Drug management in skin surgery

Drugs

Volumn 52, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 805-817

  Lawrence, Clifford ^a  

^a ROYAL VICTORIA INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ADRENALIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; BENZOCAINE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BICARBONATE; BUPIVACAINE; LIDOCAINE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PRILOCAINE; PROCAINE; PSEUDOMONIC ACID; SODIUM METABISULFITE; TETRACAINE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; WARFARIN;

ALLERGY; BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS; BLEEDING; BLEEDING TIME; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG OXIDATION; DRUG TOXICITY; FINGER; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION CONTROL; INJECTION PAIN; LOCAL ANESTHESIA; PATIENT CARE; PENIS; REVIEW; SENSITIZATION; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN SURGERY; SUBCUTANEOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; THROMBOCYTE ADHESION; TOE; TOPICAL ANESTHESIA; TOPICAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; TREMOR; VASOCONSTRICTION; WOUND INFECTION;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS);

EID: 0029803113     PISSN: 00126667     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00003495-199652060-00003     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Cawson RA, Curson I, Whittington DR. The hazards of denial local anaesthesia. Br Dent J 1983; 132: 253-8
2. Winton GB. Anaesthesia for dermatologic surgery. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1988; 14: 41-54
3. Auletta MJ. Local anaesthesia for dermatologic surgery. Semin Dermatol 1994; 13: 35-42
4. Grekin RC, Auletta MJ. Local anaesthesia in dermatologic surgery. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988; 19: 599-614
5. Auletta MJ, Grekin. Local anaesthesia for dermatologic surgery. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1991: 2-3
6. Aps C, Reynolds F. The effect of concentration on vasoactivity of bupivacaine and lignocaine. Br J Anaesth 1976; 48: 1171-4
7. Govino BG, Vassallo HG. Local anaesthetics: mechanism of action and clinical use. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1976
8. Swerdlow M, Jones R. The duration of action of bupivacaine, prilocaine and lignocaine. Br J Anaesth 1970; 42: 335-9
9. Howe NR, Williams JM. Pain of injection and duration of anaesthesia for intradermal infiltration of lidocaine, bupivacaine and etidocaine. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1994; 20: 459-64
10. Stromberg BV. Regional anaesthesia in head and neck surgery. Clin Plast Surg 1985; 12: 123-36
11. Kennedy WF, Bonica JJ, Ward RJ, et al. Cardiorespiratory effects of epinephrine when used in regional anaesthesia. Acta Anaethesiol Scand 1966; 23 Suppl.: 320-33
12. Covino BG, Vassallo HG. Local anaesthetics mechanism of action and clinical use. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1976: 63
13. Scrimshaw JA, Safe use of lignocaine. BMJ 1989; 298: 1494
14. Brown CD. Drug interactions in dermatologic surgery. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992; 18: 512-6
15. Perks ER. The diagnosis and management of sudden collapse in dental practice. Br Dent J 1977; 143: 307-10
16. Gordh T. Xylocaine, a new local anaesthetic. Anaesthesiology 1949; 4: 4-9, 21
17. Klein JA. Anaesthesia for liposuction in dermatologic surgery. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1988; 14: 1124-32
18. Salonen M, Forssell H, Scheinin M. Local dental anaesthesia with lidocaine and adrenaline: effects on plasma catecholamines, heart rate and blood pressure. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1988; 17: 92-4
19. New York Heart Association. Report of the special committee of the New York Heart Association on the use of epinephrine in connection with procaine in dental procedures. J Am Dent Assoc 1955; 50: 108
20. British National Formulary, no. 29. London: British Medical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, 1995: 505
21. Aitkenhead AR, Smith G. Textbook of anaesthesia. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1990: 265
22. Malamed SF. Handbook of local anaesthesia. 3rd ed. St Louis: CV Mosby, 1990: 40
23. Meecham JG, Jastak JT, Donaldson D. The use of epinephrine in dentistry. J Can Dent Assoc 1994; 60: 825-34
24. Jones SK, Handfield-Jones S, Kennedy CT. Does EMLA reduce the discomfort of local anaesthetic injection? Clin Exp Dermatol 1990; 15: 177-9
25. Davidson JAH, Boom SJ. Warming lignocaine to reduce pain associated with injection. BMJ 1992; 305: 617-8
26. Mader TJ, Playe SJ, Garbe JL. Reducing the pain of local anaesthetic infiltration: warming and buffering have a synergistic effect. Ann Emerg Med 1994; 23: 550-4
27. Long CC, Motley RJ, Holt PJ. Taking the sting out of local anaesthetics. Br J Dermatol 1991; 125: 452-5
28. Steinbrook RA, Hughes N, Fanciullo G, et al. Effects of alkalinization of lidocaine on the pain of skin infiltration and intravenous catheterisation. J Clin Anesth 1993; 5: 456-8
29. Williams JM, Howe NR. Benzyl alcohol attenuates the pain of lidocaine injections and prolongs anaesthesia. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1994; 20: 730-3
30. Bourke DL. Counter-irritation reduces pain during cutaneous needle insertion. Anaesth Analg 1985; 64: 379
31. Kennedy KS, Cave RH. Anaphylactic reaction to lidocaine. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1986; 112: 671-3
32. Glinert RJ, Zachary CB. Local anaesthetic allergy, its recognition and avoidance. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1991; 17: 491-6
33. Fregert S, Tegner E, Thelin I. Contact allergy to lidocaine. Cont Derm 1979; 5: 185-8
34. Fisher AA. In: Contact dermatitis. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Feibiger, 1986: 124-5, 240-1
35. Fortuna A, Fortuna AO. Convulsion during lignocaine infiltration. Anesth Int Care 1993; 21: 483
36. Fisher DA. Local anaesthesia in dermatologic surgery. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990; 22: 139-40
37. de Shazo RD, Nelson HS. An approach to the patient with a history of local anaesthesia hypersensitivity: experience with 90 patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1979; 63: 387-94
38. Maloney JM, Lertora JJL, Yarborough J, et al. Plasma concentrations of lidocaine during hair transplantation. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1982; 8: 950-4
39. McLeod D. Fit with finger block. Anaesth Intens Care 1992; 20: 388
40. McKay W, Morris R, Mushlin P. Sodium bicarbonate attenuates pain on skin infiltration with lidocaine, with or without epinephrine. Anesth Analg 1987; 66: 572
41. Siegmund JB, Wilson JH, Imhoff TE. Amiodarone interactions with lidocaine. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1993; 21: 513-5
42. Severe epinephrine-propranolol interaction. Ann Emerg Med 1989; 18: 98-9
43. Bonde J, Jensen NM, Burgaard P, et al. Displacement of lidocaine from human plasma proteins by disopyramide. Pharmacol Toxicol 1987; 60: 151-5
44. Knapp AB, Maguire W, Keren G, et al. The cimetidine-lidocaine interaction. Ann Intern Med 1983; 98: 174-7
45. Samdal F, Arctander K, Skolleborg KC, et al. Alkalisation of lidocaine-adrenaline reduces the amount of pain during subcutaneous injection of local anaesthetic. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 1994; 28: 33-7
46. Perusse R, Goulet JP, Turcotte JY. Contraindications to vasoconstrictors in dentistry: Pt 1. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1992; 74: 679-86
47. Perusse R, Goulet JP, Turcotte JY. Contraindications to vasoconstrictors in dentistry: Pt 2. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1992; 74: 687-91
48. Schwartz HJ, Sher TH. Bisulfite sensitivity manifesting as allergy to local dental anaesthesia. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1985; 75: 525-7
49. Panacek EA, Sherman B. Lactic acidosis and insulin resistance associated with epinephrine in a patient with non insulin-dependant diabetes mellitus. Arch Int Med 1988; 148: 1879
50. J Thornburn. Factors modifying epidural block for Caesarean section. In: Reynolds F, editor. Epidural and spinal blockade in obstetrics. London: Baillière Tindall, 1990: 151-4
51. Lebedevs TH, Wojnar-Horton RE, Yapp P, et al. Excretion of lignocaine and its metabolite monoethylglycinexylidide in breast milk following its use in a dental procedure: a case report. J Clin Periodont 1993; 20: 606-8
52. Stockley IH. Drug interactions. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1994: 703-7
53. Christensen LQ, Bonde J, Kampmann JP. Drug interactions with intravenous and local anaesthetics. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1994; 38: 15-29
54. Gianfre E, Bruguerolle B, Morrison-Lacombe G, et al. The influence of midazolam on the concentration of bupivacaine and lignocaine after caudal injection of a mixture of local anaesthetics in children. Acta Anesthesiol Scand 1990; 34: 44-6
55. Le Lorier J. Lidocaine and pentobarbital: a potentially lethal drug-drug interaction. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1978; 44: 657
56. Goulet JP, Perusse R, Turcotte JY. Contraindications to vasoconstrictors in dentistry: Pt 3. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1992; 74: 692-7
57. Yagiela JA, Duffin SR, Hunt LM. Drug interactions and vasoconstrictors used in local anaesthetic solutions. Oral Surg 1985; 59: 565-71
58. Boakes AJ, Laurence DR, Teoh PC, et al. Interactions between sympathomimetic amines and antidepressant agents in man. BMJ 1973; 1: 311-5
59. Foster CA, Aston SJ. Propranolol-epinephrine interaction: a potential disaster. Plast Reconstr Surg 1983; 72: 74-8
60. Meechan JG, Rawlins MD. The effect of 2 different local anaesthetic solutions administered for oral surgery on plasma potassium levels in patients taking kaliuretic diuretics. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1992; 42: 155-8
61. Aelig WH, Laurence DR, O'Neil R, et al. Cardiac effects of adrenaline and felypressin as vasoconstrictors in local anaesthesia for oral surgery under diazepam sedation. Br J Anaesth 1970; 42: 174
62. Scott DB. Techniques of regional anaesthesia. Norwalk (CT): Appleton and Lange/Mediglobe, 1989
63. Coleman WP, Klein JA. Use of the tumescent technique for scalp surgery, dermabrasion and soft tissue reconstruction. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992; 18: 130-5
64. Smith SL, Hodge JA, Lawrence N, et al. The importance of bicarbonate in large volume anaesthetic preparations. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992; 18: 973-5
65. Eriksson E. Illustrated handbook of local anaesthesia. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1980: 64-114
66. Goodacre TEE, Sanders R, Watts DA, et al. Split skin grafting using topical local anaesthesia (EMLA): a comparison with infiltrative anaesthesia. Br J Plast Surg 1988; 41: 533-8
67. de Ward-van de Spek FB, Oranje AP, Lillieborg S, et al. Treatment of molluscum contagiosum using a lidocaine-prilocaine cream (EMLA) for analgesia. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990; 23: 685-8
68. Gotsis SS, Volonaki OM, Theodossiadis GP. Percutaneous anaesthesia with lignocaine-prilocaine cream (EMLA) for eyelid skin surgery. Br J Ophthalmol 1994; 78: 209-10
69. Thune P, Faeden F, Minor BG. The analgesic effect of EMLA cream for skin biopsies. J Dermatol Treatment 1990; 1: 239-41
70. Nilsson A, Engberg G, Henneberg S, et al. Inverse relationship between age-dependent erythrocyte activity of methaemoglobin reductase and prilocaine induced methaemoglobinaemia during infancy. Br J Anaesth 1990; 64: 72-6
71. McCafferty DF, Woolfson AD, Boston V. In-vivo assessment of percutaneous local anaesthetic preparations. Br J Anaesth 1989; 62: 17-21
72. Morton NS. A comparison of Ametop gel with EMLA cream in venous cannulation in children. In: Woolfson AD, McCafferty DF, editors. Amethocaine gel: a new development in effective percutaneous local anaesthesia. London: Royal Society of Medicine, 1996: 28-30
73. Cronin E. Contact dermatitis. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1980: 194
74. Kennard CD, Whitaker DC. Iontophoresis of lidocaine for anaesthesia during pulsed dye laser treatment of port-wine stains. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992; 18: 287-94
75. Greenbaum SS, Bernstein EF. Comparison of iontophoresis of lidocaine with eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine (EMLA) for topically administered local anaesthesia. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1994; 20: 579-83
76. Maloney JM, Bezzant JL, Stephen RL, et al. Iontophorectic administration of lidocaine anaesthesia in office practice - an appraisal. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992; 18: 937-40
77. Rasmussen J. Minor surgical procedures in children. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1982; 8: 706-7
78. Devenish EA, Miles AA. Control of Staphylococcus aureus in an operating theatre. Lancet 1939; I: 1088-94
79. Wood DDB, Silva TF, Marston AT, et al. Relationship of operating room carriers of Staphylococcus aureus to wound infections. Surg Forum 1961; 12: 40-2
80. Burke JF. Identification of sources of staphylococci contaminating the surgical wound during operation. Ann Surg 1963; 158: 898-904
81. Morris PJ, Barnes BA, Burke JF. The nature of the 'irreducible minimum' rate of incisional sepsis. Arch Surg 1966; 92: 367-70
82. Selwyn S, Ellis H. Skin bacteria and skin disinfection reconsidered. BMJ 1972; 1: 136-40
83. Mackensie I. Preoperative skin preparation and surgical outcome. J Hosp Infect 1988; 11 Suppl. B: 27-32
84. May J, Brooks S, Johnstone D, et al. Does the addition of pre-operative skin preparation with povidone-iodine reduce groin sepsis following arterial surgery? J Hosp Infect 1993; 24: 153-6
85. Lynch W, Davey PG, Malek M, et al. Cost effectiveness analysis of the use of chlorhexidine detergent in preoperative whole-body disinfection in wound infection prophylaxis. J Hosp Infect 1992; 21: 179-91
86. Sebben JE. Surgical antiseptics. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983; 9: 759-65
87. Butcher HR, Ballinger WF, Gravens DL, et al. Hexachlorophene concentration in the blood of the operating room personnel. Arch Surg 1973; 107; 70-7
88. Shuman RM, Leech RW, Alvond EC. Neurotoxicity of hexachlorophene in the human: II. A clinico-pathologic study of 46 premature infants. Arch Neurol 1975; 32: 320-5
89. Halling H. Suspected link between exposure to hexachlorophene and malformed infants. Ann NY Acad Sci 1979; 320: 426-35
90. Berry AR, Watt B, Goldacre MJ, et al. A comparison of the use of povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine in the prophylaxis of post-operative wound infections. J Hosp Infect 1982; 3: 55-63
91. Dincen P. An evaluation of the duration of the surgical scrub. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1969; 129: 1181-4
92. Galle CG, Homesley HD, Rhyne AL. Reassessment of the surgical scrub. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1978; 147: 215-18
93. Wagner RF, Grande DJ, Feingold DS. Antibiotic prophylaxis against bacterial endocarditis in patients undergoing dermatologic surgery. Arch Dermatol 1987; 123: 213-5
94. Haas AF, Grekin RC. Antibiotic prophylaxis in dermatologic surgery. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995; 32: 155-76
95. George PM. Dermatologists and antibiotic prophylaxis: a survey. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995; 33: 418-21
96. Maurice PD, Parker S, Azadian BS, et al. Minor skin surgery: are prophylactic antibiotics ever needed for curettage? Acta Dermatovenereol 1991; 71: 267-8
97. Sabetta JB, Zitelli JA. The incidence of bacteraemia during skin surgery. Arch Dermatol 1987; 123: 213-5
98. Carmichael AJ, Flanagan PG, Holt PJA, et al. The occurrence of bacteraemia with skin surgery. Br J Dermatol 1996; 134: 120-2
99. Halpern AC, Leyden JJ, Dzubow LM, et al. The incidence of bacteraemia in skin surgery of the head and neck. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988; 19: 112-6
100. Richards JH. Bacteremia following irritation of foci of infection. JAMA 1932; 99: 1496-7
101. Spelman DW, Weinmann A, Spicer WJ. Endocarditis following skin procedures. J Infect 1993; 26: 185-9
102. Endocarditis Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Antibiotic prophylaxis of infective endocarditis. Lancet 1990; 335: 88-9
103. Bencini PL, Galimberti M, Signorini M, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis of wound infections in skin surgery. Arch Derm 1991; 127: 1357-60
104. Czarnecki D, Meehan C, Nash C. Prevention of post-excisional wound infections: a comparison of oral cephalexin with topical mupirocin and topical cetrimide-chlorhexidine cream. Int J Dermatol 1992; 31: 359-60
105. Goldsmith SA, Leshin B, Owen J. Management of patients taking anticoagulants and platelet inhibitors prior to dermatologic surgery. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1993; 19: 578-81
106. Lawrence CM, Sakuntabhai A, Tiling-Grosse S. The effect of aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy on bleeding complications in dermatological surgery patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994; 31: 988-92
107. Ramstrom G, Sinet-Pedersen S, Hall G, et al. Prevention of post-surgical bleeding in oral surgery using tranexamic acid without dose modification of oral anticoagulants. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1993; 51: 1211
108. Larson PO. Topical haemostatic agents for dermatologic surgery. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1988; 14: 623-32
109. Olmstead PM, Lund HZ, Leonard DD. Monsel's solution: a histologic nuisance. J Am Acad Dermatol 1980; 3: 492-8