Stratum corneum architecture, metabolic activity and interactivity with subjacent cell layers

Experimental Dermatology

Volumn 5, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 191-201

  Elias, Peter M ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b SAN FRANCISCO VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Permeability barrier; Stratum corneum

Indexed keywords

HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; LIPOGENESIS; NORMAL HUMAN; REVIEW; SKIN PERMEABILITY; STRATUM CORNEUM;

EID: 0029813337     PISSN: 09066705     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.1996.tb00117.x     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. Feingold K R. The regulation and role of epidermal lipid synthesis. Adv Lipid Res 1991: 24: 57-79.
2. Elias P M, Feingold K R. Lipids and the epidermal water barrier: metabolism, regulation, and pathophysiology. Semin Dermatol 1992: 11: 176-182.
3. Scheuplein R J., Blank I H. Permeability of the skin. Physiol Rev 1971: 51: 702-747
4. Elias P M, Friend D S. The permeability barrier in mammalian epidermis. J Cell Biol 1975: 65: 180-191.
5. Elias P M. Epidermal lipids, barrier function, and desquamation. J Invest Dermatol 1983: 80: 44-49.
6. Elias P M, Menon G K. Structural and lipid biochemical correlates of the epidermal permeability barrier. Adv Lipid Res 1991: 24: 1-26.
7. Odland G P, Holbrook K. The lamellar granules of the epidermis. Curr Probl Dermatol 1987: 9: 29-49.
8. Landmann L. The epidermal permeability barrier. Anat Embryol 1988: 178: 1-10.
9. Menon G K, Feingold K R, Elias P M. The lamellar body secretory response to barrier disruption. J Invest Dermatol 1992: 98: 279-289.
10. Wertz P W, Downing D T, Freinkel R K, Traczyk T N. Sphingolipids of the stratum corneum and lamellar granules of fetal rat epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 1984: 83: 193-195.
11. Grayson S, Johnson-Winegar A G, Wintroub B U, Isseroff R R, Epstein Jr, Elias P M. Lamellar body-enriched fractions from neonatal mice: Preparative techniques and partial characterization. J Invest Dermatol 1985: 85: 289-295.
12. Williams, M L. Lipids in normal and pathological desquamation. Adv Lipid Res 1991: 24: 211-252.
13. Menon G K, Williams M L, Ghadially R, Elias P M. Lamellar bodies as delivery systems of hydrolytic enzymes: implications for normal cohesion and abnormal desquamation. Br J Dermatol 1992: 126: 337-345.
14. Fartasch M, Bassukas I D, Diepgen T L. Structural relationship between epidermal lipid lamellae, lamellar bodies and desmosomes in human epidermis: an ultrastructural study. Br J Dermatol 1993: 128: 1-9.
15. Elias P M Williams M L, Maloney M E, Bonifas J A, Brown B E, Grayson S, Epstein E H Jr. Stratum corneum lipids in disorders of cornification: Steroid sulfatase and cholesterol sulfate in normal desquamation and, the pathogenesis of recessive X-linked ichthyosis. J Clin Invest 1984: 74: 1414-1421.
16. Menon G K, Price L F, Bommannan B, Elias P M, Feingold K R. Selective obliteration of the epidermal calcium grandient leads to enhanced lamellar body secretion. J Invest Dermatol 1994: 102:789-795.
17. Madison K C, Swartzendruber D C, Wertz PW, Downing D T. Presence of intact intercullular lamellae in the upper layers of the stratum corenum. J Invest Dermatol 1987: 88: 714-718.
18. Hou S Y E, Mitra A K, White S H, Menon G K, Ghadially R, Elias P M. membrane structures in normal and essential fatty acid deficient stratum corneum: characterization by ruthenium tetroxide staining and x-ray diffraction. J Invest Dermatol 1991: 96: 215-223.
19. White S M, Mirejovsky D, King G I. Structure of lamellar lipid domains and corneocyte envelopes of murine stratum corneum. An X-ray diffraction study. Biochemistry 1988: 27: 3725-3732
20. Swartzendruber D C, Wertz P W, Kitko D J, Madison K C, Downing D T. Evidence that the corneocyte has a chemically-bound lipid envelope. J Invest Dermatol 1987: 88: 709-713.
21. Chang F, Swartzedrauber D C, Wertz P W, Squier C A. Covalently bound lipids in keratinizing epithelia. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993: 1150: 98-102.
22. Chapman S. J, Walsh A. Membrane-coating granules are acidic organelles which possess proton pumps. J Invest Dermatol 1989: 93: 466-470.
23. Holleran W M, Takagi Y, Jackson S M, Tran H T, Feingold K R, Elias P M. Processing of epidermal glucosylceramides is required for optimal mammalian cutaneous permeability barrier function. J Clin Invest 1993: 91: 1656-1664
24. Holleran W M, Sidransky E, Menon G K, Fartasch M, Grundmann J-U, Ginns E, Elias P M. Consequences of β-glucocerebrosidase deficiency in epidermis: ultrastructure and permeability barrier alterations in Gaucher disease. J Clin Invest 1994: 93: 1756-1764.
25. Wertz P W, Cox P S, Squier C A, Downing D T: Lipids of epidermis and keratinized and non-keratinized oral epithelia. Comp Biochem Physiol [B] 1986: 83: 529-531.
26. Wertz P W, Kremer M, Squier S M. Comparison of lipids from edpidermal and palatal stratum corneum. J Invest Dermatol 1992: 98: 375-378.
27. Elias P M, Menon G K, Grayson S, Brown B E, Rehfeld S J. Avian sebokeratocytes and marine mammal lipokeratinocytes: structural, lipid biochemical and functional considerations. Am J Anat 1987: 80: 161-177.
28. Chang F, Wertz P W, Squier C A Comparison of glycosidase activities in epidermis palatal epithelium, and buccal epithelium. Comp Biochem Physiol [B] 1991: 100: 137-139.
29. Mao-Qiang M, Feingold K R, Jain M, Elias P M Extracellular processing of phospholipids to free fatty acids is required for permeability barrier homeostasis. J Lipid Res. 1995: in press.
30. 2 activity is required for permeability, barrier homeostasis. J Invest Dermatol 1995: in press.
31. Lampe M A, Burlingame A L, Whitney J, Williams M L Brown BE, Roitman E, Elias P M. Human stratum corneum lipids: characterization and regional variations. J Lipid Res: 1983: 24: 120-150.
32. Elias P M., Fritsch, P, Epstein E H Jr. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome: Clinical features, pathogenesis, and recent microbiological and biochemical developments. Arch Dermatol 1977: 113: 207-219.
33. Grubauer G, Feingold K R, Elias P M. Lipid content and lipid type as determinants of the epidermal permeability barrier. J Lipid Res 1989: 30: 323-333.
34. Elias P M, Brown B E. The mammalian cutaneous permeability barrier: defective barrier function in sential fatty acid deficiency correlate with abnormal intercellular lipid deposition. Lab Invest 1978: 39: 574-583.
35. Grubauer G, Elias P M, Feingold K R.. Transepidermal water loss: the signal for recovery of barrier structure and function. J Lipid Res. 1989: 30: 323-333.
36. Mao-Qiang M, Feingold K R, Elias P M. Exogenous lipids influence permeability barrier recovery in acetone treated murine skin. Arch Dermatol J 1993: 129: 728-738.
37. Mao-Qiang M, Brown B E, Wu S, Feingold K R, Elias P M. Exogenous nonphysiologic versus physiologic lipids: divergent mechanisms for correction of permeability barrier dysfunction. Arch Dermatol 1995: 131: 809-816.
38. Yang L, Elias P M, Feingold K R. Topical stratum corneum lipids accelerate barrier repair after tape stripping, solvent treatment, and some but not all types of detergent treatment. Br J Dermatol 1995: in press.
39. Yardley H J, Summerly R. Lipid composition and metabolism in normal and diseased epidermis. Pharmacol Ther 1981: 13: 357-383.
40. Ziboh V A, Chapkin R S. Metabolism and function of skin lipids. Prog Lipid Res 1988: 27: 81-105.
41. Turley S D, Anderson J. M, Dietschy J M. Rates of sterol synthesis and uptake in the major organs of the rat in vivo. J Lipid Res 1981: 22: 551-569.
42. Feingold K R, Wiley M H, Moser A H et al. De novo sterologenesis in the intact primate. J Lab Clin Med 1982: 100: 405-410.
43. Nicolaides N. Skin lipids. Science 1974: 186: 19-26.
44. Feingold K R, Brown B E, Lear S R, Moser A H, Elias P M. Localization of de novo sterologenesis in mammalian skin. J Invest Dermatol 1983: 81: 365-369.
45. Monger D J, Williams M L, Feingold K R, Brown B E, Elias P M. Localization of sites of lipid biosynthesis in mammalian epidermis. J Lipid Res 1988: 29: 603-612.
46. Proksch E, Elias P M, Feingold K R. Localization and regulation of epidermal HMG CoA reductase activity by barrier requirements. Biochem Biophys Acta, 1991: 1083: 71-79.
47. Holleran W M, Gao W N, Feingold K R, Elias P M. Localization of epidermal sphingolipid synthesis and serine p mitoyl transferase activity. Arch Dermatol Res 1995: 287: 254-258.
48. Wu-Pong S, Elias P M, Feingold K R. Influence of altered serum cholesterol levels and fasting on cutaneous cholesterol synthesis. J Invest Dermatol 1994: 102: 799-802.
49. Ponec M, Havekes L, Kempenaar J, Vermeer B J. Cultured human skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes: differences in the regulation f cholesterol synthesis. J Invest Dermatol 1983: 81: 125-130.
50. Mommaas-Kienhuis A-M, Grayson S, Wijsman M C, Vermeer B J, Elias P M: LDL receptor expression on keratinocytes in normal and psoriatic epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 1987: 89: 513-517.
51. Williams ML, Rutherford S L, Mommaas-Kienhuis A-M, Grayson S, Vermeer BJ, Elias P M. Free sterol metabolism and low-density lipoprotein receptor expression as differentiation markers in cultured human keratinocytes. J Cell Physiol 1987: 1332: 428-440.
52. Ziboh V A, Miller C C. Essential fatty acid and polyunsturated fatty acis: Significance in cutaneous biology. Ann Rev Nutr 1990: 10: 433-450.
53. Menon G K, Feingold K R, Moser A H, Brown B E, Elias P M. De novo sterologenesis in the skin (II). Regulation by cutaneous barrier requirements. J Lipid Res 1985: 26: 418-427.
54. Grubauer G, Feingold K R, Elias P M. Relationship of epidermal lipogenesis to cutaneous barrier function. J Lipid Res 1987: 28: 746-752.
55. Holleran W M, Feingold K R, Mao-Qiang M, Gao W N, Lee J M, Elias P M. Regulation of epidermal sphingolipid synthesis by barrier reciuirements. J Lipid Res 1991: 32: 1151-1158.
56. Proksch E, Feingold K R, Mao-Qiang M, Elias P M. Barrier function regulates epidermal DNA synthesis. J Clin Invest 1991: 87: 1668-1673.
57. Feingold K R, Brown B E, Lear S R, Moser A H, Elias P M. Effect of essential fatty acid deficiency on cutaneous sterol synthesis. J Invest Dermatol 1986: 87: 588-591.
58. Proksch E, Elias P M, Feingold K R. Regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in urine epidermis: modulation of enzyme content and activation state by barrier requirements. J Clin Invest 1990: 85: 874-882.
59. Ottey K, Wood L C, Elias P M, Feingold K R. Cutaneous permeability barrier disruption increases fatty acid synthetic enzyme activity in the epidermis of hairless mice. J Invest Dermatol 1995: 104: 401-405.
60. Jackson S M, Wood L C, Lauer S, Taylor J M, Cooper A D, Elias P M, Feingold K R. Effect of cutaneous permeability barrier disruption on HMG CoA reductase, LD receptor and apoprotein E mRNA levels in the epidermis of hairless mice. J Lipid Res 1992: 33:1307-1314.
61. Choi S-J, Jackson S M, Elias P M, Feingold K R.. The role of protein synthesis in permeability barrier homeostasis. In: The biology of the epidermis: molecular and functional aspects, A. Ohkawara et al. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1992: 11-19.
62. Holleran W M, Mao-Qiang M, Gao W N Menon G K, Elias P M, Feingold K R. Sphingolipids are required for mammalian barrier function: II. Inhibition of sphingolipid synthesis delays barrier recovery after acute perturbation. J Clin Invest 1991: 88: 1338-1345.
63. Feingold K R, Mao-Qiang M, Menon G K, Cho S S, Brown B E, Elias P M. Cholesterol synthesis is required for cutaneous barrier function in mice. J Clin Invest 1990: 86: 1738-1745.
64. Mao-Qiang M, Elias P M, Feingold K R Fatty acids are required for epidermal permeability barrier function. J Clin Invest 1993: 92: 791-798.
65. Lee s H, Elias P M, Proksch E, Menon G K, Mao-Qiang M, Feingold K R. Calcium and potassium are important regulators of barrier homeostasis in murine epidermis. J Clin Invest 1992: 89: 530-538.
66. Menon G K, Grayson S, Elias P M Ionic calcium reservoirs in mammalian epidermis: ultrastructural localization with ion capture cytochemistry. J Invest Dermatol 1985: 84: 508-512.
67. Menon G K, Lee S, Elias P M, Feingold K R. Localization of calcium in murine epidermis following disruption and repair of the permeability barrier. Cell Tissue Res 1992: 270:503-512.
68. Menon G K, Elias P M, Feingold K R. Integrity of the permeability barrier is crucial for maintenance of the epidermal calcium gradient. Br J Dermatol 1994: 130: 139-147.
69. Menon G K, Price L F, Bommannan B, Elias P M, Feingold K R. Selective obliteration of the epidermal calcium gradient leads to enhanced lamellar body secretion. J Invest Dermatol 1994: 102: 789-795.
70. Kupper T S Immune and inflammatory processes in cutaneous tissues: mechanisms and speculations. J Clin Invest 1990: 86: 1783.
71. Hauser C, Saurat J-H, Schmitt J A, Jaunin F, Dayer J H. Interleukin-I is present in normal human epidermis. J Immunol 1986: 136: 3317-3322.
72. Wood L C, Jackson S M, Elias P M, Grunfeld C, Feingold K R. Cutaneous barrier perturbation stimulates cytokine production in the epidermis of mice. J Clin Invest 1992: 90: 482-487.
73. Tsai J-C, Feingold K R, Crumrine D, Wood L C, Grunfeld C, Elias P M Permeability barrier disruption alters the localization and expression of TNF-alpha protein in the epidermis. Arch Derm Res 1994: 286: 242-248.
74. Wood L C, Feingold K R, Sequeira-Martin S M, Elias P M, Grunfeld C.. Barrier function coordinately regulates epidermal IL-1 mRNA levels. Exp Dermatol 1994: 3: 56-60.
75. Nickoloff B J, Naider Y: Perturbation of epidermal barrier function correlates with initiation of cytokine cascade in human skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994: 30: 535-546.
76. Elias P M., Holleran W M, Feingold K R, Menon G K, Ghadially R, Williams M L. Normal mechanisms and pathophysiology of epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis. Curr Opin in Dematol 1993: 231-237.
77. Ghadially R, Halkier-Sorenson L, Elias P M. Effects of petrolatum on stratum corneum structure and function. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992: 26: 387-396.