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Volumn 48, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 551-578

Personal networks and postrevolutionary state building: Soviet Russia reexamined

(1)  Easter, Gerald M a  

a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NATION BUILDING; PERSONAL NETWORK; POLITICAL STRUCTURE; POST-COMMUNISM;

EID: 0029826951     PISSN: 00438871     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/wp.1996.0016     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (47)

References (169)
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    • See, for example, Stephen Krasner, Defending the National Interest: Raw Material Investments and U.S. Foreign Policy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); and Eric Nordlinger, On the Autonomy of the Democratic State (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981).
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    • For an excellent overview of this literature, see Theda Skocpol, "Bringing the State Back In: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research," in Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
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    • (1988) Sinews of Power: War, Money, and the English State
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    • Princeton: Princeton University Press
    • Among the many good examples of this work, see Charles Tilly, ed., Formation of the National States of Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975); Vivienne Shue, The Reaches of the State: Sketches of the Chinese Politic (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1988); John Brewer, Sinews of Power: War, Money, and the English State (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988); Lisa Anderson, The State and Social Transformation in Libya and Tunisia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Peter Katzenstein, Small States in World Markets (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985); Stephen Skorownek, Building a New American State: Expansion of National Administrative Capacities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982); and Peter Hall, Governing the Economy: The Politics of State Intervention in England and France (Oxford: Oxford University, 1986).
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    • Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press
    • Among the many good examples of this work, see Charles Tilly, ed., Formation of the National States of Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975); Vivienne Shue, The Reaches of the State: Sketches of the Chinese Politic (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1988); John Brewer, Sinews of Power: War, Money, and the English State (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988); Lisa Anderson, The State and Social Transformation in Libya and Tunisia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Peter Katzenstein, Small States in World Markets (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985); Stephen Skorownek, Building a New American State: Expansion of National Administrative Capacities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982); and Peter Hall, Governing the Economy: The Politics of State Intervention in England and France (Oxford: Oxford University, 1986).
    • (1985) Small States in World Markets
    • Katzenstein, P.1
  • 14
    • 0004070748 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Among the many good examples of this work, see Charles Tilly, ed., Formation of the National States of Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975); Vivienne Shue, The Reaches of the State: Sketches of the Chinese Politic (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1988); John Brewer, Sinews of Power: War, Money, and the English State (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988); Lisa Anderson, The State and Social Transformation in Libya and Tunisia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Peter Katzenstein, Small States in World Markets (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985); Stephen Skorownek, Building a New American State: Expansion of National Administrative Capacities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982); and Peter Hall, Governing the Economy: The Politics of State Intervention in England and France (Oxford: Oxford University, 1986).
    • (1982) Building a New American State: Expansion of National Administrative Capacities
    • Skorownek, S.1
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    • Oxford: Oxford University
    • Among the many good examples of this work, see Charles Tilly, ed., Formation of the National States of Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975); Vivienne Shue, The Reaches of the State: Sketches of the Chinese Politic (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1988); John Brewer, Sinews of Power: War, Money, and the English State (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988); Lisa Anderson, The State and Social Transformation in Libya and Tunisia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Peter Katzenstein, Small States in World Markets (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985); Stephen Skorownek, Building a New American State: Expansion of National Administrative Capacities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982); and Peter Hall, Governing the Economy: The Politics of State Intervention in England and France (Oxford: Oxford University, 1986).
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    • Princeton: Princeton University Press
    • Joel Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Societal Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), 4-7. A good critique of the way in which comparativists have attempted to measure state capacity is Robert Jackman, Power without Force: The Political Capacity of Nation-States (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993), chap. 3. Robert Putnam has recently developed a more sophisticated comparative measurement of institutional performance, which includes comprehensiveness, internal consistency, reliability, and correspondence to objectives. See Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), chap. 3.
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    • Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, chap. 3
    • Joel Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Societal Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), 4-7. A good critique of the way in which comparativists have attempted to measure state capacity is Robert Jackman, Power without Force: The Political Capacity of Nation-States (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993), chap. 3. Robert Putnam has recently developed a more sophisticated comparative measurement of institutional performance, which includes comprehensiveness, internal consistency, reliability, and correspondence to objectives. See Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), chap. 3.
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    • Princeton: Princeton University Press, chap. 3
    • Joel Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Societal Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), 4-7. A good critique of the way in which comparativists have attempted to measure state capacity is Robert Jackman, Power without Force: The Political Capacity of Nation-States (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993), chap. 3. Robert Putnam has recently developed a more sophisticated comparative measurement of institutional performance, which includes comprehensiveness, internal consistency, reliability, and correspondence to objectives. See Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), chap. 3.
    • (1993) Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy
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    • Cambridge: Harvard University Press
    • Merle Fainsod, How Russia Is Ruled (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1955); Leonard Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (New York: Vintage Books, 1960); Robert Daniels, "The Secretariat and the Local Organizations in the Russian Communist Party, 1921-1923," American Slavonic and East European Review 6 (March 1957); and Robert Service, Bolshevik Party in Revolution: Study in Organizational Change, 1917-1923 (London: Macmillan, 1979). A notable exception, which pointed out the shortcomings in the organizational structure of the center, was Merle Fainsod, Smolensk under Soviet Rule (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958).
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    • J. Arch Getty, Origin of the Great Purges (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Roger Pethyridge, One Step Backwards, Two Steps Forward (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990); Graeme Gill, Origins of the Stalinist Political System (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); James Hughes, Stalin, Siberia, and the Crisis of the New Economic Policy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
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    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • J. Arch Getty, Origin of the Great Purges (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Roger Pethyridge, One Step Backwards, Two Steps Forward (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990); Graeme Gill, Origins of the Stalinist Political System (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); James Hughes, Stalin, Siberia, and the Crisis of the New Economic Policy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
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    • See Von Hagen's review article in Slavic Review 48 (Winter 1989).
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    • Fainsod (fn. 16), 236, 237
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    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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    • (1992) Patronage and Politics in the USSR
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    • London: George Allen and Unwin
    • Fainsod (fn. 16), 236, 237; C. M. Hann, Tazlar: A Village in Hungary (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980); John Willerton, Patronage and Politics in the USSR (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); T. H. Rigby and Bohdan Harasymiw, Leadership Selection and Patron-Client Relations in the USSR and Yugoslavia (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1983); Jerry Hough, Soviet Prefects: Local Party Organs in Industrial Decision-Making (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969); Andrew Walder, Communist Neo-Traditionalism: Work and Authority in Chinese Industry (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986); Jean Oi, State and Peasant in Contemporary China (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989).
    • (1983) Leadership Selection and Patron-Client Relations in the USSR and Yugoslavia
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    • Cambridge: Harvard University Press
    • Fainsod (fn. 16), 236, 237; C. M. Hann, Tazlar: A Village in Hungary (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980); John Willerton, Patronage and Politics in the USSR (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); T. H. Rigby and Bohdan Harasymiw, Leadership Selection and Patron-Client Relations in the USSR and Yugoslavia (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1983); Jerry Hough, Soviet Prefects: Local Party Organs in Industrial Decision-Making (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969); Andrew Walder, Communist Neo-Traditionalism: Work and Authority in Chinese Industry (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986); Jean Oi, State and Peasant in Contemporary China (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989).
    • (1969) Soviet Prefects: Local Party Organs in Industrial Decision-Making
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    • Berkeley: University of California Press
    • Fainsod (fn. 16), 236, 237; C. M. Hann, Tazlar: A Village in Hungary (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980); John Willerton, Patronage and Politics in the USSR (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); T. H. Rigby and Bohdan Harasymiw, Leadership Selection and Patron-Client Relations in the USSR and Yugoslavia (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1983); Jerry Hough, Soviet Prefects: Local Party Organs in Industrial Decision-Making (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969); Andrew Walder, Communist Neo-Traditionalism: Work and Authority in Chinese Industry (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986); Jean Oi, State and Peasant in Contemporary China (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989).
    • (1986) Communist Neo-Traditionalism: Work and Authority in Chinese Industry
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    • Fainsod (fn. 16), 236, 237; C. M. Hann, Tazlar: A Village in Hungary (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980); John Willerton, Patronage and Politics in the USSR (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); T. H. Rigby and Bohdan Harasymiw, Leadership Selection and Patron-Client Relations in the USSR and Yugoslavia (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1983); Jerry Hough, Soviet Prefects: Local Party Organs in Industrial Decision-Making (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969); Andrew Walder, Communist Neo-Traditionalism: Work and Authority in Chinese Industry (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986); Jean Oi, State and Peasant in Contemporary China (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989).
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    • note
    • A notable exception was Gill (fn. 20), 44, 128, 129, 217. But Gill ultimately concluded that informal relations undermined the process of institution building in the new state.
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    • Weber (fn. 6), 2:1111-23
    • For charismatic authority, see Weber (fn. 6), 2:1111-23; for patrimonialism, see Guenther Roth, "Personal Rulership, Patrimonialism, and Empire-Building in the New States," World Politics 20 (January 1968).
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    • Personal Rulership, Patrimonialism, and Empire-Building in the New States
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    • For charismatic authority, see Weber (fn. 6), 2:1111-23; for patrimonialism, see Guenther Roth, "Personal Rulership, Patrimonialism, and Empire-Building in the New States," World Politics 20 (January 1968).
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    • Roth, G.1
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    • 0004167392 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • A personal network is distinguishable from charismatic relations in that it is not a leader-follower relationship, and it is distinguishable from patrimonialism in that it is not based on mutual obligation. A personal network does not by definition exhibit structural inequality in the connecting "ties," as it would in these other two types. In this case, personal networks originated with peerlike ties of camaraderie, based on shared experiences in the illegal underground and in the civil war. As network ties became enmeshed with the formal organizational structures of the new state, some network ties began to exhibit more of a hierarchical structure. David Knoke has distinguished between "influence" networks, in which information is exchanged among relatively equal members, and "domination" networks, in which scarce goods are controlled in unequal relationships. See Knoke, Political Networks: The Structura/Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 11-16. Personal networks in postrevolutionary Soviet Russia exhibited elements of both types of networks.
    • (1990) Political Networks: The Structura/Perspective , pp. 11-16
    • Knoke1
  • 55
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    • New Haven: Yale University Press
    • W. Lloyd Warner and P. S. Lunt, The Social Life of a Modern Community (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1941); see also John Scott, Social Network Analysis (London: Sage Publications, 1991), 16-26.
    • (1941) The Social Life of a Modern Community
    • Warner, W.L.1    Lunt, P.S.2
  • 56
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    • London: Sage Publications
    • W. Lloyd Warner and P. S. Lunt, The Social Life of a Modern Community (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1941); see also John Scott, Social Network Analysis (London: Sage Publications, 1991), 16-26.
    • (1991) Social Network Analysis , pp. 16-26
    • Scott, J.1
  • 57
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    • Introduction: Studying Social Structures
    • Wellman and Berkowitz, eds., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Barry Wellman and S. D. Berkowitz, "Introduction: Studying Social Structures," in Wellman and Berkowitz, eds., Social Structures: A Network Approach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 4.
    • (1988) Social Structures: A Network Approach , pp. 4
    • Wellman, B.1    Berkowitz, S.D.2
  • 58
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    • Class and Committees in a Norwegian Fishing Parish
    • The pioneers of this approach were J. A. Barnes, "Class and Committees in a Norwegian Fishing Parish," Human Relations 7, no. 1 (1954); and Elizabeth Both, Family and Social Network (London: Tavistock, 1957). Some of the best-known works are represented in J. Clyde Mitchell, ed., Social Networks in Urban Situations (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1969).
    • (1954) Human Relations , vol.7 , Issue.1
    • Barnes, J.A.1
  • 59
    • 6244305075 scopus 로고
    • London: Tavistock
    • The pioneers of this approach were J. A. Barnes, "Class and Committees in a Norwegian Fishing Parish," Human Relations 7, no. 1 (1954); and Elizabeth Both, Family and Social Network (London: Tavistock, 1957). Some of the best-known works are represented in J. Clyde Mitchell, ed., Social Networks in Urban Situations (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1969).
    • (1957) Family and Social Network
    • Both, E.1
  • 60
    • 6244305075 scopus 로고
    • Manchester: Manchester University Press
    • The pioneers of this approach were J. A. Barnes, "Class and Committees in a Norwegian Fishing Parish," Human Relations 7, no. 1 (1954); and Elizabeth Both, Family and Social Network (London: Tavistock, 1957). Some of the best-known works are represented in J. Clyde Mitchell, ed., Social Networks in Urban Situations (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1969).
    • (1969) Social Networks in Urban Situations
    • Mitchell, J.C.1
  • 61
    • 0001150675 scopus 로고
    • Where Do Markets Come From?
    • November
    • The work of Harrison White has been at the forefront of this effort; see White, "Where Do Markets Come From?" American Journal of Sociology 87 (November 1981); Ron S. Burt, Corporate Profits and Cooptation: Networks of Market Constraints and Directorate Ties in the American Economy (New York: Academic Books, 1983); and Mark Granovetter, "The Strength of Weak Ties," American Journal of Sociology 78 (May 1973).
    • (1981) American Journal of Sociology , vol.87
    • White1
  • 63
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    • The Strength of Weak Ties
    • May
    • The work of Harrison White has been at the forefront of this effort; see White, "Where Do Markets Come From?" American Journal of Sociology 87 (November 1981); Ron S. Burt, Corporate Profits and Cooptation: Networks of Market Constraints and Directorate Ties in the American Economy (New York: Academic Books, 1983); and Mark Granovetter, "The Strength of Weak Ties," American Journal of Sociology 78 (May 1973).
    • (1973) American Journal of Sociology , vol.78
    • Granovetter, M.1
  • 64
    • 85033030714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Knoke (fn. 27) is a notable exception
    • Knoke (fn. 27) is a notable exception.
  • 65
    • 0003878022 scopus 로고
    • New York: Oxford University Press
    • Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956); and Hunter, Community Power Structure (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1953).
    • (1956) The Power Elite
    • Mills1
  • 66
    • 0003734033 scopus 로고
    • Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press
    • Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956); and Hunter, Community Power Structure (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1953).
    • (1953) Community Power Structure
    • Hunter1
  • 67
    • 85050172986 scopus 로고
    • Leaders and Ruling Elites: The Interorganizational Bases of Community Power
    • December
    • Robert Perucci and Marc Pilisuk, "Leaders and Ruling Elites: The Interorganizational Bases of Community Power," American Sociological Review 35 (December 1970); Edward Laumann and Franz Pappi, Networks of Collective Action: A Perspective on Community Influence Systems (New York: Academic Press, 1976); and Joseph Galaskiewicz, Exchange Networks and Community Politics (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1979). Their conclusions contrasted sharply with the images of power projected by pluralists. The classic example of a pluralist approach to community politics is Robert Dahl, Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961). See the critique of pluralism in G. William Domhoff, Who Really Rules: New Haven and Community Power Re-Examined (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1978).
    • (1970) American Sociological Review , vol.35
    • Perucci, R.1    Pilisuk, M.2
  • 68
    • 0003839338 scopus 로고
    • New York: Academic Press
    • Robert Perucci and Marc Pilisuk, "Leaders and Ruling Elites: The Interorganizational Bases of Community Power," American Sociological Review 35 (December 1970); Edward Laumann and Franz Pappi, Networks of Collective Action: A Perspective on Community Influence Systems (New York: Academic Press, 1976); and Joseph Galaskiewicz, Exchange Networks and Community Politics (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1979). Their conclusions contrasted sharply with the images of power projected by pluralists. The classic example of a pluralist approach to community politics is Robert Dahl, Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961). See the critique of pluralism in G. William Domhoff, Who Really Rules: New Haven and Community Power Re-Examined (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1978).
    • (1976) Networks of Collective Action: a Perspective on Community Influence Systems
    • Laumann, E.1    Pappi, F.2
  • 69
    • 0004060675 scopus 로고
    • Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications
    • Robert Perucci and Marc Pilisuk, "Leaders and Ruling Elites: The Interorganizational Bases of Community Power," American Sociological Review 35 (December 1970); Edward Laumann and Franz Pappi, Networks of Collective Action: A Perspective on Community Influence Systems (New York: Academic Press, 1976); and Joseph Galaskiewicz, Exchange Networks and Community Politics (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1979). Their conclusions contrasted sharply with the images of power projected by pluralists. The classic example of a pluralist approach to community politics is Robert Dahl, Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961). See the critique of pluralism in G. William Domhoff, Who Really Rules: New Haven and Community Power Re-Examined (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1978).
    • (1979) Exchange Networks and Community Politics
    • Galaskiewicz, J.1
  • 70
    • 0004146246 scopus 로고
    • New Haven: Yale University Press
    • Robert Perucci and Marc Pilisuk, "Leaders and Ruling Elites: The Interorganizational Bases of Community Power," American Sociological Review 35 (December 1970); Edward Laumann and Franz Pappi, Networks of Collective Action: A Perspective on Community Influence Systems (New York: Academic Press, 1976); and Joseph Galaskiewicz, Exchange Networks and Community Politics (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1979). Their conclusions contrasted sharply with the images of power projected by pluralists. The classic example of a pluralist approach to community politics is Robert Dahl, Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961). See the critique of pluralism in G. William Domhoff, Who Really Rules: New Haven and Community Power Re-Examined (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1978).
    • (1961) Who Governs? Democracy and Power in An American City
    • Dahl, R.1
  • 71
    • 84901861011 scopus 로고
    • New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books
    • Robert Perucci and Marc Pilisuk, "Leaders and Ruling Elites: The Interorganizational Bases of Community Power," American Sociological Review 35 (December 1970); Edward Laumann and Franz Pappi, Networks of Collective Action: A Perspective on Community Influence Systems (New York: Academic Press, 1976); and Joseph Galaskiewicz, Exchange Networks and Community Politics (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1979). Their conclusions contrasted sharply with the images of power projected by pluralists. The classic example of a pluralist approach to community politics is Robert Dahl, Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961). See the critique of pluralism in G. William Domhoff, Who Really Rules: New Haven and Community Power Re-Examined (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1978).
    • (1978) Who Really Rules: New Haven and Community Power Re-Examined
    • Domhoff, G.W.1
  • 72
    • 0003394771 scopus 로고
    • Madison: University of Wisconsin Press
    • See the excellent case studies of health and energy policy formation in the Carter administration by Edward Laumann and David Knoke, The Organizational State: Social Choice in National Policy Domains (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987); and Michael Useem, The Inner Circle (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984).
    • (1987) The Organizational State: Social Choice in National Policy Domains
    • Knoke, D.1
  • 73
    • 0003695837 scopus 로고
    • New York: Oxford University Press
    • See the excellent case studies of health and energy policy formation in the Carter administration by Edward Laumann and David Knoke, The Organizational State: Social Choice in National Policy Domains (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987); and Michael Useem, The Inner Circle (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984).
    • (1984) The Inner Circle
    • Useem, M.1
  • 74
    • 0003654205 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Harvard University Press
    • One of the early organizational theorists to make this observation was Chester Barnard, The Functions of the Executive (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1937).
    • (1937) The Functions of the Executive
    • Barnard, C.1
  • 75
    • 85033026803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • A core network member is an individual with a high degree of "centraliry" in the network. Centrality is simply a measure of the number of direct network ties of an individual member. Scott (fn. 28), 86.
  • 77
    • 0004078737 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Harvard University Press
    • Trust here refers to a system in which an intermediary acts to assure one actor of the performance reliability of another actor. For different systems of trust, see James Coleman, Foundations of Social Theory (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), chap. 8. For the importance of trust in the internal workings of illegal groups, see Diego Gambeta, ed., Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988).
    • (1990) Foundations of Social Theory
    • Coleman, J.1
  • 78
    • 0003878646 scopus 로고
    • Oxford: Basil Blackwell
    • Trust here refers to a system in which an intermediary acts to assure one actor of the performance reliability of another actor. For different systems of trust, see James Coleman, Foundations of Social Theory (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), chap. 8. For the importance of trust in the internal workings of illegal groups, see Diego Gambeta, ed., Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988).
    • (1988) Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations
    • Gambeta, D.1
  • 79
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    • Early Provincial Cliques and the Rise of Stalin
    • July
    • See T. H. Rigby, "Early Provincial Cliques and the Rise of Stalin," Soviet Studies 38 (July 1986).
    • (1986) Soviet Studies , vol.38
    • Rigby, T.H.1
  • 81
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    • "Iz istorii razvitiia apparata partiinykh organov" (From the history of the development of the party apparat)
    • February
    • L. Maleiko, "Iz istorii razvitiia apparata partiinykh organov" (From the history of the development of the party apparat), Voprosy istorii KPSS (February 1976), 113-15.
    • (1976) Voprosy Istorii KPSS , pp. 113-115
    • Maleiko, L.1
  • 82
    • 6244306072 scopus 로고
    • Moscow: Gospolizdat
    • The center's efforts to work through the soviet structure was described by Iakov Sverdlov, who among the early Bolshevik state builders was considered "the organizational genius" of the revolution. See Sverdlov, Izbrannye stat'i i rechi (Collection of articles and speeches) (Moscow: Gospolizdat, 1939), 92.
    • (1939) Izbrannye Stat'i i Rechi (Collection of Articles and Speeches) , pp. 92
    • Sverdlov1
  • 83
    • 6244289780 scopus 로고
    • March
    • Izvestiia TsK RKP(b), no. 3 (March 1922), 20; and Trinadtsatyi s'ezd RKP(b): stenograficheskii otchet (Thirteenth congress of RCP[b]: Stenographic report) (Moscow: Gospolizdat, 1963), 118.
    • (1922) Izvestiia TsK RKP(b) , Issue.3 , pp. 20
  • 86
    • 85033021727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Center-regional institutional relations evolved somewhat differently in industrial regions, where economic administrators emerged as powerful players in local politics.
  • 88
    • 6244232354 scopus 로고
    • October
    • Izvestiia TsKRKP(b), no. 33 (October 1921), 22.
    • (1921) Izvestiia TsKRKP(b) , Issue.33 , pp. 22
  • 90
    • 6244247727 scopus 로고
    • Sozdanie oblastnykh biuro TsK RKP(b) i nekotorye storonye ikh deiatel'nosti, 1920-1922
    • April
    • N. Petukhova, "Sozdanie oblastnykh biuro TsK RKP(b) i nekotorye storonye ikh deiatel'nosti, 1920-1922" (Creation of the regional bureaus of the CC RCP [b] and several aspects of their activities, 1920-1922), Voprosy istorii KPSS (April 1965).
    • (1965) Voprosy Istorii KPSS
    • Petukhova, N.1
  • 91
    • 85033002066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The central leadership refers to full and candidate members of the politburo, the main policy-making organ, and the secretariat, the organizational head of the territorial party apparatus. Regional leaders refers to individuals who worked for at least two years in a particular region during the civil war (1918-21) and/or the postwar political consolidation (1920-23).
  • 92
    • 6244305074 scopus 로고
    • RTsKhIDNI, f. 73, op. 1, d. Moscow: Politizdat
    • A network tie is determined by two criteria: (1) evidence of a working relationship (two or more years) in at least one of three milieus (prerevolutionary underground, civil war, postwar consolidation); and/or (2) evidence of friendship or family relationship. Below are the source materials used to determine the informal ties of the regional leadership listed in Figure 1. They include personal correspondence, memoirs, and biographies; RTsKhIDNI refers to the Russian Center for the Preservation and Investigation of Documents of Recent History. A. Andreev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 73, op. 1, d. 1-9; Vospominaniia, pis'ma (Moscow: Politizdat, 1985). _L. Beria: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 24, d. 166, ll. 1, 2. R. Eikhe: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2215, ll. 1-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 7 (1965), 92-97. I. Gamarnik: Vospominaniia druzei i soratnikov (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1978). N. Gikalo: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 15, d. 34, ll. 1-5; RTsKhIDNI, f. 80,op. 8, d. 25, ll. 3-9. F. Goloshchekin: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 484, ll. 1-12. A. Ikramov: RTsKhIDNI, f. 79, op. 1, d. 708, ll. 1-7; Pravda, April 9, 1964. L. Kartvelishvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 29, l. 1; f. 124, op. 1, d. 835, ll. 16-17. M. Khataevich: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2043, ll. 2-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 6 (1963), 98-101. S. Kosior: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 951, l. 1; Vospominaniia, ocherki,stat'i (Moscow: Politizdat, 1989). A. Kostanian: Kommunist (Erevan), July 28, 1967. A. Krinitskii: Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 12 (1964). L. Mirzoian: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 7, d. 3, l. 1; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 1 (1965), 101-4. M. Orakhelashvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 11, d. 28, ll. 1-4; Mamiia Orakhelashvili (Tbilisi: Izdatel'stvo sabchota sakartvelo, 1986). I. Rumiantsev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 1662, ll. 3-5. B. Semenov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), 110. B. Sheboldaev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2138, ll. 1, 2. V. Shubrikov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), p. 112. I. Vareikis: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, 302, ll. 1-5; D. Lappo, Iuozac Vareikis (Voronezh: Tsentral'no-chernozemone izdatel'stvo, 1989).
    • (1985) Vospominaniia, Pis'ma , pp. 1-9
    • Andreev, A.1
  • 93
    • 85033025991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L. Beria: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 24, d. 166, ll. 1, 2
    • A network tie is determined by two criteria: (1) evidence of a working relationship (two or more years) in at least one of three milieus (prerevolutionary underground, civil war, postwar consolidation); and/or (2) evidence of friendship or family relationship. Below are the source materials used to determine the informal ties of the regional leadership listed in Figure 1. They include personal correspondence, memoirs, and biographies; RTsKhIDNI refers to the Russian Center for the Preservation and Investigation of Documents of Recent History. A. Andreev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 73, op. 1, d. 1-9; Vospominaniia, pis'ma (Moscow: Politizdat, 1985). L. Beria: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 24, d. 166, ll. 1, 2. R. Eikhe: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2215, ll. 1-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 7 (1965), 92-97. I. Gamarnik: Vospominaniia druzei i soratnikov (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1978). N. Gikalo: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 15, d. 34, ll. 1-5; RTsKhIDNI, f. 80,op. 8, d. 25, ll. 3-9. F. Goloshchekin: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 484, ll. 1-12. A. Ikramov: RTsKhIDNI, f. 79, op. 1, d. 708, ll. 1-7; Pravda, April 9, 1964. L. Kartvelishvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 29, l. 1; f. 124, op. 1, d. 835, ll. 16-17. M. Khataevich: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2043, ll. 2-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 6 (1963), 98-101. S. Kosior: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 951, l. 1; Vospominaniia, ocherki,stat'i (Moscow: Politizdat, 1989). A. Kostanian: Kommunist (Erevan), July 28, 1967. A. Krinitskii: Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 12 (1964). L. Mirzoian: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 7, d. 3, l. 1; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 1 (1965), 101-4. M. Orakhelashvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 11, d. 28, ll. 1-4; Mamiia Orakhelashvili (Tbilisi: Izdatel'stvo sabchota sakartvelo, 1986). I. Rumiantsev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 1662, ll. 3-5. B. Semenov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), 110. B. Sheboldaev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2138, ll. 1, 2. V. Shubrikov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), p. 112. I. Vareikis: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, 302, ll. 1-5; D. Lappo, Iuozac Vareikis (Voronezh: Tsentral'no-chernozemone izdatel'stvo, 1989).
  • 94
    • 85033026426 scopus 로고
    • RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2215, ll. 1-6
    • A network tie is determined by two criteria: (1) evidence of a working relationship (two or more years) in at least one of three milieus (prerevolutionary underground, civil war, postwar consolidation); and/or (2) evidence of friendship or family relationship. Below are the source materials used to determine the informal ties of the regional leadership listed in Figure 1. They include personal correspondence, memoirs, and biographies; RTsKhIDNI refers to the Russian Center for the Preservation and Investigation of Documents of Recent History. A. Andreev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 73, op. 1, d. 1-9; Vospominaniia, pis'ma (Moscow: Politizdat, 1985). L. Beria: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 24, d. 166, ll. 1, 2. R. Eikhe: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2215, ll. 1-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 7 (1965), 92-97. I. Gamarnik: Vospominaniia druzei i soratnikov (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1978). N. Gikalo: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 15, d. 34, ll. 1-5; RTsKhIDNI, f. 80,op. 8, d. 25, ll. 3-9. F. Goloshchekin: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 484, ll. 1-12. A. Ikramov: RTsKhIDNI, f. 79, op. 1, d. 708, ll. 1-7; Pravda, April 9, 1964. L. Kartvelishvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 29, l. 1; f. 124, op. 1, d. 835, ll. 16-17. M. Khataevich: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2043, ll. 2-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 6 (1963), 98-101. S. Kosior: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 951, l. 1; Vospominaniia, ocherki,stat'i (Moscow: Politizdat, 1989). A. Kostanian: Kommunist (Erevan), July 28, 1967. A. Krinitskii: Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 12 (1964). L. Mirzoian: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 7, d. 3, l. 1; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 1 (1965), 101-4. M. Orakhelashvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 11, d. 28, ll. 1-4; Mamiia Orakhelashvili (Tbilisi: Izdatel'stvo sabchota sakartvelo, 1986). I. Rumiantsev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 1662, ll. 3-5. B. Semenov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), 110. B. Sheboldaev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2138, ll. 1, 2. V. Shubrikov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), p. 112. I. Vareikis: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, 302, ll. 1-5; D. Lappo, Iuozac Vareikis (Voronezh: Tsentral'no-chernozemone izdatel'stvo, 1989).
    • (1965) Vopnsy Istorii KPSS , Issue.7 , pp. 92-97
    • Eikhe, R.1
  • 95
    • 6244227732 scopus 로고
    • Moscow: Voenizdat
    • A network tie is determined by two criteria: (1) evidence of a working relationship (two or more years) in at least one of three milieus (prerevolutionary underground, civil war, postwar consolidation); and/or (2) evidence of friendship or family relationship. Below are the source materials used to determine the informal ties of the regional leadership listed in Figure 1. They include personal correspondence, memoirs, and biographies; RTsKhIDNI refers to the Russian Center for the Preservation and Investigation of Documents of Recent History. A. Andreev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 73, op. 1, d. 1-9; Vospominaniia, pis'ma (Moscow: Politizdat, 1985). L. Beria: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 24, d. 166, ll. 1, 2. R. Eikhe: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2215, ll. 1-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 7 (1965), 92-97. I. Gamarnik: Vospominaniia druzei i soratnikov (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1978). N. Gikalo: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 15, d. 34, ll. 1-5; RTsKhIDNI, f. 80,op. 8, d. 25, ll. 3-9. F. Goloshchekin: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 484, ll. 1-12. A. Ikramov: RTsKhIDNI, f. 79, op. 1, d. 708, ll. 1-7; Pravda, April 9, 1964. L. Kartvelishvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 29, l. 1; f. 124, op. 1, d. 835, ll. 16-17. M. Khataevich: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2043, ll. 2-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 6 (1963), 98-101. S. Kosior: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 951, l. 1; Vospominaniia, ocherki,stat'i (Moscow: Politizdat, 1989). A. Kostanian: Kommunist (Erevan), July 28, 1967. A. Krinitskii: Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 12 (1964). L. Mirzoian: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 7, d. 3, l. 1; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 1 (1965), 101-4. M. Orakhelashvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 11, d. 28, ll. 1-4; Mamiia Orakhelashvili (Tbilisi: Izdatel'stvo sabchota sakartvelo, 1986). I. Rumiantsev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 1662, ll. 3-5. B. Semenov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), 110. B. Sheboldaev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2138, ll. 1, 2. V. Shubrikov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), p. 112. I. Vareikis: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, 302, ll. 1-5; D. Lappo, Iuozac Vareikis (Voronezh: Tsentral'no-chernozemone izdatel'stvo, 1989).
    • (1978) Vospominaniia Druzei i Soratnikov
    • Gamarnik, I.1
  • 96
    • 85033026635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • N. Gikalo: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 15, d. 34, ll. 1-5; RTsKhIDNI, f. 80,op. 8, d. 25, ll. 3-9
    • A network tie is determined by two criteria: (1) evidence of a working relationship (two or more years) in at least one of three milieus (prerevolutionary underground, civil war, postwar consolidation); and/or (2) evidence of friendship or family relationship. Below are the source materials used to determine the informal ties of the regional leadership listed in Figure 1. They include personal correspondence, memoirs, and biographies; RTsKhIDNI refers to the Russian Center for the Preservation and Investigation of Documents of Recent History. A. Andreev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 73, op. 1, d. 1-9; Vospominaniia, pis'ma (Moscow: Politizdat, 1985). L. Beria: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 24, d. 166, ll. 1, 2. R. Eikhe: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2215, ll. 1-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 7 (1965), 92-97. I. Gamarnik: Vospominaniia druzei i soratnikov (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1978). N. Gikalo: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 15, d. 34, ll. 1-5; RTsKhIDNI, f. 80,op. 8, d. 25, ll. 3-9. F. Goloshchekin: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 484, ll. 1-12. A. Ikramov: RTsKhIDNI, f. 79, op. 1, d. 708, ll. 1-7; Pravda, April 9, 1964. L. Kartvelishvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 29, l. 1; f. 124, op. 1, d. 835, ll. 16-17. M. Khataevich: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2043, ll. 2-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 6 (1963), 98-101. S. Kosior: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 951, l. 1; Vospominaniia, ocherki,stat'i (Moscow: Politizdat, 1989). A. Kostanian: Kommunist (Erevan), July 28, 1967. A. Krinitskii: Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 12 (1964). L. Mirzoian: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 7, d. 3, l. 1; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 1 (1965), 101-4. M. Orakhelashvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 11, d. 28, ll. 1-4; Mamiia Orakhelashvili (Tbilisi: Izdatel'stvo sabchota sakartvelo, 1986). I. Rumiantsev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 1662, ll. 3-5. B. Semenov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), 110. B. Sheboldaev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2138, ll. 1, 2. V. Shubrikov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), p. 112. I. Vareikis: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, 302, ll. 1-5; D. Lappo, Iuozac Vareikis (Voronezh: Tsentral'no-chernozemone izdatel'stvo, 1989).
  • 97
    • 85033000455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • F. Goloshchekin: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 484, ll. 1-12
    • A network tie is determined by two criteria: (1) evidence of a working relationship (two or more years) in at least one of three milieus (prerevolutionary underground, civil war, postwar consolidation); and/or (2) evidence of friendship or family relationship. Below are the source materials used to determine the informal ties of the regional leadership listed in Figure 1. They include personal correspondence, memoirs, and biographies; RTsKhIDNI refers to the Russian Center for the Preservation and Investigation of Documents of Recent History. A. Andreev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 73, op. 1, d. 1-9; Vospominaniia, pis'ma (Moscow: Politizdat, 1985). L. Beria: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 24, d. 166, ll. 1, 2. R. Eikhe: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2215, ll. 1-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 7 (1965), 92-97. I. Gamarnik: Vospominaniia druzei i soratnikov (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1978). N. Gikalo: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 15, d. 34, ll. 1-5; RTsKhIDNI, f. 80,op. 8, d. 25, ll. 3-9. F. Goloshchekin: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 484, ll. 1-12. A. Ikramov: RTsKhIDNI, f. 79, op. 1, d. 708, ll. 1-7; Pravda, April 9, 1964. L. Kartvelishvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 29, l. 1; f. 124, op. 1, d. 835, ll. 16-17. M. Khataevich: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2043, ll. 2-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 6 (1963), 98-101. S. Kosior: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 951, l. 1; Vospominaniia, ocherki,stat'i (Moscow: Politizdat, 1989). A. Kostanian: Kommunist (Erevan), July 28, 1967. A. Krinitskii: Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 12 (1964). L. Mirzoian: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 7, d. 3, l. 1; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 1 (1965), 101-4. M. Orakhelashvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 11, d. 28, ll. 1-4; Mamiia Orakhelashvili (Tbilisi: Izdatel'stvo sabchota sakartvelo, 1986). I. Rumiantsev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 1662, ll. 3-5. B. Semenov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), 110. B. Sheboldaev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2138, ll. 1, 2. V. Shubrikov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), p. 112. I. Vareikis: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, 302, ll. 1-5; D. Lappo, Iuozac Vareikis (Voronezh: Tsentral'no-chernozemone izdatel'stvo, 1989).
  • 98
    • 85033033208 scopus 로고
    • RTsKhIDNI, f. 79, op. 1, d. 708, ll. 1-7; April 9
    • A network tie is determined by two criteria: (1) evidence of a working relationship (two or more years) in at least one of three milieus (prerevolutionary underground, civil war, postwar consolidation); and/or (2) evidence of friendship or family relationship. Below are the source materials used to determine the informal ties of the regional leadership listed in Figure 1. They include personal correspondence, memoirs, and biographies; RTsKhIDNI refers to the Russian Center for the Preservation and Investigation of Documents of Recent History. A. Andreev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 73, op. 1, d. 1-9; Vospominaniia, pis'ma (Moscow: Politizdat, 1985). L. Beria: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 24, d. 166, ll. 1, 2. R. Eikhe: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2215, ll. 1-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 7 (1965), 92-97. I. Gamarnik: Vospominaniia druzei i soratnikov (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1978). N. Gikalo: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 15, d. 34, ll. 1-5; RTsKhIDNI, f. 80,op. 8, d. 25, ll. 3-9. F. Goloshchekin: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 484, ll. 1-12. A. Ikramov: RTsKhIDNI, f. 79, op. 1, d. 708, ll. 1-7; Pravda, April 9, 1964. L. Kartvelishvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 29, l. 1; f. 124, op. 1, d. 835, ll. 16-17. M. Khataevich: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2043, ll. 2-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 6 (1963), 98-101. S. Kosior: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 951, l. 1; Vospominaniia, ocherki,stat'i (Moscow: Politizdat, 1989). A. Kostanian: Kommunist (Erevan), July 28, 1967. A. Krinitskii: Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 12 (1964). L. Mirzoian: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 7, d. 3, l. 1; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 1 (1965), 101-4. M. Orakhelashvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 11, d. 28, ll. 1-4; Mamiia Orakhelashvili (Tbilisi: Izdatel'stvo sabchota sakartvelo, 1986). I. Rumiantsev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 1662, ll. 3-5. B. Semenov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), 110. B. Sheboldaev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2138, ll. 1, 2. V. Shubrikov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), p. 112. I. Vareikis: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, 302, ll. 1-5; D. Lappo, Iuozac Vareikis (Voronezh: Tsentral'no-chernozemone izdatel'stvo, 1989).
    • (1964) Pravda
    • Ikramov, A.1
  • 99
    • 85033012463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L. Kartvelishvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 29, l. 1; f. 124, op. 1, d. 835, ll. 16-17
    • A network tie is determined by two criteria: (1) evidence of a working relationship (two or more years) in at least one of three milieus (prerevolutionary underground, civil war, postwar consolidation); and/or (2) evidence of friendship or family relationship. Below are the source materials used to determine the informal ties of the regional leadership listed in Figure 1. They include personal correspondence, memoirs, and biographies; RTsKhIDNI refers to the Russian Center for the Preservation and Investigation of Documents of Recent History. A. Andreev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 73, op. 1, d. 1-9; Vospominaniia, pis'ma (Moscow: Politizdat, 1985). L. Beria: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 24, d. 166, ll. 1, 2. R. Eikhe: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2215, ll. 1-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 7 (1965), 92-97. I. Gamarnik: Vospominaniia druzei i soratnikov (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1978). N. Gikalo: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 15, d. 34, ll. 1-5; RTsKhIDNI, f. 80,op. 8, d. 25, ll. 3-9. F. Goloshchekin: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 484, ll. 1-12. A. Ikramov: RTsKhIDNI, f. 79, op. 1, d. 708, ll. 1-7; Pravda, April 9, 1964. L. Kartvelishvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 29, l. 1; f. 124, op. 1, d. 835, ll. 16-17. M. Khataevich: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2043, ll. 2-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 6 (1963), 98-101. S. Kosior: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 951, l. 1; Vospominaniia, ocherki,stat'i (Moscow: Politizdat, 1989). A. Kostanian: Kommunist (Erevan), July 28, 1967. A. Krinitskii: Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 12 (1964). L. Mirzoian: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 7, d. 3, l. 1; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 1 (1965), 101-4. M. Orakhelashvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 11, d. 28, ll. 1-4; Mamiia Orakhelashvili (Tbilisi: Izdatel'stvo sabchota sakartvelo, 1986). I. Rumiantsev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 1662, ll. 3-5. B. Semenov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), 110. B. Sheboldaev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2138, ll. 1, 2. V. Shubrikov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), p. 112. I. Vareikis: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, 302, ll. 1-5; D. Lappo, Iuozac Vareikis (Voronezh: Tsentral'no-chernozemone izdatel'stvo, 1989).
  • 100
    • 85033031380 scopus 로고
    • RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2043, ll. 2-6
    • A network tie is determined by two criteria: (1) evidence of a working relationship (two or more years) in at least one of three milieus (prerevolutionary underground, civil war, postwar consolidation); and/or (2) evidence of friendship or family relationship. Below are the source materials used to determine the informal ties of the regional leadership listed in Figure 1. They include personal correspondence, memoirs, and biographies; RTsKhIDNI refers to the Russian Center for the Preservation and Investigation of Documents of Recent History. A. Andreev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 73, op. 1, d. 1-9; Vospominaniia, pis'ma (Moscow: Politizdat, 1985). L. Beria: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 24, d. 166, ll. 1, 2. R. Eikhe: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2215, ll. 1-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 7 (1965), 92-97. I. Gamarnik: Vospominaniia druzei i soratnikov (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1978). N. Gikalo: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 15, d. 34, ll. 1-5; RTsKhIDNI, f. 80,op. 8, d. 25, ll. 3-9. F. Goloshchekin: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 484, ll. 1-12. A. Ikramov: RTsKhIDNI, f. 79, op. 1, d. 708, ll. 1-7; Pravda, April 9, 1964. L. Kartvelishvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 29, l. 1; f. 124, op. 1, d. 835, ll. 16-17. M. Khataevich: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2043,
    • (1963) Vopnsy Istorii KPSS , Issue.6 , pp. 98-101
    • Khataevich, M.1
  • 101
    • 85033011203 scopus 로고
    • RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 951, l. 1; Moscow: Politizdat
    • A network tie is determined by two criteria: (1) evidence of a working relationship (two or more years) in at least one of three milieus (prerevolutionary underground, civil war, postwar consolidation); and/or (2) evidence of friendship or family relationship. Below are the source materials used to determine the informal ties of the regional leadership listed in Figure 1. They include personal correspondence, memoirs, and biographies; RTsKhIDNI refers to the Russian Center for the Preservation and Investigation of Documents of Recent History. A. Andreev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 73, op. 1, d. 1-9; Vospominaniia, pis'ma (Moscow: Politizdat, 1985). L. Beria: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 24, d. 166, ll. 1, 2. R. Eikhe: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2215, ll. 1-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 7 (1965), 92-97. I. Gamarnik: Vospominaniia druzei i soratnikov (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1978). N. Gikalo: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 15, d. 34, ll. 1-5; RTsKhIDNI, f. 80,op. 8, d. 25, ll. 3-9. F. Goloshchekin: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 484, ll. 1-12. A. Ikramov: RTsKhIDNI, f. 79, op. 1, d. 708, ll. 1-7; Pravda, April 9, 1964. L. Kartvelishvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 29, l. 1; f. 124, op. 1, d. 835, ll. 16-17. M. Khataevich: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2043, ll. 2-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 6 (1963), 98-101. S. Kosior: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 951, l. 1; Vospominaniia, ocherki,stat'i (Moscow: Politizdat, 1989). A. Kostanian: Kommunist (Erevan), July 28, 1967. A. Krinitskii: Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 12 (1964). L. Mirzoian: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 7, d. 3, l. 1; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 1 (1965), 101-4. M. Orakhelashvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 11, d. 28, ll. 1-4; Mamiia Orakhelashvili (Tbilisi: Izdatel'stvo sabchota sakartvelo, 1986). I. Rumiantsev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 1662, ll. 3-5. B. Semenov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), 110. B. Sheboldaev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2138, ll. 1, 2. V. Shubrikov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), p. 112. I. Vareikis: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, 302, ll. 1-5; D. Lappo, Iuozac Vareikis (Voronezh: Tsentral'no-chernozemone izdatel'stvo, 1989).
    • (1989) Vospominaniia, Ocherki,stat'i
    • Kosior, S.1
  • 102
    • 85033015073 scopus 로고
    • Erevan, July 28
    • A network tie is determined by two criteria: (1) evidence of a working relationship (two or more years) in at least one of three milieus (prerevolutionary underground, civil war, postwar consolidation); and/or (2) evidence of friendship or family relationship. Below are the source materials used to determine the informal ties of the regional leadership listed in Figure 1. They include personal correspondence, memoirs, and biographies; RTsKhIDNI refers to the Russian Center for the Preservation and Investigation of Documents of Recent History. A. Andreev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 73, op. 1, d. 1-9; Vospominaniia, pis'ma (Moscow: Politizdat, 1985). L. Beria: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 24, d. 166, ll. 1, 2. R. Eikhe: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2215, ll. 1-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 7 (1965), 92-97. I. Gamarnik: Vospominaniia druzei i soratnikov (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1978). N. Gikalo: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 15, d. 34, ll. 1-5; RTsKhIDNI, f. 80,op. 8, d. 25, ll. 3-9. F. Goloshchekin: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 484, ll. 1-12. A. Ikramov: RTsKhIDNI, f. 79, op. 1, d. 708, ll. 1-7; Pravda, April 9, 1964. L. Kartvelishvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 29, l. 1; f. 124, op. 1, d. 835, ll. 16-17. M. Khataevich: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2043, ll. 2-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 6 (1963), 98-101. _S. Kosior: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 951, l. 1; Vospominaniia, ocherki,stat'i (Moscow: Politizdat, 1989). A. Kostanian: Kommunist (Erevan), July 28, 1967. A. Krinitskii: Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 12 (1964). L. Mirzoian: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 7, d. 3, l. 1; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 1 (1965), 101-4. M. Orakhelashvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 11, d. 28, ll. 1-4; Mamiia Orakhelashvili (Tbilisi: Izdatel'stvo sabchota sakartvelo, 1986). I. Rumiantsev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 1662, ll. 3-5. B. Semenov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), 110. B. Sheboldaev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2138, ll. 1, 2. V. Shubrikov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), p. 112. I. Vareikis: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, 302, ll. 1-5; D. Lappo, Iuozac Vareikis (Voronezh: Tsentral'no-chernozemone izdatel'stvo, 1989).
    • (1967) Kommunist
    • Kostanian, A.1
  • 103
    • 6244280129 scopus 로고
    • A network tie is determined by two criteria: (1) evidence of a working relationship (two or more years) in at least one of three milieus (prerevolutionary underground, civil war, postwar consolidation); and/or (2) evidence of friendship or family relationship. Below are the source materials used to determine the informal ties of the regional leadership listed in Figure 1. They include personal correspondence, memoirs, and biographies; RTsKhIDNI refers to the Russian Center for the Preservation and Investigation of Documents of Recent History. A. Andreev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 73, op. 1, d. 1-9; Vospominaniia, pis'ma (Moscow: Politizdat, 1985). L. Beria: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 24, d. 166, ll. 1, 2. R. Eikhe: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2215, ll. 1-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 7 (1965), 92-97. I. Gamarnik: Vospominaniia druzei i soratnikov (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1978). N. Gikalo: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 15, d. 34, ll. 1-5; RTsKhIDNI, f. 80,op. 8, d. 25, ll. 3-9. F. Goloshchekin: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 484, ll. 1-12. A. Ikramov: RTsKhIDNI, f. 79, op. 1, d. 708, ll. 1-7; Pravda, April 9, 1964. L. Kartvelishvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 29, l. 1; f. 124, op. 1, d. 835, ll. 16-17. M. Khataevich: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2043, ll. 2-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 6 (1963), 98-101. S. Kosior: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 951, l. 1; Vospominaniia, ocherki,stat'i (Moscow: Politizdat, 1989). A. Kostanian: Kommunist (Erevan), July 28, 1967. A. Krinitskii: Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 12 (1964). L. Mirzoian: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 7, d. 3, l. 1; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 1 (1965), 101-4. M. Orakhelashvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 11, d. 28, ll. 1-4; Mamiia Orakhelashvili (Tbilisi: Izdatel'stvo sabchota sakartvelo, 1986). I. Rumiantsev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 1662, ll. 3-5. B. Semenov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), 110. B. Sheboldaev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2138, ll. 1, 2. V. Shubrikov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), p. 112. I. Vareikis: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, 302, ll. 1-5; D. Lappo, Iuozac Vareikis (Voronezh: Tsentral'no-chernozemone izdatel'stvo, 1989).
    • (1964) Voprosy Istorii KPSS , Issue.12
    • Krinitskii, A.1
  • 104
    • 85033023055 scopus 로고
    • RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 7, d. 3, l. 1
    • A network tie is determined by two criteria: (1) evidence of a working relationship (two or more years) in at least one of three milieus (prerevolutionary underground, civil war, postwar consolidation); and/or (2) evidence of friendship or family relationship. Below are the source materials used to determine the informal ties of the regional leadership listed in Figure 1. They include personal correspondence, memoirs, and biographies; RTsKhIDNI refers to the Russian Center for the Preservation and Investigation of Documents of Recent History. A. Andreev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 73, op. 1, d. 1-9; Vospominaniia, pis'ma (Moscow: Politizdat, 1985). L. Beria: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 24, d. 166, ll. 1, 2. R. Eikhe: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2215, ll. 1-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 7 (1965), 92-97. I. Gamarnik: Vospominaniia druzei i soratnikov (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1978). N. Gikalo: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 15, d. 34, ll. 1-5; RTsKhIDNI, f. 80,op. 8, d. 25, ll. 3-9. F. Goloshchekin: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 484, ll. 1-12. A. Ikramov: RTsKhIDNI, f. 79, op. 1, d. 708, ll. 1-7; Pravda, April 9, 1964. L. Kartvelishvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 29, l. 1; f. 124, op. 1, d. 835, ll. 16-17. M. Khataevich: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2043, ll. 2-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 6 (1963), 98-101. S. Kosior: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 951, l. 1; Vospominaniia, ocherki,stat'i (Moscow: Politizdat, 1989). A. Kostanian: Kommunist (Erevan), July 28, 1967. A. Krinitskii: Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 12 (1964). L. Mirzoian: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 7, d. 3, l. 1; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 1 (1965), 101-4. M. Orakhelashvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 11, d. 28, ll. 1-4; Mamiia Orakhelashvili (Tbilisi: Izdatel'stvo sabchota sakartvelo, 1986). I. Rumiantsev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 1662, ll. 3-5. B. Semenov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), 110. B. Sheboldaev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2138, ll. 1, 2. V. Shubrikov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), p. 112. I. Vareikis: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, 302, ll. 1-5; D. Lappo, Iuozac Vareikis (Voronezh: Tsentral'no-chernozemone izdatel'stvo, 1989).
    • (1965) Vopnsy Istorii KPSS , Issue.1 , pp. 101-104
    • Mirzoian, L.1
  • 105
    • 85033009366 scopus 로고
    • RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 11, d. 28, ll. 1-4; Tbilisi: Izdatel'stvo sabchota sakartvelo
    • A network tie is determined by two criteria: (1) evidence of a working relationship (two or more years) in at least one of three milieus (prerevolutionary underground, civil war, postwar consolidation); and/or (2) evidence of friendship or family relationship. Below are the source materials used to determine the informal ties of the regional leadership listed in Figure 1. They include personal correspondence, memoirs, and biographies; RTsKhIDNI refers to the Russian Center for the Preservation and Investigation of Documents of Recent History. A. Andreev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 73, op. 1, d. 1-9; Vospominaniia, pis'ma (Moscow: Politizdat, 1985). L. Beria: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 24, d. 166, ll. 1, 2. R. Eikhe: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2215, ll. 1-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 7 (1965), 92-97. I. Gamarnik: Vospominaniia druzei i soratnikov (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1978). N. Gikalo: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 15, d. 34, ll. 1-5; RTsKhIDNI, f. 80,op. 8, d. 25, ll. 3-9. F. Goloshchekin: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 484, ll. 1-12. A. Ikramov: RTsKhIDNI, f. 79, op. 1, d. 708, ll. 1-7; Pravda, April 9, 1964. L. Kartvelishvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 29, l. 1; f. 124, op. 1, d. 835, ll. 16-17. M. Khataevich: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2043, ll. 2-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 6 (1963), 98-101. S. Kosior: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 951, l. 1; Vospominaniia, ocherki,stat'i (Moscow: Politizdat, 1989). A. Kostanian: Kommunist (Erevan), July 28, 1967. A. Krinitskii: Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 12 (1964). L. Mirzoian: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 7, d. 3, l. 1; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 1 (1965), 101-4. M. Orakhelashvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 11, d. 28, ll. 1-4; Mamiia Orakhelashvili (Tbilisi: Izdatel'stvo sabchota sakartvelo, 1986). I. Rumiantsev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 1662, ll. 3-5. B. Semenov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), 110. B. Sheboldaev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2138, ll. 1, 2. V. Shubrikov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), p. 112. I. Vareikis: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, 302, ll. 1-5; D. Lappo, Iuozac Vareikis (Voronezh: Tsentral'no-chernozemone izdatel'stvo, 1989).
    • (1986) Mamiia Orakhelashvili
    • Orakhelashvili, M.1
  • 106
    • 85033021980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I. Rumiantsev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 1662, ll. 3-5
    • A network tie is determined by two criteria: (1) evidence of a working relationship (two or more years) in at least one of three milieus (prerevolutionary underground, civil war, postwar consolidation); and/or (2) evidence of friendship or family relationship. Below are the source materials used to determine the informal ties of the regional leadership listed in Figure 1. They include personal correspondence, memoirs, and biographies; RTsKhIDNI refers to the Russian Center for the Preservation and Investigation of Documents of Recent History. A. Andreev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 73, op. 1, d. 1-9; Vospominaniia, pis'ma (Moscow: Politizdat, 1985). L. Beria: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 24, d. 166, ll. 1, 2. R. Eikhe: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2215, ll. 1-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 7 (1965), 92-97. I. Gamarnik: Vospominaniia druzei i soratnikov (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1978). N. Gikalo: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 15, d. 34, ll. 1-5; RTsKhIDNI, f. 80,op. 8, d. 25, ll. 3-9. F. Goloshchekin: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 484, ll. 1-12. A. Ikramov: RTsKhIDNI, f. 79, op. 1, d. 708, ll. 1-7; Pravda, April 9, 1964. L. Kartvelishvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 29, l. 1; f. 124, op. 1, d. 835, ll. 16-17. M. Khataevich: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2043, ll. 2-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 6 (1963), 98-101. S. Kosior: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 951, l. 1; Vospominaniia, ocherki,stat'i (Moscow: Politizdat, 1989). A. Kostanian: Kommunist (Erevan), July 28, 1967. A. Krinitskii: Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 12 (1964). L. Mirzoian: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 7, d. 3, l. 1; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 1 (1965), 101-4. M. Orakhelashvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 11, d. 28, ll. 1-4; Mamiia Orakhelashvili (Tbilisi: Izdatel'stvo sabchota sakartvelo, 1986). I. Rumiantsev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 1662, ll. 3-5. B. Semenov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), 110. B. Sheboldaev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2138, ll. 1, 2. V. Shubrikov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), p. 112. I. Vareikis: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, 302, ll. 1-5; D. Lappo, Iuozac Vareikis (Voronezh: Tsentral'no-chernozemone izdatel'stvo, 1989).
  • 107
    • 6244289781 scopus 로고
    • A network tie is determined by two criteria: (1) evidence of a working relationship (two or more years) in at least one of three milieus (prerevolutionary underground, civil war, postwar consolidation); and/or (2) evidence of friendship or family relationship. Below are the source materials used to determine the informal ties of the regional leadership listed in Figure 1. They include personal correspondence, memoirs, and biographies; RTsKhIDNI refers to the Russian Center for the Preservation and Investigation of Documents of Recent History. A. Andreev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 73, op. 1, d. 1-9; Vospominaniia, pis'ma (Moscow: Politizdat, 1985). L. Beria: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 24, d. 166, ll. 1, 2. R. Eikhe: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2215, ll. 1-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 7 (1965), 92-97. I. Gamarnik: Vospominaniia druzei i soratnikov (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1978). N. Gikalo: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 15, d. 34, ll. 1-5; RTsKhIDNI, f. 80,op. 8, d. 25, ll. 3-9. F. Goloshchekin: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 484, ll. 1-12. A. Ikramov: RTsKhIDNI, f. 79, op. 1, d. 708, ll. 1-7; Pravda, April 9, 1964. L. Kartvelishvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 29, l. 1; f. 124, op. 1, d. 835, ll. 16-17. M. Khataevich: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2043, ll. 2-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 6 (1963), 98-101. S. Kosior: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 951, l. 1; Vospominaniia, ocherki,stat'i (Moscow: Politizdat, 1989). A. Kostanian: Kommunist (Erevan), July 28, 1967. A. Krinitskii: Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 12 (1964). L. Mirzoian: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 7, d. 3, l. 1; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 1 (1965), 101-4. M. Orakhelashvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 11, d. 28, ll. 1-4; Mamiia Orakhelashvili (Tbilisi: Izdatel'stvo sabchota sakartvelo, 1986). I. Rumiantsev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 1662, ll. 3-5. B. Semenov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), 110. B. Sheboldaev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2138, ll. 1, 2. V. Shubrikov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), p. 112. I. Vareikis: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, 302, ll. 1-5; D. Lappo, Iuozac Vareikis (Voronezh: Tsentral'no-chernozemone izdatel'stvo, 1989).
    • (1989) Izvestiia TsK KPSS , Issue.12 , pp. 110
    • Semenov, B.1
  • 108
    • 85033021607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • B. Sheboldaev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2138, ll. 1, 2
    • A network tie is determined by two criteria: (1) evidence of a working relationship (two or more years) in at least one of three milieus (prerevolutionary underground, civil war, postwar consolidation); and/or (2) evidence of friendship or family relationship. Below are the source materials used to determine the informal ties of the regional leadership listed in Figure 1. They include personal correspondence, memoirs, and biographies; RTsKhIDNI refers to the Russian Center for the Preservation and Investigation of Documents of Recent History. A. Andreev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 73, op. 1, d. 1-9; Vospominaniia, pis'ma (Moscow: Politizdat, 1985). L. Beria: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 24, d. 166, ll. 1, 2. R. Eikhe: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2215, ll. 1-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 7 (1965), 92-97. I. Gamarnik: Vospominaniia druzei i soratnikov (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1978). N. Gikalo: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 15, d. 34, ll. 1-5; RTsKhIDNI, f. 80,op. 8, d. 25, ll. 3-9. F. Goloshchekin: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 484, ll. 1-12. A. Ikramov: RTsKhIDNI, f. 79, op. 1, d. 708, ll. 1-7; Pravda, April 9, 1964. L. Kartvelishvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 29, l. 1; f. 124, op. 1, d. 835, ll. 16-17. M. Khataevich: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2043, ll. 2-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 6 (1963), 98-101. S. Kosior: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 951, l. 1; Vospominaniia, ocherki,stat'i (Moscow: Politizdat, 1989). A. Kostanian: Kommunist (Erevan), July 28, 1967. A. Krinitskii: Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 12 (1964). L. Mirzoian: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 7, d. 3, l. 1; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 1 (1965), 101-4. M. Orakhelashvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 11, d. 28, ll. 1-4; Mamiia Orakhelashvili (Tbilisi: Izdatel'stvo sabchota sakartvelo, 1986). I. Rumiantsev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 1662, ll. 3-5. B. Semenov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), 110. B. Sheboldaev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2138, ll. 1, 2. V. Shubrikov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), p. 112. I. Vareikis: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, 302, ll. 1-5; D. Lappo, Iuozac Vareikis (Voronezh: Tsentral'no-chernozemone izdatel'stvo, 1989).
  • 109
    • 6244286864 scopus 로고
    • A network tie is determined by two criteria: (1) evidence of a working relationship (two or more years) in at least one of three milieus (prerevolutionary underground, civil war, postwar consolidation); and/or (2) evidence of friendship or family relationship. Below are the source materials used to determine the informal ties of the regional leadership listed in Figure 1. They include personal correspondence, memoirs, and biographies; RTsKhIDNI refers to the Russian Center for the Preservation and Investigation of Documents of Recent History. A. Andreev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 73, op. 1, d. 1-9; Vospominaniia, pis'ma (Moscow: Politizdat, 1985). L. Beria: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 24, d. 166, ll. 1, 2. R. Eikhe: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2215, ll. 1-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 7 (1965), 92-97. I. Gamarnik: Vospominaniia druzei i soratnikov (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1978). N. Gikalo: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 15, d. 34, ll. 1-5; RTsKhIDNI, f. 80,op. 8, d. 25, ll. 3-9. F. Goloshchekin: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 484, ll. 1-12. A. Ikramov: RTsKhIDNI, f. 79, op. 1, d. 708, ll. 1-7; Pravda, April 9, 1964. L. Kartvelishvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 29, l. 1; f. 124, op. 1, d. 835, ll. 16-17. M. Khataevich: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2043, ll. 2-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 6 (1963), 98-101. S. Kosior: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 951, l. 1; Vospominaniia, ocherki,stat'i (Moscow: Politizdat, 1989). A. Kostanian: Kommunist (Erevan), July 28, 1967. A. Krinitskii: Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 12 (1964). L. Mirzoian: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 7, d. 3, l. 1; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 1 (1965), 101-4. M. Orakhelashvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 11, d. 28, ll. 1-4; Mamiia Orakhelashvili (Tbilisi: Izdatel'stvo sabchota sakartvelo, 1986). I. Rumiantsev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 1662, ll. 3-5. B. Semenov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), 110. B. Sheboldaev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2138, ll. 1, 2. V. Shubrikov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), p. 112. I. Vareikis: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, 302, ll. 1-5; D. Lappo, Iuozac Vareikis (Voronezh: Tsentral'no-chernozemone izdatel'stvo, 1989).
    • (1989) Izvestiia TsK KPSS , Issue.12 , pp. 112
    • Shubrikov, V.1
  • 110
    • 85033013188 scopus 로고
    • RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, 302, ll. 1-5; D. Lappo, Voronezh: Tsentral'no-chernozemone izdatel'stvo
    • A network tie is determined by two criteria: (1) evidence of a working relationship (two or more years) in at least one of three milieus (prerevolutionary underground, civil war, postwar consolidation); and/or (2) evidence of friendship or family relationship. Below are the source materials used to determine the informal ties of the regional leadership listed in Figure 1. They include personal correspondence, memoirs, and biographies; RTsKhIDNI refers to the Russian Center for the Preservation and Investigation of Documents of Recent History. A. Andreev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 73, op. 1, d. 1-9; Vospominaniia, pis'ma (Moscow: Politizdat, 1985). L. Beria: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 24, d. 166, ll. 1, 2. R. Eikhe: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2215, ll. 1-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 7 (1965), 92-97. I. Gamarnik: Vospominaniia druzei i soratnikov (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1978). N. Gikalo: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 15, d. 34, ll. 1-5; RTsKhIDNI, f. 80,op. 8, d. 25, ll. 3-9. F. Goloshchekin: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 484, ll. 1-12. A. Ikramov: RTsKhIDNI, f. 79, op. 1, d. 708, ll. 1-7; Pravda, April 9, 1964. L. Kartvelishvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 29, l. 1; f. 124, op. 1, d. 835, ll. 16-17. M. Khataevich: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2043, ll. 2-6; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 6 (1963), 98-101. S. Kosior: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 951, l. 1; Vospominaniia, ocherki,stat'i (Moscow: Politizdat, 1989). A. Kostanian: Kommunist (Erevan), July 28, 1967. A. Krinitskii: Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 12 (1964). L. Mirzoian: RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 7, d. 3, l. 1; Vopnsy istorii KPSS, no. 1 (1965), 101-4. M. Orakhelashvili: RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 11, d. 28, ll. 1-4; Mamiia Orakhelashvili (Tbilisi: Izdatel'stvo sabchota sakartvelo, 1986). I. Rumiantsev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 1662, ll. 3-5. B. Semenov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), 110. B. Sheboldaev: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 2138, ll. 1, 2. V. Shubrikov: Izvestiia TsK KPSS, no. 12 (1989), p. 112. I. Vareikis: RTsKhIDNI, f. 124, op. 1, 302, ll. 1-5; D. Lappo, Iuozac Vareikis (Voronezh: Tsentral'no-chernozemone izdatel'stvo, 1989).
    • (1989) Iuozac Vareikis
    • Vareikis, I.1
  • 111
    • 6244242219 scopus 로고
    • Voprosy istorii KPSS, no. 1 (1965), 101-4.
    • (1965) Voprosy Istorii KPSS , Issue.1 , pp. 101-104
  • 112
    • 85033009857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The archival sources are from the former Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism, which has been renamed the Russian Center for the Preservation and Investigation of Documents of Recent History (RTsKhIDNI).
  • 113
    • 0003446586 scopus 로고
    • Bloomington: Indiana University Press
    • Ronald Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988); and idem, The Baku Commune, 1917-1918 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972).
    • (1988) The Making of the Georgian Nation
    • Suny, R.1
  • 114
    • 11744272417 scopus 로고
    • Princeton: Princeton University Press
    • Ronald Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988); and idem, The Baku Commune, 1917-1918 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972).
    • (1972) The Baku Commune , pp. 1917-1918
    • Suny, R.1
  • 115
    • 6244225541 scopus 로고
    • Madison, Wis.: Sphinx Press
    • Anastas Mikoyan, The Path of Struggle (Madison, Wis.: Sphinx Press, 1988), 450.
    • (1988) The Path of Struggle , pp. 450
    • Mikoyan, A.1
  • 116
    • 85033011968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For Ordzhonikidze's official appointments, see RTsKhIDNI (fn. 54), f. 85, op. 1, d. 15, l. 1; f. 85, op. 1, d. 18, l. 1; for Kirov's official appointments, see RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 3, d. 34, l. 1; f. 80, op. 4, d. 47, l. 1; f. 80, op. 5, d. 24, l. 1.
  • 117
    • 85032997813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For Kirov, see RTsKhIDNI (fn. 54), f. 80, op. 4, d. 44, ll. 1-4; d. 94, ll. 2-4; op. 5, d. 13, ll. 1-4; d. 20, l. 1; d. 25, l. 1.; op. 85, op. 11, d. 8, ll. 1-7. For Kvirikeli, see RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 11, d. 13, ll. 3-18; d. 14, ll. 1-3; d. 19, ll. 1, 2; d. 34, ll. 2-7. For Gikalo, see RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 11, d. 28, ll. 1-4; d. 34, ll. 1-5; d. 59, ll. 1, 2.
  • 118
    • 85033027479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For the coordination of military and political tasks, see RTsKhIDNI (fn. 54), f. 85, op. 15, d. 57, l. 1; d. 61, l. 1; d. 71, ll. 1, 2; d. 103, l. 1. For the placement of network members in positions of power, see RTsKhIDNI, f. 85, op. 15, d. 182, ll. 4-9; d. 243, l. 1; d. 246, ll. 1-5.
  • 119
    • 85033007866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • RTsKhIDNI (fn. 54), f. 80, op. 22, d. 11, ll. 3-7; 15, ll. 1-10.
  • 120
    • 85033005817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • RTsKhIDNI (fn. 54), f. 80, op. 3, d. 20, ll. 1-8.
  • 121
    • 85033029301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • RTsKhIDNI (fn. 54), f. 85, op. 24, d. 261, l. 1.
  • 122
    • 85033032794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • RTsKhIDNI, (fn. 54), f. 80, op. 3, d. 15, ll. 1, 4; f. 80, op. 4, d. 7, ll. 3-7.
  • 123
    • 85033000790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • RTsKhIDNI (fn. 54), f. 85, op. 11, d. 28, ll. 1-4; f. 85, op. 15, d. 246, ll. 2-5.
  • 124
    • 85033014607 scopus 로고
    • June 10
    • Pravda, June 10, 1963.
    • (1963) Pravda
  • 126
    • 85033012246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For evidence of Nazaretian's close ties with Orjonikidze, see RTsKhIDNI (fn. 54), f 85, op. 11, d. 85, ll. 2-5; for Nazaretian's ties with Kirov, see RTsKhIDNI, f. 80, op. 4, d. 117, l. 1.
  • 127
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    • note
    • RTsKhIDNI (fn. 54), f. 80. op. 7, d. 3, l. 1; op. 8, d. 25, ll. 3-9.
  • 130
    • 85033016159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RTsKhIDNI (fn. 54), f. 85, op. 27, d. 127, ll. 2-12; d. 140, ll. 1, 2; d. 300, ll. 1-26
    • RTsKhIDNI (fn. 54), f. 85, op. 27, d. 127, ll. 2-12; d. 140, ll. 1, 2; d. 300, ll. 1-26.
  • 131
    • 85033022782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RTsKhIDNI (fn. 54), f. 85, op. 27, d. 304, l. 1
    • RTsKhIDNI (fn. 54), f. 85, op. 27, d. 304, l. 1.
  • 132
    • 85033015662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RTsKhIDNI (fn. 54), f. 85, op. 27, d. 308, ll. 5-52; f. 85, op. 1, d. 317, ll. 1-17; f. 85, op. 27, d. 321, ll. 1-9
    • RTsKhIDNI (fn. 54), f. 85, op. 27, d. 308, ll. 5-52; f. 85, op. 1, d. 317, ll. 1-17; f. 85, op. 27, d. 321, ll. 1-9.
  • 133
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    • RTsKhIDNI (fn. 54), f. 80, op. 25, d. 11, ll. 1-14; op. 26, d. 40, ll. 1-5
    • RTsKhIDNI (fn. 54), f. 80, op. 25, d. 11, ll. 1-14; op. 26, d. 40, ll. 1-5.
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    • RTsKhIDNI (fn. 54), f. 80, op. 12, d. 29, l. 1
    • RTsKhIDNI (fn. 54), f. 80, op. 12, d. 29, l. 1.
  • 135
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    • RTsKhIDNI (fn. 54), f. 80, op. 15, d. 45, l. 1
    • RTsKhIDNI (fn. 54), f. 80, op. 15, d. 45, l. 1.
  • 136
    • 85033014375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, respectively, RTsKMDNI (fn. 54), f. 80, op. 10, d. 42, l. 1; op. 12, d. 22, ll. 1, 2; op. 13, d. 16, l. 1
    • See, respectively, RTsKMDNI (fn. 54), f. 80, op. 10, d. 42, l. 1; op. 12, d. 22, ll. 1, 2; op. 13, d. 16, l. 1.
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    • RTsKhIDNI (fn. 54), f. 85, op. 27, d. 307, ll. 3-15; op. 27, d. 308, ll. 16-29, 33-50; op. 27, d. 312, ll. 10-18; op. 27, d. 315, ll. 1, 2; op. 27, d. 321, ll. 1-9. See also Amy Knight's excellent biography of Lavrenti Beria, Stalin's secret police chief, who worked in Transcaucasia at this time and was a protégé of Orjonikidze's; Knight, Beria: Stalin's First Lieutenant (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), chaps. 2, 3.
    • (1993) Beria: Stalin's First Lieutenant
    • Knight1
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    • RTsKhIDNI (fn. 54), f. 85, op. 27, d. 308, ll. 36-48; d. 317, 11. 8, 9; f. 80, op. 15, d. 13, ll. 1-8
    • RTsKhIDNI (fn. 54), f. 85, op. 27, d. 308, ll. 36-48; d. 317, 11. 8, 9; f. 80, op. 15, d. 13, ll. 1-8.
  • 139
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    • RTsKhIDNI (fn. 54), f. 80, op. 14, d. 10, ll. 9-64
    • RTsKhIDNI (fn. 54), f. 80, op. 14, d. 10, ll. 9-64.
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    • RTsKhIDNI (fn. 54), f. 80, op. 15, d. 45, l. 1; op. 17, d. 58, l. 1.
  • 141
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    • RTsKhIDNI (fn. 54), f. 80, op. 17, d. 55, l. 1; op. 18, d. 103, ll. 1, 2; op. 18. d. 105, l. 1.
  • 142
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    • RTsKhIDNI (fn. 54), f. 80, op. 15, d. 51, l. 1; f. 80, op. 15, d. 49, l. 1; f. 80, op. 17, d. 57, l. 1; f. 80, op. 14, d. 49, l. 1.
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    • (1991) Pravda
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    • Confirmation of this aborted conspiracy comes from the memoirs of Anastas Mikoian, who was also a member of the Transcaucasian network. See "V pervyi raz bez lenina" (The first time without Lenin), Ogonek, no. 50 (December 1989), 27-29. The chief conspirators included Boris Sheboldaev, Iosif Vareikis, and Mamia Orakhelashvili.
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    • William Clark, Soviet Regional Elite Mobility after Khrushchev (New York: Praeger, 1989); Michael Urban, An Algebra of Soviet Power: Elite Circulation in Belorussia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989); and John Willerton, Patronage and Politics in the USSR (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
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    • Nee, "Between Center and Locality: State, Militia and Village," in Victor Nee and David Mozingo, eds., State and Society in Contemporary China (Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983), 232, 242.
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    • Among comparative state theorists, the "state in society" approach exemplifies this redirection of analytical focus; see Migdal, Kohli, and Shue (fn. 15). More generally, a recognition of the informal dimensions of institutions has been associated with the work of William Riker; see, for example, Riker, "Implications from the Disequilibrium of Majority Rule for the Study of Institutions," American Political Science Review 74 (June 1980). Several notable recent studies include Sven Steinmo, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth, eds., Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Perspective (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Jack Knight, Institutions and Social Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); and Putnam (fn. 8).
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