Major chemical accidents in industrializing countries: The socio-political amplification of risk

Risk Analysis

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 19-29

  De Porto, Marcelo Firpo Souza ^a   De Freitas, Carlos Machado ^a  

^a INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ   (Brazil)

Author keywords

chemical industry; industrialized countries; industrializing countries; Major chemical accidents; socio political amplification of risk

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHEMICAL INDUSTRY; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; INDUSTRIALIZATION; OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENT; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK MANAGEMENT;

ACCIDENTS, OCCUPATIONAL; CHEMICAL INDUSTRY; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; POLITICS; RISK; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT;

ACCIDENT VULNERABILITY; CHEMICAL ACCIDENT; DEVELOPING WORLD; RISK AMPLIFICATION; SOCIO POLITICAL CONDITIONS;

EID: 0029798318     PISSN: 02724332     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1995.tb00761.x     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Economic European Communities, Council Directive of 24 June 1982 on the Major Hazards of Certains Industrial Activities - 85/501/E.E.C (Seveso Directive)
2. P. A Carson and C. J. Munford, "Reporting and Analysis of Industrial Incidents - 1981-1986," Indust. Environ. 11, 23-29 (1988)
3. Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Health Aspects of Chemical Accidents - Guidance on Chemical Accident Awareness, Preparedness and Response for Health Professionals and Emergency Responders (Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Paris, 1994)
4. J. A. Haines, Classification of Chemical Incidents in a Global Context, Paper presented at the International Programme on Chemical Safey/Brasilian Symposium on Management of Health Aspects of Chemical Incidents, São Paulo, Brazil, June 6-9 (1994).
5. H Otway and A. Amendola, "Major Hazard Information Policy in the European Community: Implications for Risk Analysis." Risk Anal. 9, 505-512 (1989).
6. P. A Bertazzi, "Industrial Disasters and Epidemiology - A Review of Recent Experiences," Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 15. 85-100 (1989).
7. H. Inhaber, "Risk in Developing Countries - Guest Editorial" Risk Anal 5, 87 (1985).
8. R. E. Kasperson. O. Renn, P. Slovic, H. S. Brown, J Emel. R. Goble, J. X. Kasperson, and S. Ratick, "The Social Amplification of Risk: A Conceptual Framework" Risk Anal. 8, 177-187 (1988).
9. W. J. Burns, P. Slovic, R. E. Kasperson, J. X. Kasperson, O Renn, and S. Emani, "Incorporating Structural Models into Research on the Social Amplification of Risk: Implications for Theory Construction and Decision Making", Risk Anal 13, 611-623 (1993).
10. F. H. Cardoso and E. Faleto, Dependência e Desenvolvimento na América Latina - Ensaio de Interpretação Sociológica (Zahar, Rio de Janeiro, 1979).
11. I. Wallerstein, The Capitalist World Economy (Cambridge University Press, New York, 1979).
12. I. Wallerstein, Historical Capitalism (Verso, London, 1983).
13. B. K. Becker and C. Egler, Brasil: Uma Nova Potential Regional na Economia Mundo (Bertrand, São Paulo, 1993).
14. O. Dolfuss, "Geopolitíca do Sistema Mundo" in N. Santos, M. A. Souza, F. C. Scarlato. and M. Arroyo (eds.), O Novo Mapa do Mundo - Fim de Século e Globalização (Hucitec/ANPUR, São Paulo, 1993), pp. 23-45.
15. G. Martini, "População, Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento: O Cenário Global e Nacional" in G. Martini (ed.), População, Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento - Verdades e Contradições (Unicamp, São Paulo, 1993), pp. 21-42.
16. J. MacNeill, P. Winsemius, and T. Yakushiji, Beyond Interdependence - The Meshing of the World's Economy and the Earth's Ecology (Oxford University Press, New York, 1991).
17. C. R. K. Murti, "Industrialization and Emerging Environmental Health Issues: Lessons from the Bhopal Disaster," Toxicol Indust. Health 15, 153-164 (1991).
18. H. S. Brown, J. J. Himelberger, and A. L. White, "Development of Environment Interactions in the Export of Hazardous Technologies - A Comparative Study of Three Multinational Affiliates in Developing Countries," Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change 43, 125-155 (1993).
19. World Bank, World Development Report 1993 (Oxford University Press, New York, 1993).
20. D. J. Hogan, "Migração, Ambiente e Saúde nas Cidades Brasileiras'' in D J. Hogan and P. F. Vieira (eds.) Dilemas Socioambientais e Desenvolvimento Sustentável (Unicamp, São Paulo, 1992), pp 149-170.
21. M. L. Guilherme, "Urbanização, Saúde e Meio Ambiente - O Caso da Implantação do Polo Industrial de Cubatão e seus Efeitos Urbanos e Regionais nos Setores da Saúde e Poluição Ambiental," Espaça e Debates 22, 42-53 (1987).
22. H. G. Torres, "Indústrias 'Sujas' e Intensivas em Recursos Naturais: Importância Crescente no Cenário Industrial Brasileiro" in G. Martini (ed.) População, Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento - Verdades e Contradiçães (Unicamp, São Paulo, 1993), pp. 43-68.
23. D. L. Botz, "Manufacturing Poverty: The Maquiladorization of Mexico," Int. J. Health Serv. 24, 403-408 (1994).
24. American Public Health Association, "The Public Health Implications of the Bhopal Disaster - Report to the Program Development Board, American Public Health Association - Bophal Working Group," Am. J. Pub. Health 77, 230-236 (1987)
25. M. Merceir, "Chemical Safety as a Major Challenge for Developing Countries," Biomed. Environ. Sci. 3, 211-216 (1992).
26. S. Jasanoff, "The Bhopal Disaster and the Right to Know," Soc. Sci Med. 27, 1113-1123 (1988).
27. T. Clifton, R. Moreau, S. Mazumdar, G. Weherfritz, and D. Gordon, "Asia's Fatal Factories," News Week - The International Magazine, 26-28, 33 (December 12, 1994).
28. J. H. Ives (ed.). Transnational Corporations and Environmental Control Issues - The Export of Hazard (Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1985).
29. B. Castleman and V. Navarro, "International Mobility of Hazardous Products, Industries and Wastes," Ann. Rev. Pub. Health 8, 1-9 (1987).
30. J Jeyaratan, "The Transfer of Hazardous Industries," J. Soc. Occup. Med. 40, 123-126 (1990).
31. J. Ladou, "The Export of Environmental Responsability." Arch. Environ. Health 49, 6-8 (1994).
32. A. K. Harding and M. L. Greer, "The Health Impact of Hazardous Waste Sites on Minority Comunities: Implications of Public Health and Environmental Health Professionals," J. Environ. Health 55, 6-10 (1993).
33. J. Roque, "Environmental Equity: Reducing Risk for All Communities," Environment 35, 25-28 (1993)
34. R. Zimmerman, "Social Equity and Environmental Risk," Risk Anal. 13, 649-666 (1993).
35. P. Winchester, Power, Choice and Vulnerability. A Case Study in Disaster Management in South India, 1977-1988 (James & James, London, 1992).
36. D. Liverman, "Vulnerability to Global Environmental Change" in R. Kasperson et al. (eds.), Understanding Global Environmental Change: The Contribution of Risk Analysis and Management (Clark University, Worcester, 1990), pp. 27-44.
37. S. Funtowicz and J. Ravetz, "A Framework for the Analysis of Emergencies" in A. Amendola and B. de Marchi (eds.), Workshop on Emergency Management (Comission of the European Communities, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics, Italy 1993), pp. 33-42.
38. C. Perrow, Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risks Technologies (Basic Books, New York, 1984).
39. H. Otway, "Regulation and Risk Analysis" in H. Otway and M. Peltu (eds.), Regulation Industrial Risks - Science, Hazards and Public Protection (Butterworths, London, 1985), pp. 1-19.
40. H C. Kunreuther and J. Linnerooth, Risk Analysis and Decision Processes - The Siting of Liquefied Energy Gas Facilities in Four Countries (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1983).
41. World Health Organization, WHO Commission on Health and Environment - Report of the Panel on Industry (World Health Organization. Geneva, 1992).
42. G Drogaris, Major Accident Reporting System - Lessons Learned from Accidents Notified (Elsevier, London, 1993).
43. B. Kier and G. Müller. HandBuch Störfälle - Documentation über Störfalle in Chemieanlagen (Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin, 1983).
44. T. Kletz, Learning from Accidents in Industry (Butterworth, London, 1991).
45. J. Davenport, "A Study of Vapour Cloud Incidents in Industry - An Update," 4th International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion m the Process Industries, The Institution of Chemical Engineers, Symposium Series n. 80, Harrogate, England, (1983).
46. J. Theys, "La Société Vulnérable," in J.-L. Fabiani and J Theys (eds.). La Société Vulnérable - Evaluer et Maitriser les Risques (Presses de l'École Normale Supérieure, 1987), Paris, pp. 3-36.
47. T. S. Glickman, D. Golding, and K. S. Terry, Fatal Hazardous Materials Accidents in Industry - Domestic and Foreign Experience from 1945 to 1991 (Center for Risk Management, Washington, 1993).
48. International Labor Office (ILO), Seminário Latino-Americano Sobre Accidentes Mayores (ILO, São Paulo, 1994).
49. Organizatión Pan-Americana de la Salud (OPS), Las Condiciones de Salud en las Américas, Vol. I (OPS, Washington, 1994).
50. H. Greenber and J. Cramer, Risk Assessment Management for the Chemical Process Industry (VNR, New York, 1991).
51. B. Bowonder, "The Bhopal Incident. Implications for Developing Countries," Environmentalist 5, 89-103 (1985)
52. L. C. de Q. Ribeiro and L. C. do Lago, "Crise e Mudanças nas Metrópoles Brasileiras: A Periferização da Questão," in M. C. Leal et al. (eds.), Saúde, Ambiente e Desenvolvimento - Uma Análise Interdisciplinary Vol. I (IIUCITEC-ABRASCO, Rio de Janeiro, 1992), pp. 153-180.
53. T. Dwyer, Life and Death at Word - Industrial Accidents as a Case of Socially Produced Error (Plenum Press, New York, 1991).
54. M. Porto, Reflexões Sobre o Trabalho Repetitivo, MSc dissertation. Programa de Engenharia de Produção, COPPE/UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, (1987).
55. F. Duarte, A Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho e a Determinação de Efetivos: Estudo da Modernização Technológica de uma Refinaria de Petróleo no Brasil. DSc thesis, Programa de Engenharia de Produção, COPPE/UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, (1994)
56. J. Kasperson and R. Kasperson, "L'Accident de Bhopal: Leçons pour la Gestion du Risque Industrial," in J.-L. Fabiani and J. Theys (eds.), La Société Vulnérable - Evaluer et Maitriser les Risques (Presses de L'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, 1987), pp. 585-602.
57. C. M. Freitas, A. E. Amorin, and C. T. Silva, Relatório Sobre a Percepção de Riscos da População Exposta ao Acidente Químico Industrial Ocorrido no Dia 24 de Maio em no Municipio de Belford Roxo - Relatório para a Camâra Técnica da Indústria Química, Petroquínica e Petroleira do Conselho Estadual de Saúde do Trabalhador do Rio de Janeiro (CESTEH/ENSP/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, 1994).
58. A. O. Sevá Filho, Crise Ambiental, Condições de Vida e Lutas Sociais - Dilemas da Passagem dos Séculos XX-XXI (Cadernos da Associação Brasileira de Reforma Agrána, 1993).
59. F. Pearce, "After Bhopal, Who Remembered Ixhuatepec?" New Scientist, 22-23 (July 18, 1985).
60. J P. Koplan, H. Falk, and G. Garet, "Public Health Lessons from the Bophal Chemical Disaster," J. Am Med Assoc. 264, 2795-2796 (1990).
61. E. S. Vasconcellos, O Atendimento Médico de Emergência nos Acidentes Quimicos Ampliados. MPH dissertation, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, (1995).
62. H. H. Deppe, Industriearbeit un Medizin (Athenäum Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt, 1973).
63. C. Huf, "Techinsche und Betriebliche Sicherheit," in Handbuch zur Humanisierung der Arbeit, Band II (Dortmund, Wirtschaftverlag, 1985).
64. Badische Zeitung, "Noch immer sterben die Meschen in Bhopal" (13.08.1992), p. 13
65. L A. Kail, J. M. Poulson, and C. S. Tyson, Operation Safety Survey - CO/MIC/SEVIN Units - Union Carbide India LTD. Bhopal Plant, Technical Report Union Carbide Corporation, Chemical and Plastics (1982).
66. V. Marshall, Major Chemical Hazards (John Wiley & Sons, London, 1987).
67. C. M. Gomez, S. M. T. M. de Carvalho and M F. de S. Porto, "For Uma Ecologia do Trabalho" in M. C. Leal et al. (eds.), Saúde, Ambiente e Desenvolvimento - Uma Análise Interdisciplinar, Vol. II (HUCITEC-ABRASCO, Rio de Janeiro, 1992), pp. 79-98.
68. D. K. Sekimpi, A. T. Tambellini, and L. V. Trung, "The Global Economy and Occupational Health" Int. J. Occup Environ Health 1, 76-79.