Reductionism and intelligence: The case of inspection time

Journal of Biosocial Science

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 405-423

  Deary, Ian J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASSOCIATION; CONFERENCE PAPER; INTELLIGENCE; MENTAL CAPACITY;

EID: 0029800971     PISSN: 00219320     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0021932000022501     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (81)

1. ANDERSON, M. (1992) Intelligence and Development: A Cognitive Theory. Blackwell, Oxford.
2. BARRETT, P. T. & KRANZLER, J. H. (1994) The use of personal computer hardware and software for the measurement of Inspection Time. Personal. individ. Diffs, 16, 347-348.
3. BATES, T. C. & EYSENCK, H. J. (1993) Intelligence, inspection time, and decision time. Intelligence, 17, 523-531.
4. BERGEN, J. & JULEZ, B. (1983) Rapid discrimination of visual patterns. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, SMC-13, 857-863.
5. BRAND, C. R. (1987) A rejoinder to Pellegrino. In: Arthur Jensen: Consensus and Controversy. Edited by S. Modgil & C. Modgil. Falmer, Brighton.
6. BRAND, C. & DEARY, I. J. (1982) Intelligence and 'inspection time'. In: A Model for Intelligence. Edited by H. J. Eysenck. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
7. BREITMEYER, B. G. (1980) Unmasking visual masking: a look at 'why' behind the veil of 'how'. Psychol. Rev. 87, 52-69.
8. BURT, C. (1909-10) Experimental tests of general intelligence. Br. J. Psychol. 3, 94-177.
9. CARYL, P. G. (1994) Early event-related potentials correlate with inspection time and intelligence. Intelligence, 18, 15-46.
10. CATTELL, J. MCK. (1886a) The inertia of eye and brain. Brain, 8, 295-312.
11. CATTELL, J. MCK. (1886b) The time taken up by cerebral operations. Mind, 11, 22-242.
12. CECI, S. J. (1990) On the relation between microlevel processing efficiency and macrolevel measures of intelligence: some arguments against current reductionism. Intelligence, 14, 141-150.
13. CHAIKEN, S. R. (1993) Two models for an inspection time paradigm: processing distraction and processing speed versus processing speed and asymptotic strength. Intelligence, 17, 257-283.
14. CHAIKEN, S. R. & YOUNG, R. K. (1993) Inspection time and intelligence: attempts to eliminate the apparent movement strategy. Am. J. Psychol. 106, 191-210.
15. COLET, A. V., PIERA, P. J. F. & PUEYO, A. A. (1993) Initial stages of information processing and inspection time: electrophysiological correlates. Personal. individ. Diffs, 14, 733-738.
16. DEARY, I. J. (1986) Inspection time: discovery or rediscovery? Personal. individ. Diffs, 7, 625-631.
17. DEARY, I. J. (1992) Scopolamine: early visual processing and brain lateralisation. The Psychologist, Abstracts 1992, 56.
18. DEARY, I. J. (1993) Inspection time and WAIS-R IQ subtypes: a confirmatory factor analysis study. Intelligence, 17, 223-236.
19. DEARY, I. J. (1994) Sensory discrimination and intelligence: postmortem or resurrection? Am. J. Psychol. 107, 95-115.
20. DEARY, I. J. (1995) Auditory inspection time and intelligence: what is the direction of causation? Devl Psychol. 31, 237-250.
21. DEARY, I. J. & CARYL, P. G. (1993) Intelligence, EEG and evoked potentials. In: Biological Approaches to the Study of Human Intelligence. Edited by P. A. Vernon. Ablex, Norwood, NJ.
22. DEARY, I. J., CARYL, P. G. & GIBSON, G. J. (1993) Nonstationarity and the measurement of psychophysical response in a visual inspection time task. Perception, 22, 1245-1256.
23. DEARY, I. J., HUNTER, R., LANGAN, S. J. & GOODWIN, G. M. (1991) Inspection time, psychometric intelligence and clinical estimates of cognitive ability in pre-senile Alzheimer's disease and Korsakoffs psychosis. Brain, 114, 2543-2554.
24. EGAN, V. (1994) Intelligence, inspection time and cognitive strategies. Br. J. Psychol. 85, 305-316.
25. EVANS, G. & NETTELBECK, T. (1993) Inspection time: a flash mask to reduce apparent movement effects. Personal. individ. Diffs, 15, 91-94.
26. GALTON, F. (1883) Enquiries into Human Faculty and its Development. Macmillan, London.
27. GRIPPING, H. (1895) On the development of visual attention and perception. Am. J. Psychol. 7, 227-238.
28. HICK, W. E. (1952) On the rate of gain of information. Q J. exp. Psychol. 4, 11-26.
29. HOBBES, T. (1885, originally published 1651) Leviathan. Routledge, London.
30. HOWE, M. J. A. (1988) Intelligence as an explanation. Br. J. Psychol. 79, 349-360.
31. HOWE, M. J. A. (1990) Does intelligence exist? The Psychologist, 3, 490-493.
32. HUNT, E. (1980) Intelligence as an information processing concept. Br. J. Psychol. 71, 449-474.
33. IRWIN, R. J. (1984) Inspection time and its relation to intelligence. Intelligence, 8, 47-65.
34. JENSEN, A. R. (1987) Individual differences in the Hick paradigm. In: Speed of Information-processing and Intelligence, pp. 101-175. Edited by P. A. Vernon. Ablex, Norwood, NJ.
35. JUHEL, J. (1991) Relationships between psychometric intelligence and information-processing speed indexes. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive/European Bulletin of Cognitive Psychology, 11, 73-105.
36. KNIBB, K. (1992) A dynamic mask for inspection time. Personal. individ. Diffs, 13, 237-248.
37. KRANZLER, J. H. & JENSEN, A. R. (1989) Inspection time and intelligence: a meta-analysis. Intelligence, 13, 329-347.
38. LALLY, M. & NETTELBECK, T. (1977) Intelligence, reaction time and inspection time. Am. J. ment. Defic. 82, 273-281.
39. LARSON, G. E., SACCUZZO, D. P. & BROWN, J. (1994) Motivation: cause or confound in information processing/intelligence correlations? Acta psychol. 85, 25-37.
40. LEVY, P. (1992) Inspection time and its relation to intelligence: issues of measurement and meaning. Personal. individ. Diffs., 13, 987-1002.
41. LIVSON, N. & KRECH, D. (1956) Dynamic systems, perceptual differentiation and intelligence. J. Personal 25, 46-58.
42. LONGSTRETH, L. E., WALSH, D. A., ALCORN, M. B., SZESZULSKI, P. A. & MANIS, F. R. (1986) Backward masking, IQ, S.A.T. and reaction time. Interrelationships and theory. Personal. individ. Diffs, 7, 643-651.
43. LOVEGROVE, W. (1994) Visual deficits in dyslexia: evidence and implications. In: Dyslexia in Children, pp. 113-136. Edited by A. Fawcett & R. Nicolson. Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead.
44. LUBIN, M-P. & FERNANDEZ, J. M. (1986) The relationship between psychometric intelligence and inspection time. Personal. individ. Diffs, 7, 653-657.
45. MACKENZIE, B. & BINGHAM, E. (1985) IQ, inspection time and response strategies in a university sample. Aust. J. Psychol. 37, 257-268.
46. MACKENZIE, B. & CUMMING, S. (1986) How fragile is the relationship between inspection time and intelligence? The effects of apparent motion cues and previous experience. Personal. individ Diffs, 7, 721-729.
47. MACKINTOSH, N. J. (1981) A new measure of intelligence? Nature, 289, 529-530.
48. MACKINTOSH, N. J. (1986) The biology of intelligence? Br. J. Psychol. 77, 1-18.
49. MCCALL, R. B. (1994) What process mediates predictions of childhood IQ from infant habituation and recognition memory? Speculations on the roles of inhibition and rate of information processing. Intelligence, 18, 107-126.
50. MILES, T. R. (1994) A proposed taxonomy and some consequences. In: Dyslexia in Children, pp. 113-136. Edited by A. Fawcett & R. Nicholson. Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead.
51. MORRIS, G. L. & ALCORN, M. B. (1995) Raven's progressive matrices and inspection time: P200 slope correlates. Personal. individ. Diffs, 18, 81-87.
52. MUISE, J. G., LEBLANC, R. S., LAVOIE, M. E. & ARSEBAULT, A. S. (1991) Two-stage model of visual backward masking: sensory transmission and accrual of effective information as a function of target intensity and similarity. Percept. Psychophys. 50, 197-204.
53. NETTELBECK, T. (1982) Inspection time: an index for intelligence? Q. J. exp. Psychol 34A, 299-312.
54. NETTELBECK, T. (1987) Inspection time and intelligence In: Speed of Information Processing and Intelligence, pp. 295-346. Edited by P. A. Vernon. Ablex, Norwood, NJ.
55. NETTELBECK, T. & LALLY, M. (1976) Inspection time and measured intelligence. Br. J. Psychol 67, 17-22.
56. NETTELBECK, T. & RABBITT, P. M. A. (1992) Aging, cognitive performance, and mental speed. Intelligence, 16, 189-205.
57. NETTELBECK, T. & VITA, P. (1992) Inspection time in two childhood age cohorts: a constant or a developmental function? Br. J. devl Psychol. 10, 189-197.
58. NETTELBECK, T. & WILSON, C. (1985) A cross-sequential analysis of developmental differences in speed of visual information processing. J. exp. Child. Psychol. 40, 1-22.
59. NETTELBECK, T. & YOUNG, R. (1990) Inspection time and intelligence in 7-yr-old children: a follow-up. Personal. individ. Diffs, 11, 1283-1290.
60. NICHOLLS, M. E. R. & COOPER, C. J. (1991) Hemispheric differences in the rates of information processing for simple non-verbal stimuli. Neuropsychologia, 29, 677-684.
61. PETRIE, R. X. A. & DEARY, I J. (1989) Smoking and human information processing. Psychopharmacol 99, 393-396.
62. PHILLIPS, W. A. & SINGER, W. (1974) Function and interaction of on and off transients in vision I. Psychophysics. Exp. Brain Res. 19, 493-506.
63. RAZ, N., WILLERMAN, L. & YAMA, M. (1987) On sense and senses: intelligence and auditory information processing. Personal. individ. Diffs, 8, 201-210.
64. ROTH, E. (1964) Die Geschwindigheit der Verarbeitung von Information und ihr Zusammenhang mit Intelligenz. Zetschrift fur Experimentelle und Angewandte Psychologie, 11, 616-622.
65. SADLER, A. J. & DEARY, I. J. (1996) Cerebral asymmetries in inspection time? Neuropsychologia, 34, 283-295.
66. SINGER, W. & PHILLIPS, W. A. (1974) Function and interaction of on and off transients in vision II. Neurophysiology. Exp. Brain Res. 19, 507-521.
67. SMITH, H. (1992) Is there a magical number 7 ± 2? The role of exposure duration and information content in immediate recall. Irish J. Psychol. 13, 85-97.
68. SPEARMAN, C. (1904) General intelligence, objectively determined and measured. Am. J. Psychol. 15, 201-293.
69. STOUGH, C., BATES, T., MANGAN, G. L., COLRAIN, I. & PELLET, O. (1996a) Inspection time and intelligence: further attempts at reducing apparent motion strategy. Intelligence (in press).
70. STOUGH, C., BREBNER, J., NETTELBECK, T., COOPER, C. J., BATES, T. & MANGAN, G. L. (1996b) The relationship between intelligence, personality and inspection time. Br. J. Psychol. 81, 255-268.
71. STOUGH, C., MANGAN, G., BATES, T., FRANK, N., KERKIN, B. & PELLET, O. (1995) Effects of nicotine on perceptual speed. Psychopharmacol. 119, 305-310.
72. VERNON, P. A. (1986) Inspection time: does it measure intelligence? Personal. individ. Diffs, 7, 715-720.
73. VERNON, P. A. (Ed.) (1987) Speed of Information Processing and Intelligence. Ablex, Norwood, NJ.
74. VERNON, P. A. (Ed.) (1993) Biological Approaches to the Study of Human Intelligence. Ablex, Norwood, NJ.
75. VICKERS, D., NETTELBECK, T. & WILLSON, R. J. (1972) Perceptual indices of performance: the measurement of "inspection time" and "noise" in the visual system. Perception, 1, 263-295.
76. VICKERS, D. & SMITH, P. (1986) The rationale for the inspection time index. Personal. individ. Diffs, 7, 609-624.
77. WHITE, M. (1993) The inspection time rationale fails to demonstrate that inspection time is a measure of the speed of post-sensory processing. Personal. individ. Diffs, 15, 185-198.
78. WISSLER, C. (1901) The correlation of mental and physical tests. Psychol. Rev. Monograph No. 3.
79. ZHANG, Y. (1991) Inspection time correlation with IQ in Chinese students. Personal individ. Diffs, 12, 217-219.
80. ZHANG, Y., CARYL, P. G. & DEARY, I. J. (1989a) Evoked potential correlates of inspection time. Personal. individ. Diffs, 10, 379-384.
81. ZHANG, Y., CARYL, P. G. & DEARY, I. J. (1989b) Evoked potentials, inspection time and intelligence. Personal. individ. Diffs, 10, 1079-1094.