells on stem cell factor-deficient stroma favors benign progenitors. Blood 1995;85:1306-12.
94. Udomsakdi C, Eaves CJ, Swolin B, et al. Rapid decline of chronic myeloid leukemic cells in long-term culture due to a defect at the leukemic stem cell level. Proc Natl Acad Sei U S A 1992;89:6192-6.
95. Sui X, Tsuji K, Tanaka R, et al. gplSO and c-Kit signalings synergize for ex vivo expansion of human primitive hemopoietic progenitor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sei U S A 1995:92:285963.
96. Brugger W, Heimfeld S, Berenson RJ, et al. Reconstitution of hematopoiesis after high-dose chemotherapy by autologous progenitor cells generated ex vivo. N Engl J Med 1995;333:283-7.
97. Hudak S, Hunte B, Culpepper J, et al. FLT3/FLK2 ligand promotes the growth of murine stem cells and the expansion of colony-forming cells and spleen colony-forming units. Blood 1995;85:2747-55.
98. Moore MA. Expansion of myeloid stem cells in culture. Semin Hematol 1995;32:183-200.
99. Lemoli RM, Tafuri A, Strife A, et al. Proliferation of human hematopoietic progenitors in long-term bone marrow cultures in gas-permeable plastic bags is enhanced by colony-stimulating factors. Exp Hematol 1992;20:569-75.
100. McAlister IB, Teepe M, Gillis S, Williams DE. Ex vivo expansion of peripheral blood progenitor cells with recombinant cytokines. Exp Hematol 1992;20:626-8.
101. Verfaillie CM. Direct contact between human primitive hematopoietic progenitors and bone marrow stroma is not required for long-term in vitro hematopoiesis. Blood 1992;79:2821 -6.
102. Haylock DN, To LB, Dowse TL, et al. Ex vivo expansion and maturation of peripheral blood CD34cells into the myeloid lineage. Blood 1992;80:1405-12.
103. Brandt JE, Briddell RA, Srour EF, et al. Role of c-kit ligand in the expansion of human hematopoietic progenitor cells. Blood 1992;79:634-41.
104. Brugger W, Möcklin W, Heimfeld S, et al. Ex vivo expansion of enriched peripheral blood CD34progenitor cells by stem cell factor, interleukin-1 (IL-1 ), IL-6,1L-3, interferon-gamma, and erythropoietin. Blood 1993;81:2579-84.
105. Neben S, Donaldson D, Sieff C, et al. Synergistic effects of interleukin-11 with other growth factors on the expansion of murine hematopoietic progenitors and maintenance of stem cells in liquid culture. Exp Hematol 1994;22:353-9.
106. Hirayama F, Shih JP, Awgulewitsch A, et al. Clonal proliferation of murine lymphohemopoietic progenitors in culture. Proc Natl Acad Sei U S A 1992;89:5907-11.
107. Hirayama F, Katayama N, Neben S, et al. Synergistic interaction between interleukin-12 and steel factor in support of proliferation of murine lymphohematopoietic progenitors in culture. Blood 1994;83:92-8.
108. Leary AC, Wong GG, Clark SC, et al. Leukemia inhibitory factordifferentiation-inhibiting activity/human interleukin for DA cells augments proliferation of human hematopoietic stem cells. Blood 1990:75:1960-4.
109. Sutherland HJ, Eaves CJ, Lansdorp PM, et al. Differential regulation of primitive human hematopoietic cells in long-term cul-tures maintained on genetically engineered murine stromal cells. Blood 1991;78:666-72.
110. OtsukaT,Thacker JD, Eaves CJ, Hogge DE. Differential effects of microenvironmentally presented interleukin 3 versus soluble growth factor on primitive human hematopoietic cells. J Clin Investi 991;88:417-22.
111. Verfaillie CM, Catanzarro PM, Li WN. Macrophage inflammatory protein la, interleukin 3 and diffusible marrow stromal factors maintain human hematopoietic stem cells for at least eight weeks in vitro. J Exp Med 1994; 179:643-9.
112. Hirayama F, Clark SC, Ogawa M. Negative regulation of early B lymphopoiesis by interleukin 3 and interleukin la. Proc Natl AcadSciUSA 1994;91:469-73.
113. Srour EF, Brandt JE, Briddell RA, et al. Long-term generation and expansion of human primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro. Blood 1993;81:661-9.
114. Emerson SG, Palsson BO, Clarke MF. The construction of high efficiency human bone marrow tissue ex vivo. J Cell Biochem 1991;45:268.
115. Kapelushnik J, Nagler A, Or R, et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation for stage IV neuroblastoma: the role of soybean agglutinin purging. Transplant Proc 1993;25:2375-6.
116. Moriyama Y, Goto T, Hashimoto S, et al. A simple elimination of clonogenic tumor cells from human bone marrow in vitro by heat: its application to autologous bone marrow transplantation forB-cell lymphoma. Ann Hematol 1992;64:266-9.
117. Murphy PB, Richman CM. Normal and malignant human myeloid progenitors differ in their sensitivity to hyperthermia. Exp Hematol 1989; 17:1105-9.
118. Giddli J, Fehér I. The effect of a combined purging with mafosfamide and hyperthermia on murine haemopoietic stem cells and leukaemogenic cells. Bone Marrow Transplant 1992; 10:47983.
119. Itoh T, Messner HA, Jamal N, et al. Merocyanine 540-sensitized photoinactivation of high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cells: potential application in autologous BMT. Bone Marrow Transplant 1993;12:191-6.
120. Gribben JG, Saporito L, Barber M, et al. Bone marrows of nonHodgkin's lymphoma patients with abcl-2 translocation can be purged of polymerase chain reaction-detectable lymphoma cells using monoclonal antibodies and immunomasnetic bead depletion. Blood 1992;80:1083.
121. Rohatiner AZ, Johnson PW, Price CG, et al. Myeloablative therapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation as consolidation therapy for recurrent follicular lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12:1177-84.
122. Sallan SE, Niemeyer CM, Billett AL, et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 1989;7:1594-601.
123. Soiffer RJ, Roy DC, Gonin R, et al. Monoclonal antibody-purged autologous bone marrow transplantation in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia at high risk of relapse. Bone Marrow Transplant 1993;12:243-61.
124. Corradini P, Voena C, Astolfi M, et al. High-dose sequential chemoradiotherapy in multiple myeloma: residual tumor cells are detectable in bone marrow and peripheral blood cell harvests and after autografting. Blood 1995;85:1596-602.
125. Bergsagel PL, Smith AM, Szczepek A, et al. In multiple myeloma, clonotypic B lymphocytes are detectable among CD 19peripheral blood cells expressing CD38, CD56, and monotypic Ig light chain. Blood 1995;85:436-47.
126. Anderson KC, Andersen J, Soiffer R, et al. Monoclonal antibody-purged bone marrow transplantation therapy for multiple myeloma. Blood 1993;82:2568-76.
127. Rowley SD, Jones RJ, Piantadosi S, et al. Efficacy of ex vivo purging for autologous bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 1989;74:501-6.
128. Linker ÇA, Ries ÇA, Damon LE, et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia using busulfan plus etoposide as a preparative regimen. Blood 1993;81:311-8.
129. Chao NJ, Stein AS, Long GD, et al. Busulfan/etoposide-initial experience with a new preparatory regimen for autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 1993;81:319-23.
130. Selvaggi KJ, Wilson JW, Mills LE, et al. Improved outcome for high-risk acute myeloid leukemia patients using autologous bone marrow transplantation and monoclonal antibody-purged bone marrow. Blood 1994;83:1698-705.
131. O'Briant KC, Shpall EJ, Houston LL, et al. Elimination of clonogenic breast cancer cells from human bone marrow. A comparison of immunotoxin treatment with chemoimmunoseparation using 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide, monoclonal antibodies, and magnetic microspheres. Cancer 1991;68:1272-8.
132. Shpall EJ, Stemmer SM, Bearman SI, et al. New strategies in marrow purging for breast cancer patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1993;26(Suppl):S 19-23.
133. Passos-Coelho J, Ross AA, Davis JM, et al. Bone marrow micrométastases in chemotherapy-responsive advanced breast cancer: effect of ex vivo purging with 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide. Cancer Res 1994;54:2366-71.
134. Kessler DA, Siegel JP, Noguchi PD, et al. Regulation of somaticcell therapy and gene therapy by the Food and Drug Administration. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1169-73.