Purinoceptors: From history to recent progress. A review

Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

Volumn 48, Issue 10, 1996, Pages 993-1011

  Windscheif, Ursula ^a  

^a MERZ PHARMACEUTICALS GMBH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2 ANILINOADENOSINE; 2 [4 (2 CARBOXYETHYL)PHENETHYLAMINO]ADENOSINE 5' (N ETHYLCARBOXAMIDE); 4 AMINO 8 CHLORO 1 PHENYL 1,2,4 TRIAZOLO[4,3 A]QUINOXALINE; 4,4' DIISOTHIOCYANATOSTILBENE 2,2' DISULFONIC ACID; 8 CYCLOPENTYL 1,3 DIPROPYLXANTHINE; ADENOSINE RECEPTOR; ADENOSINE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ADENOSINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; DIPYRIDAMOLE; PENTOSTATIN; PURINE P2 RECEPTOR; PURINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; PURINERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; PYRIDOXAL 5 PHOSPHATE; SURAMIN;

DRUG STRUCTURE; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0029796233     PISSN: 00223573     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1996.tb05891.x     Document Type: Review

References (226)

1. 2y purinoceptors? Pharmac. Ther. 64: 445-475
2. 2 receptors in the bladder: evidence for a modulatory adenosine tone regulating non-adrenergic non-cholinergic neurotransmission. Br. J. Pharmacol. 107: 120-126
3. Agarwal, R. P. (1982) Inhibitors of adenosine deaminase. Pharmac. Ther. 17: 399-429
4. Bailey, S. J., Hourani, S. M. O. (1990) A study of the purinoceptors mediating contraction in the rat colon. Br. J. Pharmacol. 100: 753-756
5. Bailey, S. J., Hourani, S. M. O. (1992) Effects of purines on the longitudinal muscle of the rat colon. Br. J. Pharmacol. 105: 885-892
6. 2-purinoceptors mediating contraction of the guinea-pig vas deferens and urinary bladder. Br. J. Pharmacol. 112: 219-225
7. Banard, E. A., Burnstock, G., Webb, T. E. (1994) G protein-coupled receptors for ATP and other nucleotides: a new receptor family. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 15: 67-70
8. Bean, B. P. (1992) Pharmacology and electrophysiology of ATP-activated ion channels. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 13: 87-90
9. Belardinelli, L. (1993) Adenosine system in the heart. Drug Dev. Res. 28: 263-267
10. Benham, C. D. (1992a) ATP joins the fast lane. Nature 359: 103-104
11. Benham, C. D. (1992b) Signal transduction mechanisms. In: Burnstock, G., Hoyle, C. H. V. (eds) The Autonomic Nervous System, Vol. I: Autonomic Neuroeffector Mechanisms, Harwood Academic Publishers, London, pp 215-256
12. 2+-permeable channel activated by ATP in smooth muscle. Nature 328: 275-278
13. Bertolet, B. D., Hill, J. A. (1993) Adenosine: diagnostic and therapeutic uses in cardiovascular medicine. Chest 104: 1860-1871
14. Beukers, M. W., Ijzerman, A. P., Pollard, C. E., Crack, B. E., McKechnie, K. C. W., Hunt, S. F., Ingall, A. H., Leff, P. (1994) FPL 67156: a selective inhibitor of ecto-ATPase on human blood cells. Drug Dev. Res. 31: 249
15. Beukers, M. W., Kerkhof, C. J. M., Van Rhee, M. A., Ardanuy, U., Gurgel, C., Widjaja, H., Nickel, P., Ijzerman, A. P., Soudijn, W. (1995) Suramin analogs, divalent cations and ATPγS as inhibitors of ecto-ATPase. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 351: 523-528
16. 3H]α,β-methylene ATP binding sites in rat brain and spinal cord. NeuroReport 5: 1601-1604
17. 2x purinoceptor from rat vas deferens. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 17581-17587
18. 2x-purinoceptors in rat urinary bladder. Br. J. Pharmacol. 112: 1151-1159
19. 2x purinoceptor cDNA conferring a novel pharmacological profile. FEBS Lett. 375: 129-133
20. 2 purinoceptors on vascular endothelial cells: physiological significance and transduction mechanisms. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 11: 34-37
21. 2y-relaxing purinoceptors in the smooth muscle of mouse vas deferens. Br. J. Pharmacol. 107: 1152-1158
22. 2y-relaxant response induced by ATP on urinary bladder strips of diabetic rats. Drug Dev. Res. 31:251
23. Boucher, R. C. (1994) UTP as therapy for cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. Drug Dev. Res. 31: 252
24. 2y-purinergic receptor that inhibits adenylyl cyclase. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 267: 1140-1146
25. 2y-purinoceptors. Br. J. Pharmacol. 113: 614-620
26. Brake, A. J., Wagenbach, M. J., Julius, D. (1994) New structural motif for ligand-gated ion channels defined by an ionotropic ATP receptor. Nature 371: 519-523
27. Brock, J. A., Cunnane, T. C. (1993) Neurotransmitter release mechanisms at the sympathetic neuroeffector junction. Exp. Physiol. 78: 591-614
28. 2u-purinoceptors. Br. J. Pharmacol. 116: 2413-2416
29. 3H]NECA in rat striatal membranes. Mol. Pharmacol. 29: 331-346
30. 2x receptor expressed in epithelia and brain. EMBO J. 15: 55-62
31. 2x-purinoceptors in rat vas deferens. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 348: 684-687
32. 2x-purinoceptors in rat vas deferens. Br. J. Pharmacol. 112: 690-694
33. 2-purinoceptor antagonists discriminate three contraction-mediating receptors for ATP in rat vas deferens. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 349: 74-80
34. 2y-selective purinoceptor antagonist and inhibitor of ecto-nucleotidase. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 352: 477-482
35. 2x-purinoceptors by trypan blue in rat vas deferens. Br. J. Pharmacol. 113: 349-354
36. Burnstock, G. (1971) Neural nomenclature. Nature 229: 282-283
37. Burnstock, G. (1972) Purinergic nerves. Pharmacol. Rev. 24: 509-581
38. Burnstock, G. (1976) Do some nerve cells release more than one transmitter? Neuroscience 1: 239-248
39. Burnstock, G. (1978) A basis for distinguishing two types of purinergic receptor. In: Straub, R. W., Bolis, L. (eds) Cell Membrane Receptors for Drugs and Hormones: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Raven Press, New York, pp 107-118
40. Burnstock, G. (1990) Co-transmission. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 304: 7-33
41. 2-purinoceptor? Gen. Pharmacol. 16: 433-440
42. Burnstock, G., King, B. F. (1996) Purinoceptor Update Newsheet 4
43. 2x-purinoceptor. Br. J. Pharmacol. 90: 383-391
44. Burnstock, G., Campbell, G., SatchelL, D., Smythe, A. (1970) Evidence that adenosine triphosphate or a related nucleotide is the transmitter substance released by non-adrenergic inhibitory nerves in the gut. Br. J. Pharmacol. 40: 668-688
45. 2-subtype. Br. J. Pharmacol. 81: 533-541
46. 2y subtypes. Drug Dev. Res. 31: 206-219
47. 3 receptors: two into one won't go. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 14: 290-291
48. 2 nucleotide receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 26152-26158
49. 2x purinoceptor expressed by a subset of sensory neurons. Nature 377: 428-431
50. Collis, M. G., Hourani, S. M. O. (1993) Adenosine receptor subtypes. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 14: 360-366
51. 6 receptors, and the distribution and properties of an extended family of ATP-gated ion channels. J. Neurosci. 16: 2495-2507
52. Communi, D., Pirotton, S., Parmentier, M., Boeynaems, J.-M. (1995) Cloning and functional expression of a human uridine nucleotide receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 30849-30852
53. Connolly, G. P. (1995) Differentiation by pyridoxal 5-phosphate, PPADS and isoPPADS between responses mediated by UTP and those evoked by α,β-methylene-ATP on rat sympathetic ganglia. Br. J. Pharmacol. 114: 727-731
54. 3H]CV1808) labels a novel adenosine receptor in the brain. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 263: 552-561
55. 2x-purinoceptor ligands. Br. J. Pharmacol. 113: 1432-1438
56. Crack, B. E., Pollard, C. E., Beukers, M. W., Roberts, S. M., Hunt, S. F., Ingall, A. H., McKechnie, K. C. W., Ijzerman, A. P., Leff, P. (1995) Pharmacological and biochemical analysis of FPL 67156, a novel, selective inhibitor of ecto-ATPase. Br. J. Pharmacol. 114: 475-481
57. 2 receptor: subclassiflcation and structureactivity relationships. Drug Dev. Res. 28: 244-252
58. Daval, J.-L., Nehlig, A., Nicolas, F. (1991) Physiological and pharmacological properties of adenosine: therapeutic implications. Life Sci. 49: 1435-1453
59. 1-purinoceptor-mediated modulation of neural noradrenaline and ATP release in guinea-pig vas deferens. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 350: 42-48
60. Drury, A. N., Szent-Görgyi, A. (1929) The physiological activity of adenine compounds with especial reference to their action upon the mammalian heart. J. Physiol. 68: 213-237
61. 2-purinergic receptors for extracellular ATP and other nucleotides. Am. J. Physiol. 265: C577-C606
62. 2-purinoceptors in guinea-pig taenia caeci. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 351: 107-110
63. 2-purinoceptor antagonist in the mouse vas deferens. Br. J. Pharmacol. 93: 243-245
64. Edwards, F. A., Gibb, A. J., Colquhoun, D. (1992) ATP receptor-mediated synaptic currents in the central nervous system. Nature 359: 144-147
65. 2-purinoceptors in the smooth muscle of the rat tail artery: a comparison between contractile and electrophysiological responses. Br. J. Pharmacol. 113: 853-860
66. Evans, R. J., Derkach, V., Surprenant, A. (1992) ATP mediates fast synaptic transmission in mammalian neurons. Nature 357: 503-505
67. 2-purinoceptor antagonists. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 603: 182-197
68. 4- receptor. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 255: 46-51
69. Fedan, J. S., Stem, J. L., Day, B. (1994) Contraction of the guinea-pig isolated, perfused trachea to purine and pyrimidine agonists. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 268: 1321-1327
70. 2y purinergic receptor that couples to phospholipase C. Mol. Pharmacol. 46: 8-14
71. 2y-purinoceptor agonists: structure-activity relationships for 2-thioether derivatives of adenosine 5′-triphosphate. J. Med. Chem. 36: 3937-3946
72. Forsyth, K. M., Bjur, R. A., Westfall, D. P. (1991) Nucleotide modulation of norepinephrine release from sympathetic nerves in the rat vas deferens. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 256: 821-826
73. 3 receptor-mediated hypotensive responses in the rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 252: R5-R6
74. Fredholm, B. B., Dunwiddie, T. V. (1988) How does adenosine inhibit transmitter release? Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 9: 130-134
75. Fredholm, B. B., Johansson, B., Van der Ploeg, I., Hu, P. S., Jin, S. (1993) Neuromodulatory roles of purines. Drug Dev. Res. 28: 349-353
76. Fredholm, B. B., Abbracchio, M. P., Burnstock, G., Daly, J. W., Harden, T. K., Jacobson, K. A., Leff, P., Williams, M. (1994) Nomenclature and classification of purinoceptors. Pharmacol. Rev. 46: 143-156
77. 2 receptor-mediated vasodepression does not involve a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 236: 255-262
78. Gailly, P., Boland, B., Paques, C., Himpens, B., Casteels, R., Gillis, J. M. (1993) Post-receptor pathway of the ATP-induced relaxation in smooth muscle of the mouse vas deferens. Br. J. Pharmacol. 110: 326-330
79. Gödecke, S., Schrader, J. (1994) Cloning and expression analysis of the rat ATP receptor. Drug Dev. Res. 31: 273
80. Gonçalves, J., Queiroz, G. (1993) Facilitatory and inhibitory modulation by endogenous adenosine of noradrenaline release in the epididymal portion of rat vas deferens. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 348: 367-371
81. Gordon, J. L. (1986) Extracellular ATP: effects, sources and fate. Biochem. J. 233: 309-319
82. Gustafsson, L. E., Wiklund, C. U., Wiklund, N. P., Stelius, L. (1990) Subclassification of neuronal adenosine receptors. In: Jacobson, K. A., Daly, J. W., Manganiello, V. (eds) Purines in Cellular Signaling. Targets for New Drugs. Springer, New York, pp 200-205
83. 1 adenosine receptor antagonist. Life Sci. 40: 555-561
84. 2-purinergic receptors: subtype-associated signaling responses and structure. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 35: 541-579
85. Haskell, C. M., Wong, M., Lee, L.-J., Williams, A., Blahd, W. (1994) A phase I study of ATP in the treatment of advanced cancer. Drug Dev. Res. 31: 276
86. 4-tetraphosphate. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 6915-6918
87. Hillet, E. (1995) Pentostatin-Purinanalogon zur Hemmung der Adenosindeaminase. Arzneimitteltherapie 13: 31-32
88. Hirschhorn, R. (1993) Overview of biochemical abnormalities and molecular genetics of adenosine deaminase deficiency. Pediatr. Res. 33 (Suppl.): S35-S41
89. Hogaboom, G. K., O'Donnell, J. P., Fedan, J. S. (1980) Purinergic receptors: photoaffinity analog of adenosine triphosphate is a specific adenosine triphosphate antagonist. Science 208: 1273-1276
90. Hourani, S. M. O., Chown, J. A. (1989) The effects of some possible inhibitors of ectonucleotidases on the breakdown and pharmacological effects of ATP in the guinea-pig urinary bladder. Gen. Pharmacol. 20: 413-416
91. Hourani, S. M. O., Welford, L. A., Cusack, N. J. (1985) L-AMP-PCP, an ATP receptor agonist in the guinea-pig bladder is inactive on taenia coli. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 108: 197-200
92. 2-purinoceptors mediating relaxation of smooth muscle. Eur J. Pharmacol. 147: 131-136
93. 1-purinoceptors in smooth muscle. Br. J. Pharmacol. 104: 685-690
94. 2 purinoceptor antagonist, suramin, on human platelet aggregation induced by adenosine 5′-diphosphate. Br. J. Pharmacol. 105: 453-457
95. 2-purinoceptors on the rat colon muscularis mucosae. Br. J. Pharmacol. 110: 501-505
96. 1-purinoceptors on rat vas deferens. Br. J. Pharmacol. 108: 754-758
97. Hoyle, C. H. V. (1990) Pharmacological activity of adenine dinucleotides in the periphery: possible receptor classes and transmitter function. Gen. Pharmacol. 21: 827-831
98. Hoyle, C. H. V. (1992) Transmission: purines. In: Burnstock, G., Hoyle, C. H. V. (eds) The Autonomic Nervous System, Vol. 1: Autonomic Neuroeffector Mechanisms. Harwood Academic Publishers, London, pp 367-407
99. Hoyle, C. H. V., Burnstock, G. (1991) ATP receptors and their physiological roles. In: Stone, T. W. (ed.) Adenosine in the Nervous System. Academic Press, London, pp 43-76
100. 2x-purinoceptors in the vas deferens. Br. J. Pharmacol. 107: 367-374
101. 2-purinoceptor agonists and purinergic nerve stimulation in the guinea-pig urinary bladder and taenia coli. Br. J. Pharmacol. 99: 617-621
102. 2x purinoceptors. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 352: 585-596
103. 2t-antagonist, FPL 67085. Drug Dev. Res. 31: 279
104. 2t-purinoceptors. Br. J. Pharmacol. 113: 1057-1063
105. 2t purinoceptor antagonists: definition of the role of ADP in arterial thrombosis. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 16: 179-181
106. 2 selective adenosine receptor agonist with preferential hypotensive activity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 251: 47-55
107. Illes, P., Nörenberg, W. (1993) Neuronal ATP receptors and their mechanism of action. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 14: 50-54
108. Inscho, E. W., Mitchell, K. D., Navar, L. G. (1994) Extracellular ATP in the regulation of renal microvascular function. FASEB J. 8: 319-328
109. 2) receptors. In: Hansch, C., Sammes, P. G., Taylor, J. B. (eds) Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 3: Membranes & Receptors. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp 601-642
110. Jacobson, K. A., Van Galeen, P. J. M., Williams, M. (1992) Adenosine receptors: pharmacology, structure-activity relationships, and therapeutic potential. J. Med. Chem. 35: 407-422
111. 2-adenosine antagonist in vitro and in vivo. FEBS Lett. 323: 141-144
112. 2a adenosine receptors. Drug Dev. Res. 28: 226-231
113. Johnson, C. R., Hourani, S. M. O. (1994) Contractile effects of undine 5′-triphosphate in the rat duodenum. Br. J. Pharmacol. 113: 1191-1196
114. 2-purinoceptor subtypes - an update. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 303: 30-50
115. 2x purinoceptors be classified pharmacologically? Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 16: 168-174
116. Kennedy, C., Leff, P. (1995b) Painful connection for ATP. Nature 377: 385-386
117. 2 purinoceptor in the guinea-pig ileal longitudinal smooth muscle preparation. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 261: 273-280
118. 3 receptors exist? Gen. Pharmacol. 23: 303-307
119. 2x purinoceptors in rat vas deferens. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 263: 301-309
120. 1 receptor antagonist, in conscious dogs. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 16: 1231-1235
121. Komecki, E., Feinberg, H. (1980) Pyridoxal phosphate inhibition of platelet function. Am. J. Physiol. 238: H54-H60
122. 2 purinoceptor from human erythroleukaemic cells. ASPET Colloquium (Atlanta, GA): 1-6
123. 2-purinoceptors. Br. J. Pharmacol. 110: 1465-1472
124. 2 purinoceptor-mediated responses. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 217: 217-219
125. 2-purinoceptor antagonists. Perspectives in Receptor Research, Proc. 10th Camerino Symp., Elsevier, Amsterdam, In press
126. 2x-receptors in the rabbit isolated ear artery. Br. J. Pharmacol. 101: 645-649
127. 3 receptor subunits can account for ATP-gated currents in sensory neurons. Nature 377: 432-435
128. 2x receptor expressed in mammalian cells. Soc. Neurosci. 21: 1262
129. 1 adenosine receptor. EMBO J. 10: 1677-1682
130. 1 adenosine receptors. FASEB J. 5: 2668-2676
131. 3 receptors: pharmacological properties, species differences and receptor functions. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 15: 298-306
132. 1 adenosine receptors. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 337: 687-689
133. Londos, C., Cooper, D. M. F., Wolff, J. (1980) Subclasses of external adenosine receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 77: 2551-2554
134. Loubatières-Mariani, M. M., Chapal, J., Petit, P., Hillaire-Buys, D., Bertrand, G., Ribes, G. (1994) Effects of ATP, adenosine and structural analogues on insulin secretion and glucose tolerance. Drug Dev. Res. 31: 292
135. Lustig, K. D., Shiau, A. K., Brake, A. J., Julius, D. (1993) Expression cloning of an ATP receptor from mouse neuroblastoma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90: 5113-5117
136. Maas, A. J. J. (1981) The effect of apamin on responses evoked by field stimulation in guinea-pig taenia caeci. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 73: 1-9
137. Maas, A. J. J., Den Hertog, A., Ras, R., Van den Akker, J. (1980) The action of apamin on the guinea-pig taenia caeci. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 67: 265-274
138. 2 receptor with physiological constitutive activity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 173: 1169-1178
139. Maienschein, V., Zimmermann, H. (1996) Immunocytochemical localization of ecto-5′-nucleotidase in cultures of cerebellar granule cells. Neuroscience 70: 429-438
140. Mallard, N., Marshall, R., Sithers, A., Spriggs, B. (1992) Suramin: a selective inhibitor of purinergic neurotransmission in the rat isolated vas deferens. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 220: 1-10
141. Mantelli, L., Amerini, S., Filippi, S., Ledda, F. (1993) Blockade of adenosine receptors unmasks a stimulatory effect of ATP on cardiac contractility. Br. J. Pharmacol. 109: 1268-1271
142. Marangos, P. J., Von Lubitz, D., Miller, L. P., Daval, J. L., Decken, J. (1990) The central adenosine system as a therapeutic target in stroke. In: Jacobson K. A., Daly, J. W., Manganiello, V. (eds) Purines in Cellular Signaling. Targets for New Drugs. Springer, New York, pp 220-225
143. 2 receptors in guinea pig aorta. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 269: 1228-1235
144. Matharu, M. S., Hollingsworth, M. (1992) Purinoceptors mediating relaxation and spasm in the rat gastric fundus. Br. J. Pharmacol. 106: 395-403
145. 2x-purinoceptor antagonist, in the guinea-pig isolated vas deferens. Br. J. Pharmacol. 111: 913-917
146. Meghji, P. (1993) Storage, release, uptake, and inactivation of purines. Drug Dev. Res. 28: 214-219
147. 2u receptors on aortic endothelial cells. Br. J. Pharmacol. 109: 967-971
148. 2z receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 8199-8203
149. Nguyen, T., Erb, L., Weisman, G. A., Marchese, A., Heng, H. H. Q., Garrad, R. C., George, S. R., Turner, J. T., O'Dowd, B. F. (1995) Cloning, expression and chromosomal localization of the uridine nucleotide receptor gene. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 30845-30848
150. Nicholls, J., Hourani, S. M. O., Kitchen, I. (1990) The ontogeny of purinoceptors in rat urinary bladder and duodenum. Br. J. Pharmacol. 100: 874-878
151. 1-purinoceptors on rat duodenum and urinary bladder. Br. J. Pharmacol. 105: 639-642
152. O'Connor, S. E. (1992) Recent developments in the classification and functional significance of receptors for ATP and UTP: evidence for nucleotide receptors. Life Sci. 50: 1657-1664
153. 2x-receptors in rabbit isolated ear artery. Br. J. Pharmacol. 101: 640-644
154. O'Connor, S. E., Dainty, I. A., Leff, P. (1991) Further subclassification of ATP receptors based on agonist studies. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 12: 137-141
155. Palea, S., Artibani, W., Ostardo, E., Trist, D. G., Pietra, C. (1993) Evidence for purinergic neurotransmission in human urinary bladder affected by interstitial cystitis. J. Urol. 150: 2007-2012
156. 2y. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 269: 193-197
157. 2u nucleotide receptor, a target for cystic fibrosis pharmacotherapy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91: 3275-3279
158. 2-purinoceptor subtypes stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic B cells. Drug Dev. Res. 31: 307
159. xA) as new neurotransmitters. Drug Dev. Res. 28: 259-262
160. 2+-dependent release evoked by 4-aminopyridine and veratridine. Neurosci. Lett. 136: 141-144
161. 2 purinoceptors present on rat brain synaptic terminals. Br. J. Pharmacol. 108: 1094-1099
162. Pirotton, S., Motte, S., Côte, S., Boeynaems, J.-M. (1993) Control of endothelial function by nucleotides: multiple receptors and transduction mechanism. Cell. Signal. 5: 1-8
163. 2-purinoceptor subtypes in the isolated perfused mesenteric bed of the rat. Br. J. Pharmacol. 95: 637-645
164. Ralevic, V., Burnstock, G. (1991a) Effects of purines and pyrimidines on the rat mesenteric arterial bed. Circ. Res. 69: 1583-1590
165. 2-purinoceptors in the cardiovascular system. Circulation 84: 1-14
166. Rapaport, E. (1993) Anticancer activities of adenine nucleotides in tumor-bearing hosts. Drug Dev. Res. 28: 428-431
167. 3) adenosine receptor. Prog. Neurobiol. 26: 179-209
168. Rubino, A., Burnstock, G. (1994a) A new purinergic receptor may contribute to the control of pulmonary circulation of the rat. Drug Dev. Res. 31: 315
169. Rubino, A., Burnstock, G. (1994b) Contractile actions of pyrimidine and purine nucleotides in the rat pulmonary vascular bed. Br. J. Pharmacol. 112: P501
170. Rudolphi, K. A., Schubert, P., Parkinson, F. E., Fredholm, B. B. (1992) Neuroprotective role of adenosine in cerebral ischaemia. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 13: 439-445
171. Sarges, R., Howard, H. R., Browne, R. G., Lebel, L. A., Seymour, P. A., Koe, B. K. (1990) 4-Amino[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-α]quinoxalines. A novel class of potent adenosine receptor antagonists and potential rapid-onset antidepressants. J. Med. Chem. 33: 2240-2254
172. Schwabe, U., Fein, T., Lorenzen, A. (1993) Pharmacological properties of adenosine receptors and adenosine binding proteins. Drug Dev. Res. 28: 220-225
173. Seifert, R., Schultz, G. (1989) Involvement of the pyrimidinoceptors in the regulation of cell functions by uridine and by uracil nucleotides. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 10: 365-369
174. Shinozuka, K., Bjur, R. A., Westfall, D. P. (1988) Characterization of prejunctional purinoceptors on adrenergic nerves of the rat caudal artery. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 338: 221-227
175. Sneddon, P., Westfall, D. P. (1984) Pharmacological evidence that adenosine triphosphate and noradrenaline are co-transmitters in the guinea-pig vas deferons. J. Physiol. 347: 561-580
176. Soediono, P., Burnstock, G. (1994) Contribution of ATP and nitric oxide to NANC inhibitory transmission in rat pyloric sphincter. Br. J. Pharmacol. 113: 681-686
177. 2 purinoceptors in rat parotid acinar cells by isothiocyanate compounds. Biochem. Pharmacol. 45: 1936-1940
178. Spedding, M., Sweetman, A. J., Weetman, D. F. (1975) Antagonism of adenosine 5′-triphosphate-induced relaxation by 2,2′-pyridylisatogen in the taenia of the guinea-pig caecum. Br. J. Pharmacol. 53: 575-583
179. 2 receptor stimulation on transmitter release. J. Neurochem. 56: 1466-1470
180. Spielman, W. S., Arend, L. J., Klotz, K.-N., Schwabe, U. (1990) Adenosine receptors and signaling in the kidney, In: Jacobson, K. A., Daly, J. W., Manganiello, V. (eds) Purines in Cellular Signaling. Targets for New Drugs. Springer, New York, pp 220-225
181. 2-adenosine receptor subtype. Mol. Endocrinol. 6: 384-393
182. 2x receptors bring new structure to ligand-gated ion channels. Trends Neurosci. 18: 224-229
183. Surprenant, A., Science 272: 735-738
184. Todorov, L. D., Bjur, R. A., Westfall, D. P. (1994) Inhibitory and facilitatory effects of purines on transmitter release from sympathetic nerves. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 268: 985-989
185. 2 purinoceptor classification. Br. J. Pharmacol. 113: 463-470
186. 2 purinoceptor antagonist properties of pyridoxal-5-phosphate. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 259: 295-300
187. Trezise, D. J., Kennedy, I., Humphrey, P. P. A. (1994c) The use of antagonists to characterize the receptors mediating depolarization of the rat isolated vagus nerve by α,β-methylene adenosine 5′-triphosphate. Br. J. Pharmacol. 112: 282-288
188. 2x purinoceptors. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 351: 603-609
189. Tucker, A. L., Linden, J. (1993) Cloned receptors and cardiovascular responses to adenosine. Cardiovasc. Res. 27: 62-67
190. 1 receptors to G proteins in Alzheimer hippocampus: a quantitative autoradiographic study. Neuroscience 52: 843-854
191. 2x receptor for extracellular ATP. Nature 371: 516-519
192. Valera, S., Talabot, F., Evans, D. J., Gos, A., Antonarakis, S. E., Morris, M. A., Buell, G. (1995) Characterization and chromosomal localisation of a human P2X receptor from the urinary bladder. Recept. Channels 3: 283-289
193. Van Calker, D., Berger, M. (1993) Possible role of adenosine receptors in psychiatric diseases. Drug Dev. Res. 28: 354-358
194. Van Calker, D., Müller, M., Hamprecht, B. (1979) Adenosine regulates via two different types of receptors, the accumulation of cyclic AMP in cultured brain cells. J. Neurochem. 33: 999-1005
195. 1 MF-2 vas deferons cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 215: 317-320
196. 2x-receptor, in rabbit basilar artery: a receptor for pyrimidine nucleotides and a receptor for purine nucleotides. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 341: 538-546
197. Von Kügelgen, I., Starke, K. (1991) Noradrenaline-ATP co-transmission in the sympathetic nervous system. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 12: 319-324
198. 2-receptors of sympathetic neuro-effector transmission in the mouse isolated vas deferens. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 340: 522-532
199. Von Kügelgen, I., Bültmann, R., Starke, K. (1990) Interaction of adenine nucleotides, UTP and suramin in the mouse vas deferens: suramin-sensitive and suramin-insensitive components in the contractile effect of ATP. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 342: 198-205
200. 2-purinoceptors in feedback control of sympathetic transmitter release. Neuroscience 56: 263-267
201. 2-purinoceptor-mediated autoinhibition of sympathetic transmitter release in mouse and rat vas deferons. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 349: 125-132
202. 1 receptor agonist and antagonist on spatial learning and memory. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 249: 271-280
203. Voogd, T. E., Vansterkenburg, E. L. M., Wilting, J., Janssen, L. H. M. (1993) Recent research in the biological activity of suramin. Pharmacol. Rev. 45: 177-203
204. 2x receptors) as determined by immunohistochemistry. Soc. Neurosci. 21: 55
205. Webb, T. E., Simon, J., Krishek, B. J., Bateson, A. N., Smart, T. G., King, B. F., Burnstock, G., Banard, E. A. (1993) Cloning and functional expression of a brain G protein-coupled ATP receptor. FEBS Lett. 324: 219-225
206. 3) activated preferentially by nucleoside diphosphates. Mol. Pharmacol. In press 50: 258-265
207. 5. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 219: 105-110
208. Westfall, D. P., Shinozuka, K., Forsyth, K. M., Bjur, R. A. (1990) Presynaptic purine receptors. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 604: 130-135
209. 2-purinoceptor subtypes in guinea-pig smooth muscle. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 148: 361-370
210. 2y purinoceptor and nucleotide receptor-induced relaxation of precontracted bovine aortic collateral artery rings: differential sensitivity to suramin and indomethacin. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 268: 881-887
211. 2y purinoceptors and nucleotide receptors) coexisting on endothelial cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 45: 731-736
212. Williams, M. (1993) Purinergic drugs: opportunities in the 1990s. Drug Dev. Res. 28: 438-444
213. Williams, M., Cusack, N. J. (1990) Neuromodulatory roles of purine nucleosides and nucleotides: their receptors and ligands. Neurotransmissions VI: 1-6
214. 1-purinoceptors in rabbit vas deferens. Int. J. Purine Pyrimidine Res. 3: 113
215. 2X-purinoceptors. Br. J. Pharmacol. 113: 1015-1021
216. 2-purinoceptor subtype selectivity of pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2′,4′-disulphonic acid. Drug Dev. Res. 31: 334
217. Windscheif, U., Pfaff, O., Ziganshin, A. U., Hoyle, C. H. V., Bäumert, H. G., Mutschler, E., Burnstock, G., Lambrecht, G. (1995a) Inhibitory action of PPADS on relaxant responses to adenine nucleotides or electrical field stimulation in guinea-pig taenia coli and rat duodenum. Br. J. Pharmacol. 115: 1509-1517
218. Windscheif, U., Radziwon, P., Breddin, H. K., Bäumert, H. G., Lambrecht, G., Mutschler, E. (1995b) Two different inhibitory effects of pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2′,4′-disulphonic acid on ADP-induced human platelet aggregation. Arzn. Forsch. 45: 994-997
219. 3 adenosine receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89: 7432-7436
220. 2x-purinoceptor-mediated responses in the rabbit urinary bladder. Br. J. Pharmacol. 110: 1491-1495
221. Ziganshin, A. U., Hoyle, C. H. V., Burnstock, G. (1994a) Ectoenzymes and metabolism of extracellular ATP. Drug Dev. Res. 32: 134-146
222. Ziganshin, A. U., Hoyle, C. H. V., Lambrecht, G., Mutschler, E., Bäumen, H. G., Burnstock, G. (1994b) Selective antagonism by PPADS in rabbit isolated blood vessels. Br. J. Pharmacol. 111: 923-929
223. Ziganshin, A. U., Ziganshina, L. E., King, B. F., Burnstock, G. (1995) Characteristics of ecto-ATPase of Xenopus oocytes and the inhibitory actions of suramin on ATP breakdown. Pflügers Arch. 429: 412-418
224. Zimmermann, H. (1994) Signalling via ATP in the nervous system. Trends Neurosci. 17: 420-426
225. 2x-subtype. Drug Dev. Res. 31: 336
226. 2x-purinoceptors in the rat and hamster mesenteric arterial bed. Perspectives in Receptor Research, 10th Camerino-Noordwijkerhout Symp., Camerino, Italy: 171