Tumour angiogenesis

Journal of Pathology

Volumn 179, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 232-237

  Fox, Stephen B ^a,b   Gatter, Kevin C ^a   Harris, Adrian L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANGIOGENESIS; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MIGRATION; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; METASTASIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; REVIEW; TUMOR GROWTH; WOUND HEALING;

ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; GROWTH SUBSTANCES; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; PEPTIDE HYDROLASES;

EID: 0029811346     PISSN: 00223417     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199607)179:3<232::AID-PATH505>3.0.CO;2-A     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. Paweletz N, Knierim M. Tumor-related angiogenesis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1989; 9: 197-242.
2. Blood CH, Zetter BR. Tumor interactions with the vasculature: angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1990; 1032: 89-118
3. Bicknell R, Harris AL. Novel growth regulatory factors and tumour angiogenesis. Eur J Cancer 1991; 27: 781-785.
4. Folkman J. What is the evidence that tumours are angiogenesis dependent? J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 4-6.
5. Hart I, Saini A. Biology of tumour metastasis. Lancet 1992; 339: 1453-1457.
6. Fidler IJ, Ellis LM. The implications of angiogenesis for the biology and therapy of cancer metastasis. Cell 1994; 79: 185-188.
7. Frater-Schroder M, Risau W, Hallmann R, Gautschi P, Bohlen P. Tumor necrosis factor type alpha, a potent inhibitor of endothelial cell growth in vitro, is angiogenic in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 5277-5281.
8. Schweigerer L, Malerstein B, Gospodarowicz D. Tumor necrosis factor inhibits the proliferation of cultured capillary endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987; 143: 997-1004.
9. Vlodavsky I, Korner G, Ishai MR, Bashkin P, Bar SR, Fuks Z, Extracellular matrix-resident growth factors and enzymes: possible involvement in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1990; 9: 203-226.
10. Houck KA, Leung DW, Rowland AM, Winer J, Ferrara N. Dual regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor bioavailability by genetic and proteolytic mechanisms. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 26031-26037.
11. Hanneken A, Maher P, Baird A. High affinity immunoreactive FGF receptors in the extracellular matrix of vascular endothelial cells - implications for the modulation of FGF-2. J Cell Biol 1995; 128: 1221-1228.
12. Good DJ, Polverini PF, Rastinejad F, et al. A tumor suppressor-dependent inhibitor of angiogenesis is immunologically and functionally indistinguishable from a fragment of thrombospondin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 6624-6628.
13. O'Reilly MS, Holmgren L, Shing Y, et al. Angiostatin: a novel angiogenesis inhibitor that mediates the suppression of metastases by a Lewis lung carcinoma. Cell 1994; 79: 315-328.
14. Warren B, Greenblatt M, Kommineni V. Tumor angiogenesis: ultrastructure of endothelial cells in mitosis. Br J Exp Pathol 1972; 53: 216-224.
15. Cavallo T, Sade R, Folkman J, Cotran R. Ultrastructural autoradiographic studies of the early vasoproliferative response in tumor angiogenesis. Am J Pathol 1973; 70: 345-362.
16. Pepper M, Montesano R. Proteolytic balance and capillary morphogenesis, Cell Differ Dev 1990; 32: 319 328.
17. Fisher C, Gilbertson BS, Powers EA, Petzold G, Poorman R, Mitchell MA. Interstitial collagenase is required for angiogenesis in vitro. Dev Biol 1994; 162:499-510.
18. Kristensen P, Larsson L, Nielsen L, Grondahl-Hansen J, Andeasen P, Dano K. Human endothelial cells contain one type of plasminogen activator. FEBS Lett 1994; 168: 33-37.
19. Larsson L, Skriver L, Nielsen J, Grondahl-Hansen J, Kristensen P, Dano K. Distribution of urokinase-type activator immunoreactivity in the mouse. J Cell Biol 1984; 98: 894-903.
20. Pepper MS, Ferrara N, Orci L, Montesano R. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces plasminogen activators and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in microvascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 181: 902-906.
21. Pepper MS, Belin D, Montesano R, Orci L, Vassalli JD. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 modulates basic fibroblast growth factor-induced proteolytic and angiogenic properties of endothelial cells in vitro. J Cell Biol 1990; 111: 743-755.
22. Pepper MS, Ferrara N, Orci L, Montesano R. Potent synergism between vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor in the induction of angiogenesis in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 189: 824-831.
23. Bacharach E, Itin A, Keshet E. In vivo patterns of expression of urokinase and its inhibitor PAI-1 suggest a concerted role in regulating physiological angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 10686-10690.
24. Grondahl HJ, Kirkeby LT, Ralfkiaer E, Kristensen P, Lund LR, Dano K. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator in endothelial cells during acute inflammation of the appendix. Am J Pathol 1989; 135: 631-636.
25. Pepper MS, Sappino AP, Stocklin R, Montesano R, Orci L, Vassalli JD. Upregulation of urokinase receptor expression on migrating endothelial cells. J Cell Biol 1993; 122: 673-684.
26. Grevin D, Chen JH, Raes MB, Stehelin D, Vandenbunder B, Desbiens X. Involvement of the proto-oncogene c-ets 1 and the urokinase plasminogen activator during mouse implantation and placentation. Int J Dev Biol 1993; 37: 519-529.
27. Montesano R, Pepper MS, Orci L. Paracrine induction of angiogenesis in vitro by Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. J Cell Sci 1993; 106: 1013-1024.
28. Folkman J, Haudenschild C. Angiogenesis in vitro. Nature 1980; 288: 551-556.
29. Rosen EM, Liu D, Setter E, Bhargava M, Goldberg ID. Interleukin-6 stimulates motility of vascular endothelium. Experientia Suppl 1991; 59: 194-205.
30. Szekanecz Z, Shah MR, Harlow LA, Pearce WH, Koch AE. Interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha are involved in human aortic endothelial cell migration. The possible role of these cytokines in human aortic aneurysmal blood vessel growth. Pathobiology 1994; 62: 134-139.
31. Connolly DT, Heuvelman DM, Nelson R, et al. Tumor vascular permeability factor stimulates endothelial cell growth and angiogenesis. J Clin Invest 1989; 84: 1470-1478.
32. Koyama N, Watanabe S, Tezuka M, Morisaki N, Saito Y, Yoshida S. Migratory and proliferative effect of platelet-derived growth factor in rabbit retinal endothelial cells: evidence of an autocrine pathway of plateletderived growth factor. J Cell Physiol 1994; 158: 1-6.
33. Rosen EM, Grant DS, Kleinman HK, et al. Scatter factor (hepatocyte growth factor) is a potent angiogenesis factor in vivo. Symp Soc Exp Biol 1993; 47: 227-234.
34. Terranova VP, Di FR, Lyall RM, Hic S, Friesel R, Maciag T. Human endothelial cells are chemotactic to endothelial cell growth factor and heparin. J Cell Biol 1985; 101: 2330-2314.
35. Rifkin D, Moscatelli D. Recent developments in the cell biology of basic fibroblast growth factor. J Cell Biol 1989; 109: 1-6.
36. Ingber DE, Folkman J. Mechanochemical switching between growth and differentiation during fibroblast growth factor-stimulated angiogenesis in vitro: role of extracellular matrix. J Cell Biol 1989; 109: 317-330.
37. Bell L, Madri JA. Influence of the angiotensin system on endothelial and smooth muscle cell migration. Am J Pathol 1990; 137: 7-12.
38. Johnson MD, Kim HR, Chesler L, Tsao WG, Bouck N, Polverini PJ. Inhibition of angiogenesis by tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase. J Cell Physiol 1994; 160: 194-202.
39. Murugesan G, Sa G, Fox PL. High-density lipoprotein stimulates endothelial cell movement by a mechanism distinct from basic fibroblast growth factor. Circ Res 1994; 74: 1149-1156.
40. Fox PL, Sa G, Dobrowolski SF, Stacey DW. The regulation of endothelial cell motility by p21 ras. Oncogene 1994; 9: 3519-3526.
41. Bischoff J. Approaches to studying cell adhesion molecules in angiogenesis. Trends Cell Biol 1995; 5: 69-74.
42. Luscinskas FW, Lawler J. Integrins as dynamic regulators of vascular function. FASEB J 1994; 8: 929-938.
43. Nguyen M, Strubel NA, Bischoff J. A role for sialyl Lewis-X/A glycoconjugates in capillary morphogenesis. Nature 1993; 365: 267-269.
44. Kaplanski G, Farnarier C, Benoliel A, Foa C, Kaplanski S, Bongrand P. A novel role for E- and P-selectins: shape of endothelial cell monolayers. J Cell Sci 1994; 107: 2449-2457.
45. Zocchi MR, Poggi A. Lymphocyte-endothelial cell adhesion molecules at the primary tumor site in human lung and renal cell carcinomas (Letter). J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85: 246-247.
46. Droz D, Patey N, Paraf F, Chretien Y, Gogusev J. Composition of extracellular matrix and distribution of cell adhesion molecules in renal cell tumors. Lab Invest 1994; 71: 710-718.
47. Fox SB, Turner GDH, Gatter KC, Harris AL. The increased expression of adhesion molecules ICAM-3, E and P selectin on breast cancer endothelium. J Pathol 1995; 177: 369-376.
48. Fox SB, Gatter KC, Bicknell R, et al. Relationship of endothelial cell proliferation to tumor vascularity in human breast cancer. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 4161-4163.
49. Dvorak HF, Harvey VS, Estrella P, Brown LF, McDonagh J, Dvorak AM. Fibrin-containing gels induce angiogenesis. Implications for tumor stroma generation and wound healing. Lab Invest 1987; 57: 673-686.
50. Palabrica T, Lobb R, Furie BC, et al. Leukocyte accumulation promoting fibrin deposition is mediated in vivo by P-selectin on adherent platelets. Nature 1992; 359: 848-851.
51. Leavesley DI, Schwartz MA, Rosenfeld M, Cheresh DA. Integrin beta 1-and beta 3-mediated endothelial cell migration is triggered through distinct signalling mechanisms. J Cell Biol 1993; 121: 163-170.
52. Gamble JR, Matthias LJ, Meyer G, et al. Regulation of in vitro capillary tube formation by anti-integrin antibodies. J Cell Biol 1993; 121: 931-943.
53. Davis CM, Danehower SC, Laurenza A, Molony JL. Identification of a role of the vitronectin receptor and protein kinase C in the induction of endothelial cell vascular formation. J Cell Biochem 1993; 51: 206-218.
54. Bauer J, Margolis M, Schreiner C, et al. In vitro model of angiogenesis using a human endothelium-derived permanent cell line: contributions of induced gene expression, G-proteins, and integrins. J Cell Physiol 1992; 153: 437-449.
55. Jackson CJ, Knop A, Giles I, Jenkins K, Schrieber L. VLA-2 mediates the interaction of collagen with endothelium during in vitro vascular tube formation. Cell Biol Int 1994; 18: 859-867.
56. Brooks PC, Clark RA, Cheresh DA. Requirement of vascular integrin alpha v beta 3 for angiogenesis. Science 1994; 264: 569-571.
57. Brooks PC, Montgomery AM, Rosenfeld M, et al. Integrin alpha v beta 3 antagonists promote tumor regression by inducing apoptosis of angiogenic blood vessels. Cell 1994; 79: 1157-1164.
58. Maione TE, Gray GS, Petro J, et al. Inhibition of angiogenesis by recombinant human platelet factor-4 and related peptides. Science 1990; 247: 77-79.
59. Sharpe RJ, Byers HR, Scott CF, Bauer SI, Maione TE. Growth inhibition of murine melanoma and human colon carcinoma by recombinant human platelet factor 4. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 848-853.
60. Smither RL, Fan TP. Effects of platelet-activating factor on endothelial cells and fibroblasts in vitro. Exs 1992; 61: 230-234.
61. Kuzuya M, Kinsella JL. Induction of endothelial cell differentiation in vitro by fibroblast-derived soluble factors. Exp Cell Res 1994; 215: 310-318.
62. O'Sullivan C, Lewis CE. Harris AL, McGee JO. Secretion of epidermal growth factor by macrophages associated with breast carcinoma. Lancet 1993; 342: 148-149.
63. Tischer E, Mitchell R, Hartman T, et al. The human gene for vascular endothelial growth factor. Multiple protein forms are encoded through alternative exon splicing. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 11947-11954.
64. Winkles JA, Gay CG, Serum, phorbol ester, and polypeptide mitogens increase class 1 and 2 heparin-binding (acidic and basic fibroblast) growth factor gene expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Cell Growth Differ 1991; 2: 531-540.
65. Brogi E, Wu T, Namiki A, Isner JM. Indirect angiogenic cytokines upregulate VEGF and bFGF gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells, whereas hypoxia upregulates VEGF expression only. Circulation 1994; 90: 649-652.
66. D'Amore PA. Capillary growth: a two-cell system. Semin Cancer Biol 1992; 3: 49-56.
67. Nehls V, Denzer K, Drenckhahn D. Pericyte involvement in capillary sprouting during angiogenesis in situ. Cell Tissue Res 1992; 270: 469-474.
68. Abe T, Okamura K, Ono M, et al. Induction of vascular endothelial tubular morphogenesis by human glioma cells. A model system for tumor angiogenesis. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 54-61.
69. Honn KV, Tang DG, Gross I, et al. Tumor cell-derived 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid induces microvascular endothelial cell retraction. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 565-574.
70. Jackson CJ, Giles I, Knop A, Nethery A, Schrieber L. Sulfated polysaccharides are required for collagen-induced vascular tube formation. Exp Cell Res 1994; 215: 294-302.
71. Iruela AM, Bornstein P, Sage H. Thrombospondin exerts an antiangiogenic effect on cord formation by endothelial cells in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 5026-5030.
72. Moses MA, Sudhalter J, Langer R. Isolation and characterization of an inhibitor of neovascularization from scapular chondrocytes. J Cell Biol 1992; 119: 475-482.
73. Takigawa M, Nishida Y, Suzuki F, Kishi J, Yamashita K, Hayakawa T. Induction of angiogenesis in chick yolk-sac membrane by polyamines and its inhibition by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP and TIMP-2). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 171: 1264-1271.
74. Stetler SW, Krutzsch HC, Liotta LA. TIMP-2: identification and characterization of a new member of the metalloproteinase inhibitor family. Matrix 1992; 1: 299-306.
75. Vogel T, Guo NH, Krutzsch HC, et al. Modulation of endothelial cell proliferation, adhesion, and motility by recombinant heparin-binding domain and synthetic peptides from the type I repeats of thrombospondin. J Cell Biochem 1993; 53: 74-84.
76. Schor A, Schor S. Tumor angiogenesis. J Pathol 1983; 141: 385-413.
77. Engerman R, Pfaffenbach D, David M. Cell turnover of capillaries. Lab Invest 1967; 17: 738-743.
78. Tannock I. Population kinetics of carcinoma cells, capillary endothelial cells and fibroblasts in a transplanted mouse mammary tumor. Cancer Res 1970; 30: 2470-2476.
79. Hobson B, Denekamp J. Endothelial proliferation in tumours and normal tissues: continuous labelling studies. Br J Cancer 1984; 49: 405-413.
80. Denekamp J, Hobson B. Endothelial cell proliferation in experimental tumours. Br J Cancer 1982; 46: 711-720.
81. Vartanian RK, Weidner N. Correlation of intratumoral endothelial cell proliferation with microvessel density (tumor angiogenesis) and tumor cell proliferation in breast carcinoma. Am J Pathol 1994; 144: 1188-1194.
82. Thompson WD, Shiach KJ, Fraser RA, McIntosh LC, Simpson JG. Tumours acquire their vasculature by vessel incorporation, not vessel ingrowth. J Pathol 1987; 151: 323-332.
83. Sholley M, Ferguson GHRS, Montour J, Wilson J. Mechanisms of neovascularization; vascular sprouting can occur without proliferation of endothelial cells, Lab Invest 1984; 51: 624-634.
84. Warren B. The vascular morphology of tumors. In: Peterson H, ed. Tumor Blood Circulation. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1979; 1-47.
85. Paku S, Paweletz N. First steps of tumor-related angiogenesis. Lab Invest 1991; 65: 334-346.
86. Senger DR, Van de Water L, Brown LF, et al. Vascular permeability factor (VPF, VEGF) in tumor biology. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1993; 12: 303-324.
87. Paku S, Lapis K. Morphological aspects of angiogenesis in experimental liver metastases. Am J Pathol 1993; 143: 926-936.
88. Lauk S, Zietman A, Skates S, Fabian R, Suit HD. Comparative morphometric study of tumor vasculature in human squamous cell carcinomas and their xenotransplants in athymic nude mice. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 4557-4561.
89. Vaupel P, Kallinowski F, Okunieff P. Blood flow, oxygen and nutrient supply, and metabolic microenvironment of human tumors: a review. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 6449-6465.
90. Jain RK. Barriers to drug delivery in solid tumors. Sci Am 1994; 271: 58-65.
91. Nystrom C, Forssman L, Roos B. Myometrial blood flow studies in carcinoma of the corpus uteri. Acta Radiol Ther 1969; 8: 193-198.
92. Jain RK. Vascular and interstitial barriers to delivery of therapeutic agents in tumors. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1990; 9: 253-266.
93. Mitchell BS, Schumacher U, Kaiserling E. Are tumours innervated? Immunohistological investigations using antibodies against the neuronal marker protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) in benign, malignant and experimental tumours. Tumour Biol 1994; 15: 269-274.
94. Reynolds K, Farzaneh F, Collins WP, et al. Correlation of ovarian malignancy with expression of platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 127: 1111-1119.
95. Fox SB, Leek RD, Weekes MP, Whitehouse RM, Gatter KC, Harris AL. Quantitation and prognostic value of breast cancer angiogenesis: comparison of microvessel density, Chalkley count and computer image analysis. J Pathol 1995; 177: 275-283.
96. Weidner N, Folkman J, Pozza F, et al. Tumor angiogenesis: a new significant and independent prognostic indicator in early-stage breast carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992; 84: 1875-1887.
97. Bosari S, Lee AK, DeLellis RA, Wiley BD, Heatley GJ, Silverman ML. Microvessel quantitation and prognosis in invasive breast carcinoma. Hum Pathol 1992; 23: 755-761.
98. Fox SB, Leek RD, Smith K, Hollyer J, Greenall M, Harris AL. Tumor angiogenesis in node negative breast carcinoma-relationship to epidermal growth factor receptor and survival. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1994; 29: 109-116.
99. Horak ER, Leek R, Klenk N, et al. Angiogenesis, assessed by platelet/ endothelial cell adhesion molecule antibodies, as indicator of node metastases and survival in breast cancer. Lancet 1992; 340: 1120-1124.
100. Smith-McCune K, Weidner N. Demonstration and characterization of the angiogenic properties of cervical dysplasia. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 800-804.
101. Macchiarini P, Fontanini G, Hardin MJ, Squartini F, Angeletti CA. Relation of neovascularisation to metastasis of non-small-cell lung cancer. Lancet 1992; 340: 145-146.
102. Weidner N, Carroll PR, Flax J, Blumenfeld W, Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis correlates with metastasis in invasive prostate carcinoma. Am J Pathol 1993; 143: 401-409.
103. Wakui S, Furusato M, Itoh T, et al. Tumour angiogenesis in prostatic carcinoma with and without bone marrow metastases: a morphometric study. J Pathol 1992; 168: 257-262.
104. Brawer MK, Deering RE, Brown M, Preston SD, Bigler SA. Predictors of pathologic stage in prostatic carcinoma. The role of neovascularity. Cancer 1994; 73: 678-687.
105. Porschen R, Classen S, Piontek M, Borchard F. Vascularization of carcinomas of the esophagus and its correlation with tumor proliferation. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 587-591.
106. Li V, Folkerth R, Watanabe H, et al. Microvessel count and cerebrospinal fluid basic fibroblast growth factor in children with brain tumours. Lancet 1994; 344: 82-86.
107. Dickinson AJ, Fox SB, Persad RA, Hollyer J. Sibley GNA, Harris AL. Quantitation of angiogenesis is an independent predictor of prognosis in invasive bladder carcinomas. Br J Ural 1994; 74: 762-766.
108. Olivarez D, Ulbright T, DeRiese W, et al. Neovascularization in clinical stage A testicular germ cell tumor: prediction of metastatic disease. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 2800-2802.
109. Maeda K, Chung Y, Takatsuka S, et al. Tumor angiogenesis as a predictor of recurrence in gastric carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 477-481.
110. Saclarides TJ, Speziale NJ, Drab E, Szeluga DJ, Rubin DB. Tumor angiogenesis and rectal carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 1994; 37: 921-926.
111. Williams JK, Carlson GW, Cohen C, Derose PB, Hunter S, Jurkiewicz MJ. Tumor angiogenesis as a prognostic factor in oral cavity tumors. Am J Surg 1994; 168: 373-380.
112. Leedy DA, Trune DR, Kronz JD, Weidner N, Cohen JI. Tumor angiogenesis, the p53 antigen, and cervical metastasis in squamous carcinoma of the tongue. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994; 111: 417-422.
113. Ohsawa M, Tomita Y, Kuratsu S, Kanno H, Aozasa K. Angiogenesis in malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Oncology 1995; 52: 51 54.
114. Klijanienko J, El-Naggar A, de Braud F, et al. Tumor vascularisation, mitotic index, histopathological grade, and DNA ploidy in the assessment of 114 head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer 1995; 75: 1649-1656.
115. Nguyen M, Watanabe H, Budson AE, Richie JP, Hayes DF, Folkman J. Elevated levels of an angiogenic peptide, basic fibroblast growth factor, in the urine of patients with a wide spectrum of cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86: 356-361.
116. Schadendorf D, Heidel J, Gawlik C, Suter L, Czarnetzki. Association with clinical outcome of expression of VLA-4 in primary cutaneous malignant melanoma as well as P-selectin and E-selectin on intratumoral vessels. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 366-371.
117. Fox SB, Scott PAE, Harris AL. Angiogenesis and anti-angiogenesis strategies in tumours. Cancer Topics 1994; 9: 6-9.
118. Auerbach W, Auerbach R. Angiogenesis inhibition: a review. Pharmacol Ther 1994; 63: 265-311.
119. Scott PAE, Harris AL. Current approaches to targeting cancer using antiangiogenesis therapies. Cancer Treat Rev 1994; 20: 393-412.
120. Burrows FJ. Thorpe PE Eradication of large solid tumors in mice with an immunotoxin directed against tumor vasculature. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 8996-9000.
121. Larsen NS. Angiogenesis research yields new approaches to cancer treatment and prognosis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85: 1629 1630.
122. Klagsbrun M. Regulators of angiogenesis: stimulators, inhibitors and extracellular matrix. J Cell Biochem 1991; 47: 199 200.
123. Fan T-P, Brem S. Angiosuppression. Cancer Biol Res 1992; : 183-227.