Structural adjustment and the fragile nation: The demise of social unity in Tanzania

Journal of Modern African Studies

Volumn 34, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 227-237

  Kaiser, Paul J ^a  

^a MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SOCIAL IMPACT; STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT; UJAMAA;

TANZANIA;

EID: 0029820198     PISSN: 0022278X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0022278x00055300     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. The term 'North' refers throughout this article to the advanced industrialised countries, while 'South' refers to 'developing', 'Jess-developed', or third-world countries.
2. York W. Bradshaw and Zwelakhe Tshandu, 'Foreign Capital Penetration, State Intervention, and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa', in International Studies Quarterly (Guildford), 34, 2, June 1990, p. 231.
3. Nicolas van de Walle, 'Review Essay: adjustment alternatives and alternatives to adjustment', in African Studies Review (Atlanta), 37, 3, December 1994, pp. 103-17. See also, Steve Kayizzi-Mugerwa and Jorgen Levin, 'Adjustment and Poverty: a review of the African experience', in African Development Review (Abidjan), 6, 2, December 1994, pp. 1-39.
4. Nicolas van de Walle, 'Review Essay: adjustment alternatives and alternatives to adjustment', in African Studies Review (Atlanta), 37, 3, December 1994, pp. 103-17. See also, Steve Kayizzi-Mugerwa and Jorgen Levin, 'Adjustment and Poverty: a review of the African experience', in African Development Review (Abidjan), 6, 2, December 1994, pp. 1-39.
5. John Ravenhill, 'Adjustment with Growth: a fragile consensus', in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), 26, 2, June 1988, pp. 179-210.
6. Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Rolph van der Hoeven, and Thandika Mkandawire (eds.), Africa's Recovery in the 1990s : from stagnation and adjustment to human development (Basingstoke and New York, 1993).
7. Sayre P. Schatz, 'Structural Adjustment in Africa: a failing grade so far', in The Journal of Modern African Studies, 32, 4, December 1994, p. 692.
8. Maurice Williams, 'The Role of Private Enterprise in Human Centered Development', in Development (Rome), 2, 1994, p. 11.
9. J. 'Bayo Adekanye, 'Structural Adjustment, Democratization and Rising Ethic Tensions in Africa', in Development and Change (London), 26, 2, April 1995, pp. 355-74. According to Henry Bienen and Mark Gersovitz, 'Consumer Subsidy Cuts, Violence, and Political Stability', in Comparative Politics (New York), 19, 1, October 1986, p. 25, 'subsidy cuts may provoke discontent, but they do not appear to be more fundamental as a cause of instability than many other short-run factors which are at work leading to social and political instability, not to say long-run trends in society'.
10. J. 'Bayo Adekanye, 'Structural Adjustment, Democratization and Rising Ethic Tensions in Africa', in Development and Change (London), 26, 2, April 1995, pp. 355-74. According to Henry Bienen and Mark Gersovitz, 'Consumer Subsidy Cuts, Violence, and Political Stability', in Comparative Politics (New York), 19, 1, October 1986, p. 25, 'subsidy cuts may provoke discontent, but they do not appear to be more fundamental as a cause of instability than many other short-run factors which are at work leading to social and political instability, not to say long-run trends in society'.
11. Jumanne H. Wagao, 'Adjustment Policies in Tanzania, 1981-9: the impact on growth, structure and human welfare', in Cornia, Van der Hoeven, and Mkandawire (eds.), op. cit. pp. 93-115.
12. Tanganyika African National Union, The Arusha Declaration and TANU's Policy on Socialism and Self-Reliance (Dar es Salaam, 1967).
13. Ibid. p. 11.
14. Ministry of National Education, The Ministry of National Education Combined Annual Report for the Years 1970-1975 (Dar es Salaam, 1983), p. 2.
15. See Abdallah Khalid, The Liberation of Swahili from European Appropriation (Nairobi, 1977), for more on this perspective as applied to Kenya.
16. Active participants in this debate have included Justinian Rweyemamu and Issa Shivji from Tanzania, Walter Rodney and Clive Thomas from Guyana, and Lionel Cliffe, John Saul, and Goran Hyden from the North. See Simon S. S. Kenyanchui, ' Scholars' Conflicting Interpretations of Tanzanian Ujamaa: a review article', in African Journal of Sociology (Nairobi), 3, 1, May 1989, pp. 84-93.
17. Lissi Rasmussen, Christian-Muslim Relations in Africa: the cases of Northern Nigeria and Tanzania compared (London, 1993), p. 109.
18. Little attention was paid to the rôle of ujamma in mitigating ethnic tensions in Unesco, Two Studies on Ethnic Group Relations in Africa: Senegal and the United Republic of Tanzania (Paris, 1974).
19. Wagao, loc. cit. p. 99.
20. Change (Dar es Salaam), January 1993, p. 5.
21. Ibid. June-July 1994, p. 3.
22. Ibid.
23. Africa Confidential (London), 36, 15, 21 July 1995.
24. Uhuru (Dar es Salaam), 4 September 1993, and Wakati ni Huu (Dar es Salaam), 7-13 September 1993.
25. Uhuru (Dar es Salaam), 4 September 1993, and Wakati ni Huu (Dar es Salaam), 7-13 September 1993.
26. Research notes, Bruce Heilman, Bloomington, Indiana.
27. Mfanyakazi (Dar es Salaam), 25 June 1994.
28. See Issa G. Shivji, Tanzania: the legal foundations of the Union (Dar es Salaam, 1990), and Abdou Jumbe, The Partner-ship - Tanganyika-Zanzibar Union: 30 turbulent years (Dar es Salaam, 1994).
29. See Issa G. Shivji, Tanzania: the legal foundations of the Union (Dar es Salaam, 1990), and Abdou Jumbe, The Partner-ship - Tanganyika-Zanzibar Union: 30 turbulent years (Dar es Salaam, 1994).
30. Inter-Press Service, 'Tanzania-Politics: Nyerere calls for resignation', E-mail, 2 November 1994. Also, Joel D. Barkan, 'Divergence and Convergence in Kenya and Tanzania: pressures for reform', in Barkan (ed.), Beyond Capitalism vs. Socialism in Kenya and Tanzania (Boulder and London, 1994), p. 34.
31. Inter-Press Service, 'Tanzania-Politics: Nyerere calls for resignation', E-mail, 2 November 1994. Also, Joel D. Barkan, 'Divergence and Convergence in Kenya and Tanzania: pressures for reform', in Barkan (ed.), Beyond Capitalism vs. Socialism in Kenya and Tanzania (Boulder and London, 1994), p. 34.
32. Christopher Mtikila, Letter to the United Nations, E-mail, 15 December 1994.
33. This incident was widely reported in Kenya and Tanzania during April and May 1993.
34. Aili Mari Tripp, 'Local Organizations, Participation, and the State in Urban Tanzania', in Goran Hyden and Michael Bratton (eds.), Governance and Politics in Africa (Boulder and London, 1992), p. 238.
35. See Daily News (Dar es Salaam), 18, 22, and 25 September 1995, for reports of political violence in the country.
36. According to Gurnam Singh, 'Modernisation, Ethnic Upsurge and Conflict in the World', in International Journal of Group Tensions (New York), 24, 4, Winter 1994, p. 406, 'The decline of the ideology of territorial nation-state created a sort of vacuity wherein ethnicity is fast emerging as the most solid basis for political formation and its sustenance'.
37. Africa Confidential, 36, 23-24, 17 November and 1 December 1995.
38. The Express (Dares Salaam), 26-28 October 1995, p. 8.
39. On 24 October 1995, the CUF cited 'a chain of irregularities that have surfaced in the electoral process', and the following day the CCM issued a formal complaint 'against the chain of irregularities done during the electoral process [which] ... led to a lot of confusion whereby causing the elections not to be free and fair'. On 27 October 1995, a press release by the Netherlands Embassy On behalf of the Heads of Mission of seventeen bilateral donor agencies', noted 'discrepancies in the compilation of the votes for the Presidency'.
40. Africa Confidential, 36, 24, 1 December 1995, p. 4.
41. See Abdul Sheriff and Ed Ferguson (eds.), Zanzibar Under Colonial Rule (London, 1991), passim.
42. Agence France Presse, E-mail, 14 March 1995.
43. Francis Fukayama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York, 1992).
44. Adekanye, loc. cit. p. 367.