Liver disease in pregnancy

Journal of the American College of Surgeons

Volumn 183, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 643-653

  Assy, N ^a   Minuk, G Y ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

^b HEALTH SCIENCES CENTRE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL LIVER CIRRHOSIS; AUTOIMMUNITY; BILIARY CIRRHOSIS; CHRONIC ACTIVE HEPATITIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; DUBIN JOHNSON SYNDROME; GALLSTONE; HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM; JAUNDICE; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER DISEASE; LIVER TUMOR; NODULAR HYPERPLASIA; PORTAL HYPERTENSION; PREECLAMPSIA; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEPSIS; THROMBOSIS; VIRUS HEPATITIS;

FEMALE; HUMANS; LIVER DISEASES; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS;

EID: 0029826182     PISSN: 10727515     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Sheehan, H. L. Jaundice in pregnancy. Am. T. Obstet. Gynecol., 1961, 81: 427-440.
2. Combes, B., Shibata, H., Adams, R., and others. Alteration in sulfobromophtalein sodium-removal mechanisms from blood during normal pregnancy. J. Clin. Invest., 1963, 42: 1431-1442.
3. Laakso, L., Ruotsalainen, P., Punnonnen, R., and Maatel, A. Hepatic blood flow during last pregnancy. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand., 1971, 50: 175-178.
4. Rolf, D. B., and Ishak, K. G. Liver disease in pregnancy. Histopathology, 1986, 10: 555-570.
5. Everson, G. T., McKinley, C., Lawson, M., and others. Gallbladder function in the human female: effect of the ovulatory cycle, pregnancy and contraceptive steroids. Gastroenterology, 1982, 82: 711-719.
6. Bean, W. B., Cogswell, R., Bester, M., and Embick, J. F. Vascular changes of the skin in pregnancy: vascular spiders and palmar erthyema. Surg, Gynecol. Obstet., 1949, 88: 789-792.
7. Riely, C. A. Hepatic disease in pregnancy. Am. J. Med., 1994, 96: 18S-22S.
8. Sussmann, H. H., Bowman, M., and Lewis, J. L. Placental alkaline phosphatase in maternal serum during normal and abnormal pregnancy. "Nature, 1968, 218: 359-360.
9. Svanborg, A., and Vikrot, O. Plasma lipid fraction, including individual phospholipids at various stages of pregnancy. Acta Med. Scand., 1965, 178: 615-630.
10. Seppala, M., and Ruoslahti, E. Alpha fetoprotein in normal and pregnancy sera. Lancet, 1972, 746: 375-376.
11. McNair, R. D., and Jaynes, R. V. Alteration in liver function during normal pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1960, 80: 500-505.
12. Hurwitz, M. B. Jaundice in pregnancy: a 10-year study and review. S. Afr. Med. J., 1970, 44: 219-222.
13. Roszkowski, I., and Wokcicka, S. Jaundice in pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1968, 102: 839-846.
14. Haemmerli, U. P. Jaundice during pregnancy with special emphasis on recurrent jaundice during pregnancy and its differential diagnosis. Acta Med. Scand., 1966, 179: 1-111.
15. Hieber, J. P., Dalton, D., Shorey, J., and Combes, B. Hepatitis and pregnanq'. J. Pediatr., 1977, 91: 545-549.
16. Klein, N. A., Mabie, W. C., Shaver, D. C., and others. Herpes simplex virus hepatitis in pregnancy: two patients successfully treated with acyclovir. Gastroenterology, 1991, 100: 245-251.
17. Asher, L. V., Innis, B. L., Shrestha, M. P., and others. Virus-like particles in the liver of a patient with fulminant hepatitis and antibody to hepatitis E virus. J. Med. Virol., 1990, 31: 229-233.
18. Jhaveri, R. O., Verma, R. S., Rosenfeld, W., and others. Chromosomal abnormality in the newborns of hepatitis B surface antigen carrier mothers. Clin. Pediatr., Phila., 1980, 19: 66-68.
19. Dietzman, D. E., Madden, D. L., Sever, J. L., and others. Lack of relationship between Down's syndrome and maternal exposure to Australian antigen. Am. J. Dis. Child., 1972, 124: 195-197.
20. Tong, M. J., Thursby, M., Rakela.J., and others. Studies on the maternal-infant transmission of the viruses which cause acute hepatitis. Gastroenterology, 1981, 80: 999-1004.
21. Centers for Disease Control. Protection against viral hepatitis: recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee, MMWR. Morb. Mortal. \Vkly. Rep., 1990, 39: 1-26.
22. Arevalo, J. A. Hepatitis B in pregnancy. West. J. Med., 1989, 150: 668-674.
23. Ip, H. M. P., Lelie, P. N., Wong, V. C., and others. Prevention of hepatitis B virus carrier state in infants according to maternal serum levels of HBV DNA. Lancet, 1989, 8635: 406-410.
24. Woo, D., Cummins, M., Davies, P. A., and others. Vertical transmission of hepatitis B surface antigen in carrier mothers. Arch. Dis. Child., 1979, 54: 670-675.
25. Shiraki, K., Yoshihara, N., Sakurai, H., and others. Acute hepatitis B in infants born to carrier mothers with the antibody to hepatitis B antigen. J. Pediatr., 1980, 97: 768-770.
26. Lee, A. K. Y., Ip, H. M. P., and Wong, V. C. W. Mechanism of maternal-fetal transmission of hepatitis B virus. J. Infect. Dis., 1978, 138: 668-672.
27. Polakoff, S. Immunization of infants at high risk of hepatitis B. B. M. J., 1982, 285: 1294-1295.
28. Giovannini, M., Tagger, A., and Ribero, M. L. Maternal-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus and HFV infections: a possible interaction (Letter). Lancet, 1990, 8635: 1166.
29. Thaler, M. M. Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus. Lancet, 1991, 338: 17-18.
30. Deinhardt, F. Viral hepatitis. Bull. World Health Organ., 1982, 60: 661.
31. Gust, I. D., and Purcell, R. H. Report of a workshop: waterborne non-A, non-B hepatitis. J. Infect. Dis., 1987, 156: 630-635.
32. Klein, N. A., Mabie, W. C., Shaver, D. C., and others. Herpes simplex virus hepatitis in pregnancy. Gastroenterology, 1991, 100: 239-244.
33. Miller, J. P. Disease of the liver and alimentary tract. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol., 1977, 4: 297-317.
34. Braverman, D. Z., Johnson, M. L., and Kern, F. Effects of pregnancy and contraceptive steroids on gallbladder function. N. Engl. J. Med., 1980, 302: 362-364.
35. Gerdes, M. M., and Boyden, E. A. The rate of emptying of the human gallbladder in pregnancy. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 1938, 66: 145-156.
36. Landers, D., Carmona, R., Crombleholme, W., and Lim, R. Acute cholecystitis in pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol, 1987, 69: 131-133.
37. Simon, J. A. Biliary tract disease and related surgical disorders during pregnancy. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol., 1983, 26: 810-821.
38. Gin-T. Pharmacokinetic optimisation of general anaesthesia in pregnancy. Clin-Pharacokinet., 1993, 25: 59-70.
39. Printen, K.J. Cholecystectomy during pregnancy. Am. J. Surg., 1978, 44: 432-437.
40. Lanzafamer, R. J. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy during pregnancy. Surgery, 1995, 118: 627-633.
41. Khuroo, M. S., and Datta, D. V. Budd-Chiari syndrome following pregnancy: report of 16 cases with roentgenologic, hemodynamic and histologic studies of the hepatic outflow tract. Am. J. Med., 1980, 68: 113-121.
42. Artigas, J. M. G., Estabanez, J. S., and Faure, M. R. A. Pregnancy and the Budd-Chiari syndrome. Dig. Dis. Sei., 1982, 27: 89-90.
43. Kent, K. R., Nissen, S. E., and Ziehm, D. J. Effect of pregnancy on liver tumor associated with oral contraceptives. Obstet. Gynecol., 1975, 51: 148-151.
44. Maged, D. A., and Keating, H. J. Noncystic liver mass in the pregnant patient. South. Med. J., 1990, 83: 51-53.
45. Wanless, I. R., and Medline, A. Role of estrogens as promoters of hepatic neoplasia. Lab. Invest., 1982, 46: 313-320.
46. Egwuato, V. E. Primary hepatocellular carcinoma in pregnancy. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 1980, 74: 793-794.
47. Dienstag, J. L. Case record of the Massachusetts General Hospital. N. Engl. J. Med., 1982, 307: 934-942.
48. Davis, M. H., Wilkinson, J. R., and Williams, R. Acute liver disease with encephalopathy and renal failure in late pregnancy and the early puerperium: a study of 14 patients. Br. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1980, 87: 1005-1014.
49. Wagner, V. P., Smale, L. E., and Lischke, J. H. Amoebic abscess of the liver and spleen in pregnancy and the puerperium. Obstet. Gynecol., 1975, 45: 562-565.
50. Crow, J. P., Larry, M., Vento, E. G., and Prinz, R. A. Echinococcal disease of the liver in pregnancy. HPB-Surg., 1990, 2: 115-119.
51. Suva, K., and Jayaweera, B. A. Leptospiral problems in pregnancy. Ceylon Med. J., 1970, 15: 96-103.
52. Holden, T. E., and Sherline, D. M. Hepatitis and hepatic failure in pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol., 1972, 40: 586-593.
53. Kunelis, G. T., Peter, J. L., and Edmondson, H. A. Fatty liver of pregnancy and its relationship to tetracycline therapy. Am. J. Med., 1965, 38: 359-377.
54. Read, A. E., Harrison, C. V., and Sherlock, S. Chronic chlorpromazine jaundice. Am. J. Med., 1961, 31: 249-258.
55. Infeld, D. S., Borkowf, H. I., and Varma, H. I. Chronic persistent hepatitis and pregnancy. Gastroenterology, 1979, 77: 524-527.
56. Schreyer, P., Caspi, E., El-Hindi, J. M., and Eshar, J. Cirrhosis, pregnancy and delivery: a review. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv., 1982, 37: 304-312.
57. Varma, R. R., Michelson, N. H., Borkowf, H. I., and Lewis, J. D. Pregnancy in cirrhosis and non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. Obstet. Gynecol., 1970, 50: 217-222.
58. Cheng, Y-S. Pregnancy in liver cirrhosis and/or portal hypertension. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1977, 128: 812-822.
59. Waldem, R., and Ben-Rafael, Z. Fatal disruption of a splenorenal shunt after multiple pregnancies. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest., 1989, 28: 106-107.
60. Attila, P., and Dezso, L. Pregnancy in liver cirrhosis. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest., 1994, 38: 45-50.
61. Whelton, M.J., and Sherlock, S. Pregnancy in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Obstet. Gynecol., 1970, 36: 315-324.
62. Britton, R. C. Pregnanq- and esophageal varices. Am. J. Surg., 1982, 143: 421-425.
63. Takahashi, H., Tatewaki, W., Wada, K., and others. Thrombin and plasmin generation in patients with liver disease. Am. J. Hematol., 1989, 32: 30-35.
64. Hersh, S. L., Kunelis, T., and Francis, R. B. The pathogenesis of accelerated fibrinolysis in liver cirrhosis: a critical role of tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor. Blood, 1987, 69: 1315-1319.
65. Nivcn, P., Williams, D., and Zeegen, R. Pregnancy following the surgical treatment of portal hypertension. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1971, 110: 1100-1112.
66. Steven, M. M., Buckley, J. D., and Mackay, I. R. Pregnancy in chronic active hepatitis. Q. J. Med., 1979, 48: 519-531.
67. De Witte, D. B., Buik, M. K., Cryan, S. E., and Maisels, M. J. Neonatal pancytopenia and severe combined immunodeficiency associated with antenatal administration of azathioprine and prednisone. J. Pediatr., 1984, 105: 625-628.
68. Walshe, J. M. Pregnancy in Wilson's disease. Q. J. Med., 1977, 46: 73-83.
69. Scheinberg, I. H., and Sternlieb, I. Pregnancy in penicillamine treated patients with Wilson's disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 1975, 293: 1300-1302.
70. Burrows, S., and Pekala, B. Serum copper and ceruloplasmin in pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1971, 109: 907-909.
71. Schilsky, M. L., Scheinberg, I. H., and Sternlieb, I. Prognosis of Wilsonian chronic active hepatitis. Gastroenterology, 1991, 100: 762-677.
72. Marecek, Z., and Graf, M. Pregnancy in penicillaminetreated patients with Wilson's disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 1976, 295: 841-842.
73. Walshe, J. M. The management of pregnancy in Wilson's disease treated with trientine. Q. J. Med., 1986, 225: 81-87.
74. Scheinberg, I. H., Jaffe, M. E., and Sternlieb, I. The use of trientine in preventing the effects of interrupting penicillamine therapy in Wilson's disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 1987, 317: 209-213.
75. Lefkovitch, J. H., Rushton, A. R., and Feng-Chen, K. C. Hepatic fibrosis in fetal alcohol syndrome: pathologic similarities to adult alcoholic liver disease. Gastroenterology, 1983, 85: 951-957.
76. Moller, J., Brandt, N. J., and Tygstrop, I. Hepatic dysfunction in patient with fetal alcohol syndrome. Lancet, 1979, 8166: 605-606.
77. Habbick, B. F., Casey, R., Zaleski, W. A., and others. Liver abnormalities in three patients with fetal alcohol syndrome. Lancet, 1979, 8166: 580-581.
78. Klein, J., Shroit, P., Stein, Z., and others. Drinking during pregnancy and spontaneous abortion. Lancet, 1980, 8187: 605-606.
79. Whelton, M. J., and Sherloch, S. Pregnancy in patients with hepatic cirrhosis: management and outcome. Lancet, 1968, 576: 995-997.
80. Nir, A., Sorokin, Y., Abramovici, H., and Theodor, E. Pregnancy and primary biliary cirrhosis. Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 1989, 28: 279-282.
81. DiZoglio, J. D., and Cardillo, E. The Dubin-Johnson syndrome and pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol., 1973, 42: 560-563.
82. Weinstein, L. Syndrome of hemolysis, derated liver enzymes, and low platelet count: a severe consequence of hypertension in pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1982, 142: 159-167.
83. Sibai, B. M., Taslimi, M. M., E-Nazer, A., and others. Maternal-perinatal outcome associated with the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets in severe preeclampsia-eclampsia. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1986, 155: 501-509.
84. Barton, J. R., Riely, C. A., Adamiec, T. A., and others. Hepatic histopathologic condition does not correlate with laboratory abnormalities in HELLP syndrome. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1992, 167: 1538-1543.
85. Rolf, D. B., and Ishak, K. G. Liver disease in toxemia of pregnancy. Am. J. Gastroenterol., 1986, 81: 1218-1219.
86. Smith, L. G., Moise, K. J., Didly, G. A., and Carpenter, R. J. Spontaneous rupture of the liver during pregnancy: current therapy. Obstet. Gynecol., 1991, 77: 171.
87. Herbert, W. N. P., and Brenner, W. E. Improving survival with liver rupture complicating pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1982, 142: 530-534.
88. Alleman, J. S., Delarue, M. W., and Hassart, T. H. Successful delivery after hepatic rupture in previous pre-eclampsia pregnancy. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol., 1992, 47: 76-79.
89. Neerhof, M. G., Zelman, W., and Sullivan, T. Hepatic rupture in pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv., 1989, 44: 407-409.
90. Riely, C. A. Case studies in jaundice of pregnancy. Semin. Liver Dis., 1988, 8: 191-199.
91. Krueger, K. J., Huffman, B. J., and Williams, M. L. Hepatic infarction associated with eclampsia. Am. J. Gastroenterol., 1990, 85: 588-592.
92. Riely, C. A., Lathman, P. S., Romero, R., and others. Acute fatty liver of pregnancy: a reassessment based on observations in nine patients. Ann. Intern. Med., 1987, 106: 703-706.
93. Wicken, B., Leung, K. C., Hammond, J., and others. Pregnancy and fetal long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. Lancet, 1993, 341: 407-408.
94. Scultz, V. C., Adamson, J. S., Workman, W. W., and Norman, T. D. Fatal liver disease after intravenous administration of tetracycline in high dosage. N. Engl. J. Med., 1963, 269: 999-1004.
95. Larry, D., Rueff, B., Feldmann, G., and others. Recurrent jaundice caused by recurrent hyperemesis gravidarum. Gut, 1984, 24: 1414-1415.
96. Reyes, H. The enigma of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: lessons from Chile. Hepatology, 1982, 2: 87-96.
97. Holzbach, R. T. Familial recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: evidence of dominant, possibly autosomal trait. Gastroenterology, 1983, 85: 175-179.
98. Reyes, H. The spectrum of liver and gastrointestinal disease seen in cholestasis of pregnancy. Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am., 1992, 905-921.
99. Gundy, T. F., O'Grady, J. G., and Williams, R. Recovery of menstruation and pregnancy after liver transplantation. Gut, 1990, 31: 337-338.
100. Laifer, S. A., and Guido, R. Reproductive function and outcome of pregnancy after liver transplantation in women. Mayo Clin. Proc., 1995, 70: 388-394.
101. Nicholas, S. L., and Rulin, M. C. Acute vaginal bleeding in women undergoing liver, transplantation. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1994, 170: 733-736.
102. Baruch, Y., Weiner, Z., Enar, R., and others. Pregnancy after liver transplantation. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet., 1993, 41: 273-276.
103. Laifer, S. A., Darby, M. J., Scantlebury, V. P., and others. Pregnancy and liver transplantation. Obstct. Gynecol., 1990, 76: 1083-1088.
104. Scott, J. R. Fetal growth retardation associated with maternal administration of immunosuppressive drugs. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1977, 128: 668-676.
105. Cote, C. J., Meunwissen, H. J., and Pickering, R. J. Effects on the neonate of prednisone and azathioprine administered to the mother during pregnancy. J. Pediatr., 1974, 85: 324-328.
106. Davidson, J. M., Dellagrammatikas, H., and Parkin, J. M. Maternal azathioprine therapy and depressed hemopoiesis in the babies of renal allograft patients. Br. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1985, 92: 233-239.
107. Ross, W. B., Richards, T., Williams, G. L., and Salaman, J. M. Cyclosporine and pregnancy. Transplantation, 1988, 45: 1142.
108. Venkataramanan, R., Koneru, B., Wang, C. C., and others. Cyclosporine and its metabolites in mother and baby. Transplantation, 1988, 46: 468-469.
109. Pickrell, M. D., Sawers, R., and Michael, J. Pregnancy after renal transplantation: severe intrauterine growth retardation during treatment with cyclosporin A. Br. Med. J., 1988, 296: 825-827.
110. Jain, A., Venkataramanan, R., Lever, J., and others. FK 506 and pregnancy in liver transplant patients. Transplantation, 1993, 56: 1588-1589.
111. Radomski, J. S., Ahlswede, B. A., Jarrel, B. E., and others. Outcomes of 500 pregnancies in 335 female kidney, liver and heart transplant recipients. Transplant-Proc., 1995, 27: 1089-1090.
112. Roberts, J. M., Taylor, R. N., Musci, T. J., and others. Preeclampsia: an endothelial cell disorder. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1989, 161: 1200-1204.
113. Dekker, G. A., and Sibai, B. M. Low dose aspirin in the prevention of preeclampsia and fetal growth retardation: rationale, mechanisms and clinical trials. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1993, 168: 214-227.
114. Laifer, S. A. Transplantation and pregnancy. In: Current Obstetric Medicine, Vol 2. Edited by R. V. Lee. Pp. 1-23. St. Louis: Mosby, 1993.
115. Zerner, J., Doil, K. L., D re wry, J., and Leeber, D. A. Intrauterine contraceptive device failure in renal transplant patients. J. Reprod. Med., 1981, 26: 99-102.
116. Dertay, G., Hoang, P., Cacoub, P., and others. Oral contraceptive interaction with cyclosporin. Lancet, 1987, 8525: 158-159.