Changing concepts in the pathogenesis and management of thyroid carcinoma

Ca-A Cancer Journal for Clinicians

Volumn 46, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 261-283

  Gagel, Robert F ^a   Goepfert, Helmuth ^a   Callender, David L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

RADIOACTIVE IODINE;

AMES TEST; CANCER RISK; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; CARCINOGENESIS; FAMILIAL CANCER; FOLLICULAR CARCINOMA; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; PAPILLARY CARCINOMA; PATHOGENESIS; POINT MUTATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROTO ONCOGENE; RADIOISOTOPE THERAPY; REVIEW; THYROID CARCINOMA; THYROIDECTOMY;

EID: 0029809543     PISSN: 00079235     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3322/canjclin.46.5.261     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Parker SL, Tong T, Bolden S, Wingo PA: Cancer statistics. 1996. CA Cancer J Clin 1996;46:5-27.
2. Beenken S, Guillamondegui O, Shallenberger R, et al: Prognostic factors in patients dying of well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1989;115:326-330.
3. Frankenthaler RA, Sellin RV, Cangir A, Goepfert H: Lymph node metastasis from papillary-follicular thyroid carcinoma in young patients. Am J Surg 1990;160:341-343.
4. Samaan NA, Maheshwari YK, Nader S, et al: Impact of therapy for differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid: An analysis of 706 cases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983;56:1131-1138.
5. Maheshwari YK, Hill CS. Haynie TP III, et al: 1311 therapy in differentiated thyroid carcinoma: M. D. Anderson Hospital experience. Cancer 1981;47:664-671.
6. Venkatesh YS, Ordonez NG, Schultz PN, et al: Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid: A clinico-pathologic study of 121 cases. Cancer 1990;66:321-330.
7. Goepfert H, Dichlel WJ, Samaan NA: Thyroid cancer in children and teenagers. Arch Otolaryngol 1984;110:72-75.
8. Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Klein MJ, Smith TH, et al: Pulmonary metastases in children and young adults with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 1993;71:1348-1352.
9. Samaan NA, Schultz PN, Haynie TP, Ordonez NG: Pulmonary metastasis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma: Treatment results in 101 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985;60:376-380.
10. Samaan NA, Schultz PN, Ordonez NG, et al: A comparison of thyroid carcinoma in those who have and have not had head and neck irradiation in childhood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987;64:219-223.
11. Frankenthaler R, Goepfert H, Smith RJH: Papillary and follicular carcinoma of the thyroid in children and adolescents, in Falk SA (ed): Thyroid Disease: Endocrinology, Surgery, Nuclear Medicine, and Radiotherapy. New York, Raven Press Ltd, 1990, pp 553-561.
12. LiVolsi VA: Surgical Pathology of the Thyroid. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1990.
13. LiVolsi VA, Asa SL: The demise of follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. Thyroid 1994;4:233-236.
14. Tennvall J, Biorklund A, Moller T, et al: Is the EORTC prognostic index of thyroid cancer valid in differentiated thyroid carcinoma? Retrospective multivariate analysis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma with long follow-up. Cancer 1986;57:1405-1414.
15. Cady B, Rossi R: An expanded view of risk-group definition in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Surgery 1988;104:947-953.
16. Tollefsen HR, Shah JP, Huvos AG: Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: Recurrence in the thyroid gland after initial surgical treatment. Am J Surg 1972;124:468-472.
17. Simpson WJ, McKinney SE, Carruthers JS, et al: Papillary and follicular thyroid cancer: Prognostic factors in 1,578 patients. Am J Med 1987;83:479-488.
18. Sloan LW: Of origin, characteristics, and behavior of thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1954;14:1309-1335.
19. DeGroot LJ, Kaplan EL, Straus FH: Does the method of management of papillary thyroid carcinoma make a difference in outcome? World J Surg 1994;18:123-130.
20. Rosen IB, Luk S, Katz I: Hurthle cell tumor behavior: Dilemma and resolution. Surgery 1985;98:777-783.
21. Samaan NA, Schultz PN, Hickey RC, et al: The results of various modalities of treatment of well differentiated thyroid carcinomas: A retrospective review of 1599 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;75:714-720.
22. Hay ID: Papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1990;19:545-576.
23. Hay ID, Grant CS, Taylor WF, McConahey WM: Ipsilateral lobectomy versus bilateral lobar resection in papillary thyroid carcinoma: A retrospective analysis of surgical outcome using a novel prognostic scoring system. Surgery 1987;102:1088.
24. Hay ID, Bergstralh EJ, Goellner JR, et al: Predicting outcome in papillary thyroid carcinoma; Development of a reliable prognostic scoring system in a cohort of 1779 patients surgically treated at one institution during 1940 through 1989. Surgery 1993;114:1050.
25. DeGroot LJ, Kaplan EL, McCormick M, et al: Natural history, treatment, and course of papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 71:414-424.
26. Mazzaferri EL, Jhiang SM: Long-term impact of initial surgical and medical therapy on papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. Am J Med 1994;97:418-428.
27. Hannequin P, Liehn JC, Delisle MJ: Multrfactorial analysis of survival in thyroid cancer: Pitfalls of applying the results of published studies to another population. Cancer 1986;58:1749-1755.
28. Modan B: Cancer and leukemia risks after low level radiation - controversy, facts and future. Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother 1987;4:151-161.
29. Reizenstein P: Carcinogenicity of radiation doses caused by the Chernobyl fall-out in Sweden, and prevention of possible tumors. Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother 1987;4:1-5.
30. Wright PA, Williams ED, Lemoine NR, Wynford-Thomas D: Radiation-associated and 'spontaneous' human thyroid carcinomas show a different pattern of ras oncogene mutation. Oncogene 1991;6:471-473.
31. Zvonova IA, Likhtarev IA, Filiushkin IV, et al: Assessment of oncogenic risk of the irradiation of the thyroid gland in humans, Vestn Akad Med Nauk SSSR 1991;1991:32-36.
32. Schottenfeld D, Gershman ST: Epidemiology of thyroid cancer. Cancer 1978;28:66.
33. Brennan M: USSR: Medical effects of Chernobyl disaster. Lancet 1990;335:1086. News
34. Baverstock K, Egloff B, Pinchera A, et al: Thyroid cancer after Chernohyl. Nature 1992;359:21-22. Letter.
35. Malone J, Unger J, Delange F, et al: Thyroid consequences of Chernohyl accident in the countries of the European Community. J Endocrinol Invest 1991;14:701-717.
36. Furmanchuk AW, Averkin JI, Egloff B, et al: Pathomorphological findings in thyroid cancers of children from the Republic of Belarus: A study of 86 cases occurring between 1986 ('post-Chernobyl') and 1991. Histopathology 1992;21:401-408.
37. Furmanchuk AW, Roussak N, Ruchti C: Occult thyroid carcinomas in the region of Minsk, Belarus: An autopsy study of 215 patients. Histopathology 1993;23:319-325.
38. Romanenko AE, Likhtarev IA, Shandala NK, et al: Health-related evaluation of thyroid irradiation doses in inhabitants of the Ukrainian S.S.R. after the Chernobyl AES accident. Vestn Akad Med Nauk SSSR 1991;8:44-47.
39. Franceschi S, Talamini R, Fassina A, Bidoli E: Diet and epithelial cancer of the thyroid gland. Tumori 1990;76:331-338.
40. Gaitan E, Nelson NC, Poole GV: Endemic goiter and endemic thyroid disorders. World J Surg 1991;15:205-215.
41. Mizukami Y, Michigishi T, Nonomura A, et al: Carcinoma of the thyroid at a young age: A review of 23 patients. Histopathology 1992;20:63-66.
42. Ott RA, Calandra DB, McCall A, et al: The incidence of thyroid carcinoma in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and solitary cold nodules. Surgery 1985;98:1202-1206.
43. Plail RO, Bussey HJ, Glazer F, Thomson JP: Adenomatous polyposis: An association with carcinoma of the thyroid. Br J Surg 1987;74:377-380.
44. Camiel MR, Mule JE, Alexander LL, Beninghoff DL: Association of thyroid carcinoma with Gardner's syndrome in siblings. N Engl J Med 1968;278:1056-1058.
45. Sogol PB, Sugawara M, Gordon HE, et al: Cowden's disease: Familial goiter and skin hamartomas: A report of three cases. West J Med 1983;139:324-328.
46. McTiernan A, Weiss NS, Daling JR: Incidence of thyroid cancer in women in relation to known or suspected risk factors for breast cancer. Cancer Res 1987;47:292-295.
47. Lote K, Andersen K, Nordal E, Brennhovd IO: Familial occurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 1980;46:1291-1297.
48. Stoff SS, Van Dyke DL, Bach JV, et al: Familial papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. Am J Med Genet 1986;25:775-782.
49. Steiner AL, Goodman AD, Powers SR: Study of a kindred with pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, hyperparathyroidism and Cushing's disease: Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2. Medicine 1968;47:371-409.
50. Sipple JH: Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndromes: Historical perspectives. Henry Ford Hosp Med J 1984;32:219-221.
51. Carney JA, Sizemore GW, Hayles AB: Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2b. Pathobiol Annu 1978;8:105-153.
52. Farndon JR, Leight GS, Dilley WG, et al: Familial medullary thyroid carcinoma without associated endocrinopathies: A distinct clinical entity. Br J Surg 1986;73:278-281.
53. Weiss LM, Weinberg DS: Medullary carcinoma arising in a thyroid with Hashimoto's disease. Am J Clin Pathol 1983;80:534-538.
54. Biddinger PW, Brennan MF, Rosen PP: Symptomatic C-cell hyperplasia associated with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. Am J Surg Pathol 1991;15:599-604.
55. Farid NR, Shi Y, Zou M: Molecular basis of thyroid cancer. Endocr Rev 1994;15:202-232.
56. Wynford-Thomas D: Molecular basis of epithelial tumorigenesis: The thyroid model. Crit Rev Oncog 1993;4:1-23.
57. Cote GJ, Wohllk N, Evans D, et al: RET proto-oncogene mutations in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 and medullary thyroid carcinoma. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;9:609-630.
58. Ishizaka Y, Ushijima T, Sugimura T, Nagao M: cDNA cloning and characterization of RET activated in a human papillary thyroid carcinoma cell line. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990;168:402-408.
59. Pierotti MA, Santoro M, Jenkins RB, et al: Characterization of an inversion on the long arm of chromosome 10 juxtaposing D10S170 and RET and creating the oncogenic sequence RET/PTC. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992;89:1616-1620.
60. Grieco M, Santoro M, Berlingieri MT, et al: PTC is a novel rearranged form of the RET proto-oncogene and is frequently detected in vivo in human thyroid papillary carcinomas. Cell 1990;60:557-563.
61. Bongarzone I, Butti MG, Coronelli S, et al: Frequent activation of ret protooncogene by fusion with a new activating gene in papillary thyroid carcinomas. Cancer Res 1994;54:2979-2985.
62. Donis-Keller H, Dou S, Chi D, et al: Mutations in the RET proto-oncogene are associated with MEN 2A and FMTC. Hum Mol Genet 1993;2:851-856.
63. Mulligan LM, Kwok JB, Healey CS, et al: Germ-line mutations of the RET proto-oncogene in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A. Nature 1993;363:458-460.
64. Gagel RF, Cote GJ, Martins Bugalho MJ, et al: Clinical use of molecular information in the management of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A. J Intern Med 1995;238:333-341.
65. Mulligan LM, Eng C, Healey CS, et al: Specific mutations of the RET proto-oncogene are related to disease phenotype in MEN 2A and FMTC. Nat Genet 1994;6:70-74.
66. Gagel RF, Cote GC: Decision making in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, in Mazzaferi EL (ed): Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism, Volume 5. St. Louis, Mo, Mosby, 1994, pp 1-23.
67. Eng C, Smith DP, Mulligan LM, et al: A novel point mutation in the tyrosine kinase domain of the RET proto-oncogene in sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma and in a family with FMTC. Oncogene 1995;10:509-513.
68. Hofstra RM, Landsvater RM, Ceccherini I, et al: A mutation in the RET proto-oncogene associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B and sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. Nature 1994; 367:375-376.
69. Khorana S, Gagel RF, Cole GJ: Direct sequencing of PCR products in agarose gel slices. Nucleic Acids Res 1994;22:3425-3426.
70. Wells SA Jr, Chi DD, Toshima K, et al: Predictive DNA testing and prophylactic thyroidectomy in patients at risk for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A. Ann Surg 1994;220:237-250.
71. Bongarzone I, Pierotti MA, Monzini N, et al: High frequency of activation of tyrosine kinase oncogenes in human papillary thyroid carcinoma. Oncogene 1989;4:1457-1462.
72. Coulier F, Martin-Zanca D, Ernst M, Barbacid M: Mechanism of activation of the human TRK oncogene. Mol Cell Biol 1989;9:15-23.
73. Greco A, Pierotti MA. Bongarzone I, et al: TRK-T1 is a novel oncogene formed by the fusion of TPR and TRK genes in human papillary thyroid carcinomas. Oncogene 1992;7:237-242.
74. Di Renzo MF, Olivero M, Ferro S, et al: Overexpression of the c-MET/HGF receptor gene in human thyroid carcinomas. Oncogene 1992;7:2549-2553.
75. Santoro M, Carlomagno F, Hay ID, et al: RET oncogene activation in human thyroid neoplasms is restricted to the papillary cancer subtype. J Clin Invest 1992;89:1517-1522.
76. Jhiang SM. Caruso DR, Gilmore E, et al: Detection of the PTC/retTPC oncogene in human thyroid cancers. Oncogene 1992;7:1331-1337.
77. Karga H, Lee JK, Vickery AL Jr, et al: RAS oncogene mutations in benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;73:832-836.
78. Wright PA, Lemoine NR, Mayall ES, et al: Papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas show a different pattern of ras oncogene mutation. Br J Cancer 1989;60:576-577.
79. Goretzki PE, Lyons J, Stacy-Phipps S, et al: Mutational activation of RAS and GSP oncogenes in differentialed thyroid cancer and their biological implications. World J Surg 1992;16:576-582.
80. O'Sullivan C, Barton CM, Staddon SL, et al: Activating point mutations of the gsp oncogene in human thyroid adenomas. Mol Carcinog 1991;4:345-349.
81. Suarez HG, du Villard JA, Caillou B, et al: GSP mutations in human thyroid tumours. Oncogene 1991;6:677-679.
82. Parma J, Duprez L, Van Sande J, et al: Somatic mutations in the thyrotropin receptor gene cause hyperfunctioning thyroid adenomas. Nature 1993; 365:649-651.
83. del Senno L, Gambari R, degli Uberti E, et al: C-myc oncogene alterations in human thyroid carcinomas. Cancer Detect Prev 1987;10:159-166.
84. Terrier P, Sheng ZM, Schlumherger M, et al: Structure and expression of c-myc and c-fos proto-oncogenes in thyroid carcinomas. Br J Cancer 1988; 57:43-47.
85. Chang F, Syrjanen S, Kurvinen K, Syrjanen K: The p53 tumor suppressor gene as a common cellular target in human carcinogenesis. Am J Gastroenterol 1993;88:174-186.
86. Fagin JA, Matsuo K, Karmakar A, et al: High prevalence of mutations of the p53 gene in poorly differentiated human thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Invest 1993;91:179-184.
87. Ito T, Seyama T, Mizuno T, et al: Unique association of p53 mutations with undifferentiated but not with differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid gland. Cancer Res 1992;52:1369-1371.
88. Ceccarelli C, Pacini F, Lippi F, et al: Thyroid cancer in children and adolescents. Surgery 1988;104:1143-1148.
89. Grant CS, Hay ID, Gough IR, et al: Long-term follow-up of patients with benign thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytologic diagnoses. Surgery 1989; 106:9811-986.
90. Hamburger JI: Consistency of sequential needle biopsy findings for thyroid nodules. Management implications. Arch Intern Med 1987;147:97-99.
91. Hamburger JI, Husain M: Semiquantitative criteria for fine-needle biopsy diagnosis: Reduced false-negative diagnoses. Diagn Cytopathol 1988;4:14-17.
92. Piromalli D, Martelli G, Del Prato I, et al: The role of fine needle aspiration in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules: Analysis of 795 consecutive cases. J Surg Oncol 1992;50:247-250.
93. Walfish PG, Hazani E, Strawbridgc HT, et al: Combined ultrasound and needle aspiration cytology in the assessment and management of hypofunctioning thyroid nodule. Ann Intern Med 1977; 87:270-274.
94. Pacini F, Fontanelli M, Fugazzola L, et al: Routine measurement of serum calcitonin in nodular thyroid diseases allows the preoperative diagnosis of unsuspected sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:826-829.
95. Leeper RD: Thyroid cancer. Med Clin North Am 1985;69:1079-1096.
96. Strong EW: Evaluation and surgical treatment of papillary and follicular carcinoma, in Falk SA (ed): Thyroid Disease: Endocrinology, Surgery. Nuclear Medicine, and Radiotherapy. New York. Raven Press, Ltd., 1990. pp 485-499.
97. Ross DS: Long-term management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Endocrinology Clinics of North America 1990;19:719-739.
98. Jones AJ, Aitman TJ, Edmonds CJ, et al: Comparison of fine needle aspiration cylology, radioisotopic and ultrasound scanning in the management of thyroid nodules. Postgrad Med J 1990;66:914-917.
99. Bretzel RG, Schatz H: Prognostic factors in thyroid cancer. Zentralbl Chir 1985;110:1304-1314.
100. Rosen IB, Provias JP, Walfish PG: Pathologic nature of cystic thyroid nodules selected for surgery by needle aspiration biopsy. Surgery 1986;100:606-613.
101. Ravinsky E, Safneck JR: Differentiation of Hashimoto's thyroiditis from thyroid neoplasms in fine needle aspirates. Acta Cytol 1988;32:854-861.
102. Nishiyama RH, Ludwig GK, Thompson NK: The prevalence of small papillary thyroid carcinomas in 100 consecutive necropsies in an American population, in DeGroot LJ, Frohman LA, Kaplan EL (ed): Radiation-Associated Thyroid Carcinoma. New York, NY, Grune and Stratton, 1977, p 123.
103. Sampson RJ, Woolner LB, Bahn RG, et al: Occult thyroid carcinoma in Olmsted County, Minnesota: Prevalence at autopsy compared with that in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Cancer 1974;34:2072-2076.
104. Shah JP, Loree TR, Dharker D, et al: Lobectomy versus total thyroidectomy for differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid: A matched-pair analysis. Am J Surg 1993;166:331-335.
105. Clark OH, Levin K, Zeng QH, et al: Thyroid cancer: The case for total thyroidectomy. Eur J Cancer 1988;24:305-313.
106. van der Velde CJH, Hamming JF, Goslings BM, et al: Report of the consensus development conference on the management of differentiated thyroid cancer in the Netherlands. Eur J Cancer 1988;24:287-292.
107. Donovan DT, Gagel RF: Medullary thyroid Carcinoma and the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes, in Falk SA (ed): Thyroid Disease: Endocrinology. Surgery. Nuclear Medicine, and Radiotherapy. New York, NY, Raven Press, Ltd, 1990, pp 501-525.
108. Grauer A, Raue F, Gagel RF: Changing concepts in the management of hereditary and sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1990;19:613-635.
109. Wells SA Jr, Gunnels JC, Shelburne JD, et al: Transplantation of the parathyroid glands in man: Clinical indications and results. Surgery 1975;78:34-44.
110. Dralle H, Scheumann GF, Meyer HJ, et al: Cervical interventions on the airway and esophagus in infiltrating thyroid cancer. Chirurgie 1992;63:282-290.
111. Ishihara T, Kobayashi K, Kikuchi K, et al: Surgical treatment of advanced thyroid carcinoma invading the trachea. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1991;102:717-720.
112. Yoshimura Y, Nakajima T: Tracheoplasty with palatal mucoperiosteal graft. Plast Reconstr Surg 1990;86:558-562.
113. McCaffrey TV, Lipton RJ: Thyroid carcinoma invading the upper aerodigestive system. Laryngoscope 1990;100:824-830.
114. Friedman M: Surgical management of thyroid carcinoma with laryngotracheal invasion. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1990;23:495-507.
115. Nomon H, Kobayashi K, Ishihara T, et al: Thyroid carcinoma infiltrating the trachea: Clinical, histologic, and morphometric analyses. J Surg Oncol 1990;44:78-83.
116. Segal K, Abraham A, Levy R, Schindel J: Carcinomas of the thyroid gland invading larynx and trachea. Clin Otolaryngol 1984;9:21-25.
117. Breaux EP, Guillamondegui OM: Treatment of locally invasive carcinoma of the thyroid: How radical? Am J Surg 1980;140:514-517.
118. Robbins KT: Pocket guide to neck dissection: Classification and TNM staging of head and neck cancer. Alexandria, VA, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, Inc., 1991.
119. Miller HH, Melvin KE, Gibson JM, Tashjian AH Jr: Surgical approach to early familial medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Am J Surg 1972;123:438-443.
120. Samaan NA, Schultz PN, Hickey RC: Medullary thyroid carcinoma: Prognosis of familial versus nonfamilial disease and the role of radiotherapy. Horm Metab Res Suppl 1989;21:21-25.
121. Tisell LE, Hansson G, Jansson S, Salander H: Reoperation in the treatment of asymptomatic metastasizing medullary thyroid carcinoma. Surgery 1986;99:60-66.
122. Mazzaferri EL: Papillary thyroid carcinoma: Factors influencing prognosis and current therapy. Semin Oncol 1987;14:315-332.
123. Silver CE, Strong EW, Guillamondegui OM, et al: Papillary thyroid carcinoma. Contemp Surg 1988;32:107.
124. Snyder J, Gorman C, Scanlon P: Thyroid remnant ablation: Questionable pursuit of an ill-defined goal. J Nucl Med 1983;24:659-665.
125. Joshi L, Murata Y, Wondisford FE, et al: Recombinant thyrotropin containing a beta-subunit chimera with the human chorionic gonadotropin-beta carboxy-terminus is biologically active, with a prolonged plasma half-life. Endocrinology 1995; 136:3839-3848.
126. Thotakura NR, Desai RK, Bates LG, et al: Biological activity and metabolic clearance of a recombinant human thyrotropin produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Endocrinology 1991; 128:341-348.
127. Tubiana M, Haddad E, Schlumberger M, et al: External radiotherapy in thyroid cancers. Cancer 1985;55:2062-2071.
128. Gottlieb JA, Hill CSJ: Chemotherapy of thyroid cancer with adriamycin: Experience with 30 patients. N Engl J Med 1974;290:193-197.