Quantitative studies of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) schools: Important energy stores in the Arctic food web

Arctic

Volumn 49, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 181-193

  Crawford, R E ^a   Jorgenson, J K ^b  

^a FRESHWATER INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^b Waquoit Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve   (United States)

Author keywords

Arctic cod; biomass; Boreogadus saida; Canada; fish; grazing; Lancaster Sound; predation; trophic; zooplankton

Indexed keywords

ARCTOGADUS GLACIALIS; BOREOGADUS SAIDA; GADUS MORHUA;

BIOMASS; COD; DENSITY; ENERGY FLOW; FISH SHOALS; FOOD WEB; FOOD WEBS; SCHOOLING;

CANADA, NORTHWEST TERRITORIES, LANCASTER SOUND;

EID: 0029783257     PISSN: 00040843     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. ANON. 1988. Report on thejoint Norwegian/USSR acoustic survey of pelagic fish in the Barents Sea, September - October 1988. Unpubl. ms. Available at the Arctic Institute Library, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
2. APPENZELLER, A.R., and LEGGETT, W.C. 1992. Bias in hydroacoustic estimates of fish abundance due to acoustic shadowing: Evidence from day-night surveys of vertically migrating fish. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49:2179-2189.
3. ARMSTRONG, F., SIMMONDS, E.J., and MacCLENNAN, D.N. 1989. Sound losses through aggregations of fish. Proceedings of the International Omega Association 11:35-43.
4. BAIN, H.D., and SEKERAK, A.D. 1978. Aspects of the biology of Arctic cod, Boreogadus saida, in the central Canadian Arctic. Report by LGL Ltd., Toronto, for Polar Gas Project, Toronto. 104 p. Available at the Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 201 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6, Canada.
5. BERGMANN, M.A. 1989. CTD (conductivity, temperature, depth) profiles: Barrow Strait, N.W.T., 1984-1986. Canadian Data Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 752. 162 p.
6. BIOSONICS, INC. 1985. Fish density and biomass estimates from echo integration data using CRUNCH software. 26 p. Available from BioSonics, Inc., 4520 Union Bay Place NE, Seattle, Washington 98105, U.S.A.
7. BRADSTREET, M.S.W., FINLEY, K.J., SEKERAK, A.D., GRIFFITHS, W.D., EVANS, C.R., FABIJAN, M.F., and STALLARD, H.E. 1986. Aspects of the biology of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) and its importance in Arctic marine food chains. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1491. 193 p.
8. BUCHANAN, R.A., and SEKERAK, A.D. 1982. Vertical distribution of Zooplankton in eastern Lancaster Sound and western Baffin Bay, July - October 1978. Arctic 35:41 -55.
9. BUERKLE, U. 1985. Acoustic estimation of fish abundance in a large aggregation of herring. Canadian Atlantic Fisheries Scientific Advisory Committee (CAPS AC) Research Document 85/62. 26 p.
10. BURCZYNSKI, J.J., JOHNSON, R.L., KREIBERG, H., and KIRCHNER, W.B. 1990. Acoustic estimation of dense aggregations of fish in sea pens. Rapports et Procès-Verbaux des Réunions du Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 189:54-64.
11. CRAWFORD, R.E., and FOX, J.K. 1992. Visualization of echo sounder data with a micro computer. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1840. 17 p.
12. CRAWFORD, R., and JORGENSON, J. 1990. Density distribution of fish in the presence of whales at the Admiralty Inlet landfast ice edge. Arctic 43:215-222.
13. CRAWFORD, R.E., and JORGENSON, J.K. 1993. Schooling behavior of Arctic cod, Boreogadus saida, in relation to drifting pack ice. Environmental Biology of Fishes 36:345-357.
14. DAVIES, I.E. 1973. Attenuation of sound by schooled anchovies. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 54:213-217.
15. DAWSON, J.J., and KARP, W.A. .1990. In situ measures of target-strength variability of individual fish. Rapports et Procès-Verbaux des Réunions du Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 189:264-273.
16. FOOTE, K.G. 1978. Analysis of empirical observations on the scattering of sound by encaged aggregations of fish. Fiskeridirektoratets Skrifter Serie HavUndersøkelser 16:423-456.
17. 1982. On multiple scattering in fisheries acoustics. Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer CM/1982/B:38.6 p.
18. 1983. Linearity of fisheries acoustics, with additional theorems. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 73:1932-1940.
19. 1984. School and multiple echoes. Subject Group G. Rapports et Procès-Verbaux des Réunions du Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 184:84-95.
20. 1990a. How to correct fish density estimates for extinction. Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer CM/1990/B:24.7 p.
21. 1990b. Correcting acoustic measurements of scatterer density for extinction. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 88:1543-1546.
22. FOOTE, K.G., HANSEN, K.A., and ONA, E. 1993. More on the frequency dependence of target strength of mature herring. Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer CM/1993/B:30. 8 p.
23. HOBSON, K.A., and WELCH, H.E. 1992. Observations of foraging northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) in the Canadian High Arctic. Arctic 45:150-153.
24. HOP, H., WELCH, H.E., and CRAWFORD, R.E. In press. Population structure and feeding ecology of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) schools in the Canadian High Arctic. American Fisheries Society Symposium.
25. JOHANNESSON, K.A., and MITSON, R.B. 1983. Fisheries acoustics. A practical manual for aquatic biomass estimation. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 240. 249 p.
26. LEAR, W.H. 1979. Distribution, size, and sexual maturity of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) in the Northwest Atlantic during 1959-1978. Canadian Atlantic Fisheries Scientific Advisory Committee (CAFSAC) Working Paper 79/58:40 p.
27. 1980. Morphometrics, meristics and gonad development of Arctic cod from northern Labrador during September, 1978. Canadian Atlantic Fisheries Scientific Advisory Committee (CAFSAC) Research Document 80/7: 16 p.
28. LeBLOND, P.H. 1980. On the surface circulation in some channels of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Arctic 33:189-197.
29. LILLY, G.R. 1980. The food of Arctic cod, Boreogadus saida (Lepechin), off Labrador in autumn, 1978. Canadian Atlantic Fisheries Scientific Advisory Committee (CAFSAC) Research Document 80/4. 11 p.
30. LOWRY, L.F., and FROST, K.J. 1981. Distribution, growth and foods of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) in the Bering, Chukchi and Beaufort Seas. Canadian Field-Naturalist 95:186-191.
31. MacLENNAN, D.N., and FORBES, S.T. 1984. Fisheries acoustics: A review of general principles. Rapports et Procès-Verbaux des Réunions du Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 184:7-18.
32. MacLENNAN, D.N., MAGURRAN, A.E., PITCHER, T.J., and HOLLINGVVORTH, C.E. 1990. Behavioural determinants of fish target strength. Rapports et Procès-Verbaux des Réunions du Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 189:245-253.
33. OLSEN, K. 1986. Sound attenuation within schools of herring. Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer CM/1986/ B:44.7 p.
34. 1990. Fish behaviour and acoustic sampling. Rapports et Procès-Verbaux des Réunions du Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 189:147-158.
35. ONA, E. 1990. Physiological factors causing natural variations in acoustic target strength offish. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 70:107-127.
36. ONA, E. 1994. Detailed in situ target strength measurements of 0-group cod. Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer CM/1994/B:30. 9 p.
37. OSUGA, D.T., and FEENEY, R.E. 1978. Antifreeze glycoproteins from arctic fish. Journal of Biological Chemistry 253:5338-5343.
38. PITCHER, T.J., and PARTRIDGE, B.L. 1979. Fish school density and volume. Marine Biology 54:383-394.
39. PONOMARENKO.V.P. 1967.Areasofautumn-winterdistribution of polar cod in southern Barents Sea as an indicator of the inshore summer distribution of capelin and cod feeding on capelin. Voprosy Ikthiologii 7:1073 -1079. (Fisheries and Marine Service Canada, translation; 13 p.)
40. 1968. Some data on the distribution and migrations of polar cod in the seas of the Soviet Arctic. Rapports et Procès-Verbaux des Réunions du Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 158:131-135.
41. PRINSENBERG, S.J., and BENNETT, E.B. 1987. Mixing and transports in Barrow Strait, the central part of the Northwest Passage. Continental Shelf Research 7:913-935.
42. RØTTINGEN, 1.1976. On the relation between echo intensity and fish density. Fiskeridirektoratets Skrifter Serie HavUndersøkelser 16:301-314.
43. SIMMONDS, E.J., WILLIAMSON, N.J., GERLOTTO, F., and AGLEN, A. 1992. Acoustic survey design and analysis procedures: A comprehensive review of current practice. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Cooperative Research Report 187: 127 p.
44. SOKAL, R.R., and ROHLF, F.J. 1969. Biometry. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Co. 776 p.
45. SPRUGEL, D.G. 1983. Correcting for bias in log-transformed allometric equations. Ecology 64:209-210.
46. TORESEN, R. 1991. Absorption of acoustic energy in dense herring schools studied by the attenuation in the bottom echo signal. Fisheries Research 10:317-327.
47. WELCH, H.E., BERGMANN, M.A., SIFERD, T.D., MARTIN, K.A., CURTIS, M.F., CRAWFORD, R.E., CONOVER, R.J., and HOP, H. 1992. Energy flow through the marine ecosystem of the Lancaster Sound region, Arctic Canada. Arctic 45:343-357.
48. WELCH, H.E., CRAWFORD, R.E., and HOP, H. 1993. Occurrence of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) schools and their vulnerability to predation in the Canadian High Arctic. Arctic 46:331-339.