What size should a bacterium be? A question of scale

Annual Review of Microbiology

Volumn 50, Issue , 1996, Pages 317-348

  Koch, Arthur L ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

biological selection; diffusion limitation; large bacteria; molecular biological limitations; small bacteria

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL CELL WALL; BACTERIAL GROWTH; BACTERIUM; EVOLUTION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ADAPTATION, BIOLOGICAL; BACTERIA; BACTERIAL PHYSIOLOGY; CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY; CELL WALL; DIFFUSION; ECOLOGY; EVOLUTION; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PROKARYOTIC CELLS; VARIATION (GENETICS);

ARCHAEA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); PROKARYOTA;

EID: 0029815049     PISSN: 00664227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.micro.50.1.317     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Adams MH, 1959. Bacteriophages. New York: Interscience Pub. 592 pp.
2. Angert ER, Clements KD, Pace NR. 1993. The largest bacterium. Nature 362:239-41
3. Begg KJ, Donachie WD. 1991. Experiments on chromosome separation and positioning in Escherichia coli. New Biologist 3:475-86
4. Berg HC. 1983. Random Walks in Biology. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press. 142 pp.
5. Bicknese S, Periasamy N, Shohet B, Verkman AS. 1993. Cytoplasmic viscosity near the cell plasma membrane: measurement by evanescent field frequency-domain microfluorimetry. Biophys. J. 65:1272-83
6. Bourbeau P, Dicker D, Higgins ML. 1986. The effect of cell cycle stages on the central density of Enterococcus faecium (ATCC 9790). J. Bacteriol. 171:1989-82
7. Button DK, Schut F, Quang P, Martin R, Robertson BR. 1993. Viability and isolation of marine bacteria by dilution culture: theory. App. Environ. Microbiol. 59:881-91
8. Brun YV, Marczynski GT, Shapiro L. 1994. The expression of asymmetry during Caulobacter cell differentiation. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 63:419-50
9. Clements KD, Bullivant S. 1991. An usual symbiont from the gut of surgeonfishes may be the largest known prokaryote. J. Bacteriol. 173:5359-62
10. Crank J. 1975. The Mathematics of Diffusion, 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon. 414 pp.
11. Colwell RR, Grimes RJ, eds. 1996. Non-culturable organisms in the environment. New York: Chapman & Hall
12. Dawe LL, Penrose WR. 1978. "Bactericidal" property of seawater: death or debilitation? Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 35:829-33
13. Deming JD, Baross JB. 1996. Survival, dormancy and non-cultural cells in extreme deep-sea environments. In Non-Culturable Organisms in the Environment, ed. RR Colwell, RJ Grimes. New York: Chapman & Hall
14. Dicker D, Higgins ML. 1987. Cell cycle change in the buoyant density of exponential-phase cells of Streptococcus faecium. J. Bacteriol. 169:1200-4
15. Dicker D, Higgins ML. 1989. Buoyant density, growth rate, and cell cycle in Streptococcus faecium. J. Bacteriol. 171:669-73
16. Donachie WD, Begg KJ. 1989. Cell length, nucleoid separation, and cell division in rod-shaped and spherical cells of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 171:4633-39
17. Donachie WD, Begg KJ. 1989. Chromosome partition in Escherichia coli requires post-replication protein synthesis. J. Bacteriol. 171:5405-9
18. Dow CS, Whittenbury R, Carr NG. 1983. The "shut down" or "growth precursor" cell - an adaptation for survival in a potentially hostile environment. In Microbes in Their Natural Environments, ed. JH Slater, R Whittenbury, JWT Wimpenny, pp. 187-247. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press pp. 497
19. Duffy KJ, Cummings PT, Ford RM. 1995. Random walk calculations for bacterial migration in porous media. Biophys. J. 68:800-6
20. Dworkin M. 1992. Prokaryote diversity. In The Prokaryotes, a Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria: Ecophysiology Isolation, Identification, Application, ed. A Balows, HG Treyser, M Dworkin, W Harder, K-H Schleifer, pp. 48-74. New York: Springer
21. Dykhuizen DE. 1995. Natural selection and the single gene. In Population Genetics of Bacteria, ed. S Baumberg, JPW Young, EMH Wellington, JR Saunders, 52:101-173. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
22. Ellington AD. 1994. Empirical exploration of sequence space: host-guest chemistry in the RNA world. Ber. Bunsenges Phys. Chem. 98:1115-21
23. Evinger M, Agabian N. 1979. Caulobacter crescentus nucleoid: analysis of sedimentation behavior and protein composition during the cell cycle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:175-78
24. Fishelson L, Montgomery WL, Myeberg AA Jr. 1985. A unique symbiosis in the gut of tropical herbivorous surgeonfish (Acanthuridae: Teleostei) from the Red Sea. Science 229:49-51
25. Friedberg EC, Walker GC, Siede W. 1995. DNA repair and mutagenesis. Washington: ASM Press. 698 pp.
26. Geysen HM, Rodda SJ, Mason TJ, Tribbeck G, Schoofs PG. 1987. Strategies for epitope analysis using peptide synthesis. J. Immunol. Methods 102:259-74
27. Gilbert W. 1987. The exon theory of genes. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. LII:901-5
28. Gilbert W, Marchionni M, McKnight G. 1986. On the antiquity of introns. Cell 46:151-54
29. Gober JW, Marques MV. 1995. Regulation of cellular differentiation in Caulobucter crescentus. Microbiol. Rev 59:31-47
30. Guillen N, Le Hegarat F, Fleury AM, Hirschbein L. 1978. Folded chromosomes of vegetative Bacillus subtilis: composition and properties. Nucleic Acids Res. 5:475-89
31. Higgins ML, Haines M, Whalen M, Glaser D, Bylund J. 1990. Relationship between changes in buoyant density and formation of new sites of cell wall growth in cultures of streptococci (Enterococci hirae, ATCC 9790) undergoing shift up. J. Bacteriol. 172:4415-19
32. Höltje J-V. 1993. "Three for one" - A simple growth mechanism that guarantees a precise copy of the thin, rod-shaped murein sacculus of Escherichia coli. In Bacterial Growth and Lysis, ed. MA de Pedro, J-V Hoültje, W Loüffellhardt, pp. 419-26. New York: Plenum. 474 pp.
33. Horecker BL, Osborn MJ, McCellan WL, Avigad G, Arsenio C. 1961. The role of bacterial permeases in metabolism. In Membrane Transport and Metabolism, ed. A Kleinzeller, A Kotyk, pp. 378-87. London: Academic Press. 601 pp.
34. Jannasch HW, Nelson DC, Wirsen CR. 1989. Massive natural occurrence of unusually large bacteria (Beggiatoa sp.) at a hydrothermal deep-sea vent site. Nature 342:834-36
35. Kacser H, Burns JA. 1973. The control of flux. Symp. Soc. Exper. Biol. 27:65-104
36. Karp-Boss L, Boss E, Jumars PA. 1996. Nutrient fluxes to planktonic osmotrophs in the presence of fluid motion. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. In press
37. Keith AD, Snipes W. 1974. Viscosity of cellular protoplasm. Science 183:666-68
38. Kjelleberg S, ed. 1993. Starvation in Bacteria. New York: Plenum. 277 pp.
39. Kooijman SALM, Muller EB, Stouthamer AH. 1991. Microbial growth dynamics on the basis of individual budgets. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 60:159-74
40. Kooijman SALM. 1993. Dynamic Energy Budgets in Biological Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. 350 pp.
41. Koch AL. 1959. The dynamics of coliphage plaque formation. I. Macroplaque experiments. Virology 8:273-92
42. Koch AL. 1960. Encounter efficiency of coliphage-bacterium interaction. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 39:311-18
43. Koch AL. 1964. The growth of viral plaques during the enlargement phase. J. Theor. Biol. 6:413-31
44. Koch AL. 1967. Kinetics of permease catalyzed transport. J. Theor. Biol. 14:103-30
45. Koch AL. 1971. The adaptive responses of Escherichia coli to a feast and famine existence. Adv. Microbial Physiol. 6:147-217
46. Koch AL. 1972. Enzyme evolution: the importance of untranslatable intermediates. Genetics 72:297-316
47. Koch AL. 1972. Deviations from hyperbolic dependency of transport processes. J. Theor. Biol. 36:23-40
48. Koch AL. 1974. The pertinence of the periodic selection phenomenon to procaryote evolution. Genetics 77:127-42
49. Koch AL. 1979. Microbial growth in low concentrations of nutrients. In Strategies in Microbial Life in Extreme Environments, ed. M Shilo, p. 261-79. Dahlem Konferenzen 1978, Berlin. Weinheim: Verlag Chemie
50. Koch AL. 1981. Evolution of antibiotic resistance gene function. Microbiol. Rev. 45:355-78
51. Koch AL. 1982. Diffusion limit and bacterial growth. In Overproduction of Microbial Products. ed. V Krumphanzl, B Sikyta, Z Vanek, pp. 571-80. London: Academic
52. Koch AL. 1982. Multistep kinetics: choice of models for growth of bacteria. J. Theor. Biol. 98:401-17
53. Koch AL. 1983. The surface stress theory of microbial morphogenesis. Adv. Microbial Physiol. 24:301-66
54. Koch AL. 1984. Evolution versus the number of gene copies per primitive cell. J. Mol. Evol. 20:71-76
55. Koch AL. 1985. The macroeconomics of bacterial growth. In Bacteria in Their Natural Environment, ed. MM Fletcher, GD Floodgate, pp. 1-42. London: Soc. Gen. Microbiol.
56. Koch AL. 1985. Primeval cells: possible energy-generating and cell-division mechanisms. J. Mol. Evol. 21:270-77
57. Koch AL. 1987. Evolution from the point of view of Escherichia coli. In Evolutionary Physiological Ecology, ed. P Calow. pp. 85-103. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
58. Koch AL. 1988. Why can't a cell grow infinitely fast? Can. J. Microbiol. 34:421-26
59. Koch AL. 1990. Diffusion: the crucial process in many stages of the biology of bacteria. Adv. Microbiol. Ecol. 11:37-70
60. Koch AL. 1991. The wall of bacteria serves the role that mechano-proteins do in eukaryotes. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 88:15-26
61. Koch AL. 1993. Microbial genetic responses to extreme challenges. J. Theor. Biol. 160:1-21
62. Koch AL. 1994. Growth measurements. In Methods for General and Molecular Bacteriology, ed. P Gerhardt, RGE Murray, WA Wood, NR Krieg, pp. 248-77. Washington: Am. Soc. Microbiol.
63. Koch AL. 1994. Development and diversification of the Last Universal Ancestor. J. Theor. Biol. 168: 269-80
64. Koch AL. 1995. Bacterial Growth and Form. New York: Chapman & Hall. 423 pp.
65. Deleted in proof
66. Koch AL. 1995. The origin of intracellular and intercellular pathogens. Quart. Rev. Biol. 70:423-37
67. Koch AL. 1996. The similarities and differences of individual bacteria within a clone. In Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed., Vol. 2, ed. FC Neidhardt, JL Ingraham, ECC Lin, KB Low, B Magasanik, et al, pp. 1640-51. Washington: Am. Soc. Microbiol.
68. Koch AL. 1996. The Monod model and its alternatives. In Mathematical Models in Microbial Ecology, ed. AL Koch, JA Robinson, GA Milliken, Chapman Hall, New York. In press
69. Koch AL, Coffman R. 1970. Diffusion, permeation, or enzyme limitation: a probe for the kinetics of enzyme induction. Biotech. Bioeng. XII:651-77
70. Koch AL, Schmidt TM. 1991. The first cellular bioenergetic process: primitive generation of a protonmotive force. J. Mol. Evol. 33:297-304
71. Koch AL, Wang CH. 1982. How close to the theoretical diffusion limit do bacterial uptake systems function? Arch. Microbiol. 131:36-42
72. Luby-Phelps K. 1994. Physical properties of cytoplasm. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 6:3-9
73. Luby-Phelps K, Mujumdar S, Mujumdar RB, Ernst LA, Galbraith W, Waggoner AS. 1993. A novel fluorescence ratiometric method confirms the low solvent viscosity of the cytoplasm. Biophys. J. 65:236-42
74. Matin A. 1991. The molecular basis of carbon-starvation-induced general resistance in Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 5:3-10
75. Mandelstam J. 1958. The intracellular turnover of protein and nucleic acid and its role in biochemical differentiation. Bacteriol. Rev. 24:2889-3008
76. Mastro AM, Hurley DJ. 1987. Diffusion of a small molecule in the aqueous compartment of mammalian cells. In Organization of Cell Metabolism, ed. GR Welch, JS Clegg, pp. 57-74. New York: Plenum. 389 pp.
77. Monod J. 1942. Recherches sur la Croissance des Culture Bacteriennes. Paris: Herman & Cie
78. Monod J. 1949. The growth of bacterial cultures. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 3:371-94
79. Montgomery WL, Pollak PE. 1988. Gut anatomy and pH in a red sea surgeonfish, Acanthurus nigrofuscus. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 44:7-13
80. Montgomery WL, Pollak PE. 1988. Epulopiscium n.g., N. sp., a protist of uncertain taxonomic affinities from the gut of an herbivorous reef fish. J. Protozool. 35:565-69
81. Morita RY, ZoBell CE. 1955. Occurrence of bacteria in pelagic sediments collected during the Mid- Pacific Expedition. Deep Sea Res. 3:66-73
82. Nath K, Koch AL. 1970. Protein degradation in Escherichia coli. I. Measurement of rapidly and slowly decaying components. J. Biol. Chem. 245:2889-2900
83. Nath K, Koch AL. 1971. Protein degradation in Escherichia coli. II. Strain differences in the degradation of protein and nucleic acid resulting from starvation. J. Biol. Chem. 246:6956-67
84. Nelson DC, Wirsen CO, Jannasch HW. 1989. Characterization of large autotrophic Beggiatoa spp. abundant at hydrothermal vents of the Guaymas Basin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:2909-17
85. Novitsky JA, Monta RY. 1976. Morphological characterization of small cells resulting from nutrient starvation in a psychrophilic marine vibrio. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 32:619-22
86. Oliver JD. 1993. Formation of viable but non-culturable cells. In Starvation in Bacteria, ed. S Kjelleberg, pp. 239-272. New York: Plenum
87. Poindexter JS. 1979. Morphological adaptation to low nutrient concentrations. In Strategies in Microbial Life in Extreme Environments, ed. M Shilo, pp. 341-356. Dahlem Konferenzen 1978, Berlin. Weinheim: Verlag Chemie
88. Poindexter JS. 1981. Oligotrophy: fast and famine existence. Adv. Microbiol. Ecol. 5:63-90
89. Poindexter JS. 1981. Caulobacters: ubiquitous unusual bacteria. Microbiol. Rev. 45:123-79
90. Pollard EC. 1979. Relationship of synthetic process in the cell to cytoplasmic visocity. In The Aqueous Cytoplasm, ed. AD Keith, pp. 1-22. New York: Dekker
91. Rainey P, Moxon R. 1993. Unusual mutational mechanism and evolution. Science 260:1958-60
92. Rashevsky N. 1960. Mathematical Biophysics, 3rd Ed. New York: Dover Pub.
93. Rickenberg HV, Cohen GN, Buttin G, Monod J. 1956. La galactoside permease d'Escherichia coli. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 91:829-57
94. Riley MR, Buettner HM, Muzzio FJ, Reyes SC. 1995. Monte Carlo simulation of diffusion and reaction in two-dimensional cell structures. Biophys. J. 68:1716-26
95. Robinow C, Kellenberger E. 1994. The bacterial nucleoid revisited. Microbiol. Rev. 58:211-32
96. Saxton MJ. 1994. Anomalous diffusion due to obstacles: a Monte Carlo study. Biophys. J. 66:394-401
97. Schlaes DM, Rice LB. 1994. Bacterial resistance to the cyclic glycopeptides. Trends Microbiol. 2:385-88
98. Siegele DA, Almirón M, Kolter R. 1993. Approaches to the study of survival and death in stationary-phase Escherichia coli. In Starvation in Bacteria, ed. S Kjelleberg, pp. 151-69. New York: Plenum
99. Simon M, Zieg J, Silverman M, Mandel G, Doolittle R. 1980. Phase variation: evolution of a controlling element. Science 209:1370-74
100. Spector MP, Foster JW. 1993. Starvation-stress response (SSR) of Salmonella typhimurium: gene expression and survival during nutrient starvation. In Starvation in Bacteria, ed. S Kjelleberg, pp. 201-24 New York: Plenum
101. Spratt BG, Smith NH, Zhou J, O'Rourke M, Feil E. 995. The population genetics of pathogenic Neisseria. In Population Genetics of Bacteria, ed. S Baumberg, JPW Young, EMH Wellington, JR Saunders, 52:143-60. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
102. Schmidt TM, DeLong EF, Pace NR. 1991. Analysis of a marine picoplankton community by 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing. J. Bacteriol. 173:4371-78
103. Deleted in proof
104. Swobada UK, Dow CS, Vitkovic L. 1982. Nucleoids of Caulobacter crescentus CB15. J. Gen. Microbiol. 128:279-89
105. Tempest DW, Neissel OM. 1978. Ecophysiological aspects of microbial growth in aerobic nutrient-limited environments. Adv. Microbiol. Ecol. 2:105-53
106. van Elsas JD, van Overbeek LS. 1983 Bacterial responses to soil stimuli. In Starvation in Bacteria, ed. S Kjelleberg, pp. 55-79. New York: Plenum
107. von Bertalanffy L. 1968. General Systems Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications, pp. 289. New York: George Braziller.
108. Walsby AE. 1994. Gas vesicles. Microbiol. Rev. 58:94-144
109. Warburg O. 1923. Versuche an überlebendem Carcinomgewebe. Biochem. Zeitschr. 142:317-35
110. Weiser JN, Love JM, Moxon ER. 1989. The molecular mechanism of phase variation of H. Influenza Iipopolysaccharide. Cell 59:657-65
111. Westerhof HV, Welch GR. 1992. Enzyme organization and the direction of metabolic flow: physicochemical considerations. Curr. Top. Cell. Regul. 33:361-90
112. Wiggins P. 1990. Role of water in some biological process. Microbiol. Rev. 54:432-49
113. Worcel A, Burgi E. 1972. On the structure of the folded chromosome of Escherichia coli. J. Mol .Biol. 71:127-41