Signalling mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy

Indian Journal of Pharmacology

Volumn 28, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 58-71

  Reddy, D S ^a   Singh, M ^a   Chopra, K ^a  

^a PANJAB UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Angiotensin II; Cardiac hypertrophy; Gene expression; Noradrenaline; Peptide growth factors; Proto oncogenes

Indexed keywords

ANGIOTENSIN; ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; NITRIC OXIDE; NORADRENALIN; PROSTAGLANDIN;

CELL PROLIFERATION; ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION; HEART INFARCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE MUSCLE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE WORK; HEART STRESS; HUMAN; MUSCLE STRETCHING; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS REGULATION; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; VALVULAR HEART DISEASE;

EID: 0029778782     PISSN: 02537613     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Swynghedauw B. Cardiac Hypertrophy and Failure Paris/ London: INSERM/J Libbey Publication, 1990.
2. LeJemtel TH, Sonnenblick EH. Heart failure: Adaptive and maladaptive processes. Circulation 1993;87:1-4.
3. Grossman W. Cardiac hypertrophy: useful adaptation or pathological process? Am J Med 1990;69:576.
4. Van-Bilsen M, Chien KR, Growth and hypertrophy of heart: towards an understanding of cardiac specific and inducible gene expression. Cardiovasc Res 1993;27:1140-49.
5. Komuro I, Yazaki Y. Control of cardiac gene expression by mechanical stress. Annu Rev Physiol 1993;55:55-75.
6. Ueno H, Perryman MB, Roberts R, Schneider MD. Differentiation of cardiac myocytes withdrawal exhibits three sequential states of the ventricular growth response. J Cell Biol 1988;107:1911-18.
7. Olson EN. Regulatory mechanisms for skeletal muscle differentiation and their relevance to gene expression in the heart. Trends Cardiovasc Med 1992;2:163-70.
8. Minor JH, Wold BJ. c-myc inhibition of myoD and myogenin-initiated myogenic differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 1991;11: 2842-51.
9. Bengal E, Ransone L, Scharfmann R, et al. Functional antagonism between c-jun and MyoD proteins: A direct physical association. Cell 1992;68:507-19.
10. Nadal-Ginard B, Mahdavi V. General Principles of Cardiovascular Cellular and Molecular Biology. In: Braunwald E, (ed.). Heart Disease. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co., 1992:1602-1662.
11. Weinberg RA. Tumor suppressor genes. Science 1991; 254:1138-46.
12. Benezra R, Davis RL, Lockshson D, Turner DL, Weintraub H. The protein Id: a negative regulator of helix-loop-helix DNA binding proteins. Cell 1992;61:49-59.
13. Brennan TJ, Edmondson DG, Li L, Olson EN. Transforming growth factor beta represses the actions of myogenin through a mechanism independent of DNA binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:3822-26.
14. Chien KR, Zhu H, Knowlton KU, Miller-Hance W, Van-Bilsen M, O'Brien TX, Evans SM. Transcriptional regulation during cardiac growth and development. Annu Rev Physiol 1993;55:77-95.
15. Sartorelli V, Kedes L. Myocardial activation of the human cardiac α-actin promoter by helix-loop-helix proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:4047-51.
16. Pharmacek MS, Vora AJ, Tingliang S, Barr E, Jung F, Leidend JM. Identification and characterization of a cardiac specific transcriptional regulatory element in the slow/cardiac troponin C gene. Mol Cell Biol 1992;12:1967-76.
17. Navankasattusas S, Zhu H, Garcia A, Evans M, Chien KR. A ubiquitous factor (HF-1a) and a muscle factor (HF-1b/MEF-2) form an E-box independent pathways for muscle specific expression. Mol Cell Biol 1989;12:1469-79.
18. Greenberg ME, Greene L A, Ziff EB. Nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor induce rapid transient changes in proto- oncogene transcription in PC12 cells. J Biol Chem 1985;260.14101-10.
19. Morgan JJ, Curran T. Role of ion flux in the control of c-fos expression. Nature 1986;322:552-55.
20. Komuro I, Kurabayashi M, Takaku F, Yazaki Y. Expression of cellular oncogenes in the myocardium during the developmental stage and pressure-overload hypertrophy of the rat heart. Circ Res 1988;62:1075-79.
21. Komuro I, Kaida T, Shibazaki Y, Kurabayashi M, Katoh Y, et al. Stretching cardiac myocytes stimulates protooncogene expression. J Biol Chem 1990;265:3591-98.
22. Boheler KR, Dillman WH. Cardiac response to pressure overload in the rat: The selective alteration of in vitro directed RNA transcription products. Circ Res 1988;63: 448-56.
23. Subbit WL. Oncogenes, normal cell growth, and connective tissue disease. Annu Rev Med 1988;39:123-33.
24. Riabowol KT, Vosatka RJ, Ziff EB, Lamb NJ, Feramsco JR. Microinjection of fos-specific antibodies blocks DNA synthesis in fibroblast cells. Mol Cell Biol 1988;8:1670-76.
25. Schubeita HE, Thorburn J, Chien KR. Microinjection of antibodies and expression of vectors into living myocardial cell. Development of a novel approach to identify candidate genes that regulate cardiac growth and hypertrophy. Circulation 1992;85.2236-46
26. Jacobson SL, Piper HM. Cell cultures of adult cardiomyocytes as models of the myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1986;18:661-78.
27. Xenophontos XP, Gordon EE, Morgon HE. Effect of intraventricular pressure on protein synthesis in arrested rat hearts. Am J Physiol 1986;251:C95-98.
28. Chua BHL, Russo LA, Gordon EE, Kleinhans BJ, Morgan HE. Faster ribosome synthesis induced by elevated aortic pressure in rat heart. Am J Physiol 1987;252:C323-27.
29. Peterson MB, Lesch M. Protein synthesis and aminoacid transport in isolated rabbit right ventricular muscle. Circ Res 1972;31:317-27.
30. Kaida T, Komuro I, Yazaki Y. Increased protein synthesis and myosin isoform change in cultured cardiocytes by loading (Abstract). Circulation 1988;78:II-242.
31. Watson PA, Haneda TI, Morgan HE, Effect of higher aortic pressure on ribosome formation and cAMP content in rat heart. Am J Physiol 1989;256:C1257-61.
32. Xenophontos XP, Watson PA, Chua BHL, Haneda T, Morgan HE. Increased cAMP content accelerated protein synthesis in rat heart. Circ Res 1989,65:647-56.
33. Schneider MD, Roberts R, Parker TG. Modulation of cardiac genes by mechanical; stress. Mol Biol Med 1991;8:157-83.
34. Sadoshima J, Jahn L, Takahashi T, Kulik TJ, Izumo S. Molecular characterization of the stretch-induced adaptation of cultured cardiac cells. An in vitro model of load-induced cardiac hypertrophy. J Biol Chem 1992;267: 10551-60.
35. Sadoshima J, Takahashi T, Jahn L, Izumo S. Roles of mechanosensitive ion channels, cytoskeleton, and contractile activity in stretch-induced immediate early gene expression and hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:9905-9.
36. Morgan HE, Xenophontos XP, Haneda T, McGlaughin S, Watson PA. Stretch-anabolism transduction. J Appl Cardiol 1989;4:415-422.
37. Komuro I, Shibazaki Y, Kurabayashi M, Takaku F, Yazaki Y. Molecular cloning of gene sequences from rat heart rapidly responsive to pressure overload. Circ Res 1990;66:979-85.
38. Komuro I, Kotoh Y, Hoh E, Takaku F, Yazaki Y. Mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy and injury: possible role of protein kinase C activation. Jpn Circ J 1991;55:1149-57.
39. Komuro I, Kotoh Y, Kaida T, Shibazaki Y, Kurabayashi M, et al. Mechanical loading stimulates cell hypertrophy and specific gene expression in cultured rat cardiac myocytes. J Biol Chem 1991;266:1265-68.
40. Bustamante JO, Ruknudin A, Sachs F. Stretch-activated channels in heart cells: Relevance to cardiac hypertrophy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991;17:S110-13.
41. Guharay F, Sachs F. Stretch-activated single ion channel currents in tissue-cultured embryonic chick skeletal muscle. J Physiol (Lond) 1984;352:685.
42. Kent RL, Hoober K, Cooper C. Load responsiveness of protein synthesis in adult mammalian myocardium:role of cardiac deformation linked to sodium influx. Circ Res 1989;64:74-85.
43. Sen S, Kundu G, Mechail N, Castel J, Misono K, et al. Myotrophin: purification of a novel peptide from spontaneously hypertensive rat heart that influences myocardial growth. J Biol Chem 1990;265:16635-43.
44. Morgan HE, Baker KM. Cardiac hypertrophy: Mechanical, neural and endocrine dependence. Circulation 1991;83: 13-25.
45. Peach M. Renin-angiotensin system: Biochemistry and mechanisms of action. Physiol Rev 1977;57:313-370.
46. Dempsey P, McCalluem Z, Kent K, Cooper T. Direct myocardial actions of angiotensin II. Am J Physiol 1971; 220:477-81.
47. Bonnardeaux JL, Regoli D. Action of angiotensin and analogs on the heart. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1974; 52: 50-60.
48. Blumberg AL, Auckerly JA, Peach MJ. Differentiation of neurogenic and myocardial angiotensin II receptors in isolated rabbit atria. Circ Res 1975;36:719-26.
49. Ganten D, Minnich JL, Granger P, Hayduck K, Brecht HM, Barbeau Boucher R, Genest J. Angiotensin-forming enzyme in brain tissue. Science 1971;173:64-65.
50. Campbell DJ, Habener JF. Angiotensinogen gene is expressed and differentially regulated in multiple tissues of the rat. J Clin Invest 1986;78:31-39.
51. Deschepper CF, Mellon SH, Cummin F, Baxter JD, Ganong, WF. Analysis by immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization of renin and its mRNA in kidney, testis, adrenal and pituitary of the rat Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986;83: 7552-56.
52. Hellman W, Suzuki F, Ohkubo H, Nakanishi S, Ludwig G., Ganten D. Angiotensinogen gene expression in extra-hepatic rat tissues: Application of a solution hybridization assay. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1988; 338:327-31.
53. Lindpaintner K, Ganten D. The Cardiac renin-angiotensin system: An appraisal of present experimental and clinical evidence. Circ Res 1991;68:905-21.
54. Baker KM, Booz GW, Dostal DE. Cardiac action of angiotensin II: Role of an intracardiac renin-angiotensin system. Annu Rev Physiol 1992;54:227-241.
55. Lee MA, Bohm M, Paul M, Ganten D. Tissue renin-angiotensin systems: Their role in Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation 1993;87:7-13.
56. Schelling P, Fischer H, Ganten D. Angiotensin and cell growth: a link to cardiovascular hypertrophy? J Hypertens 1991;9:3-15.
57. Baker KM, Chernin MI, Wixson SK, Aceto JF. Renin-angiotensin system involvement in pressure overload cardiac hypertrophy. Am J Physiol 1990;259:H324-32.
58. Geisterfer AAT, Peach MJ, Owens GK. Angiotensin II induces hypertrophy, not hyperplasia, of cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 1988;62:749-56.
59. Berk BC, Vekshtein V, Gordon HM, Tsuda T Angiotensin II-stimulated protein synthesis in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Hypertension 1989;13:305-14.
60. Owens GK. Control of hypertrophic versus hyperplastic growth of vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol 1989;275:H1755-65.
61. Paquet JL, Baudouin-Legros M, Breunella G, Meyer P. Angiotensin II-induced proliferation of aortic myocytes in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 1990;8: 565-72.
62. Dubey RK, Roy A, Overbeek HW. Culture of renal arteriolar smooth muscle cells: mitogenic response to angiotensin II. Circ Res 1992;71:1143-52.
63. Sen S, Tarazi RC, Khairallah PA, Bumpus FM. Cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circ Res 1974;35:775-81.
64. Reffer JM, Pfeffer MA, Mirsky I, Braunwald E. Regression of LVH and prevention of LV dysfunction by captopril in the spontaneously hypertensive rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982;79:3310-14.
65. Sen S, Tarazi RC, Bumpus FM. Cardiac hypertrophy and antihypertensive therapy. Cardiovasc Res 1977;11:427-33.
66. Sen S, Tarazi RC, Bumpus FM. Effect of converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ 14225) on myocardial hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1980;2:169-76.
67. Linz W, Schoelkens BA, Ganten D. Converting enzyme inhibition specifically prevents the development and induces the regression of cardiac hypertrophy in rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 1989;11:1325-35.
68. Nakashima Y, Fouad FM, Tarazi RC. Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy from systemic hypertension by enalapril. Am J Cardiol 1984;53:1044-49.
69. Kaplan NM New perspectives in the treatment of hypertension with arterial disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1985;7:S131-34.
70. Khairallah PA, Kanabus J. Angiotensin and myocardial protein synthesis. In: Tarazi RD, Dunbar JB, (eds.) Perspectives in Cardiovascular Research. New York: Raven Press, 1983;8:337-47 (CONSENSUS Trial Study Group: Effect of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure: Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study. N Engl J Med 1987;316:1429-35).
71. Khairallah PA, Kanabus J. Angiotensin and myocardial protein synthesis. In: Tarazi RD, Dunbar JB, (eds.) Perspectives in Cardiovascular Research. New York: Raven Press, 1983;8:337-47 (CONSENSUS Trial Study Group: Effect of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure: Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study. N Engl J Med 1987;316:1429-35).
72. Beinlich CJ, White GJ, Baker KM, Morgan HE. Angiotensin-II and left ventricular growth in newborn pig heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1991;23:1031-38.
73. Pfeffer MA, Lamas GA, Vaughan DE, Parisi AF, Braunwald E. Effect of captopril on progressive ventricular dilatation after anterior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1988; 319:80-86.
74. Michel JB. Relationship between decrease in afterload and beneficial effects of ACE inhibitors in experimental cardiac hypertrophy and congestive heart failure. Eur Heart J 1990;11:17-26D.
75. Dahlof B, Pennert K, Hansson L. Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients: a metaanalysis of 109 treatment studies Am J Hypertens 1992;5:95-110.
76. Dahlof B. The importance of the renin-angiotensin system in reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy. J Hypertens 1993;11:S29-35.
77. Jalil JE, Janicki JS, Pick R, Weber KT. Coronary vascular remodeling and myocardial fibrosis in the rat with renovascular hypertension: Response to captopril. Am J Hypertens 1990;4:51-55.
78. Van Krimpen C, Smits JFM, Clentjens JPM, Debets JJM, Schoemaker RG, Struckyker Boudier HAJ, Bosman FT, Maemen MJAP. DNA synthesis in the non-infarcted cardiac interstitium after left coronary artery ligation in the rat: Effects of captopril. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1991;23:1245-53.
79. Weber KT, Brilla CG. Pathological hypertrophy and cardiac interstitium: Fibrosis and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Circulation 1991;83:1849-65.
80. Schorb W, Booz GW, Dostal DE, Canard KM, Chang KC, Baker KM. Angiotensin II is mitogenic in neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts. Circ Res 1993;72:1245-54.
81. Sadoshima J, Izumo S. Molecular characterization of angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes and hyperplasia of cardiac fibroblasts: critical role of the AT1 receptor subtype. Circ Res 1993;73:413-23.
82. Sadoshima J, Izumo S. Signal transduction pathways of angiotensln II induced c-fos gene expression in cardiac myocytes in vitro: Roles of phospholipid derived second messengers. Circ Res 1993;73:424-38.
83. Baker KM, Aceto JF. Angiotensin II stimulation of protein synthesis and cell growth in chick heart cells. Am J Physiol 1990;259:H610-18.
84. 1)angiotensin II receptor- mediated stimulation of protein synthesis in chick heart cells. Am J Physiol 1990;258:H806-13.
85. Baker KM, Singer HA, Aceto JF. Angiotensin II receptor mediated stimulation of cytosolic free calcium and inositol phosphates in chick myocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1989,251:578-585.
86. Schunkert H, Dzau VJ, Tang SS, Hirsch AT, Apstein CS, Lorell BH. Increased rat cardiac angiotensin converting enzyme activity and mRNA expression in pressure overload left ventricular hypertrophy: effects on coronary resistance, contractility, and relaxation. J Clin Invest 1991;86:1916-20.
87. Li C, Prakash O, Re RN. Altered regulation of angiotensin gene expression in the left ventricles of the hypertensive rats (Abstr.). Circulation 1989;80:II-450.
88. Reddy DS, Singh M, Ghosh S, Ganguly NK. Role of cardiac renin- angiotensin system in the development of pressure-overload left ventricular hypertrophy in rats with abdominal aortic constriction. Mol Cell Biochem 1996;155:1-11.
89. 1-adrenergic response. J Clin Invest 1983;72:732-38.
90. 1- adrenergic stimulation of rat myocardial cells increases protein synthesis. Am J Physiol 1986;251: H1076-84.
91. Zierhut W, Zimmer HG. Significance of myocardial α-and β-adrenoceptors in catecholamine-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Circ Res 1989;65:1417-25.
92. 1-adrenergic stimulation is coupled to cardiac myocyte hypertrophy. Am J Physiol 1991;260:H953-6.
93. Simpson PC, Kariya K, Karns LR, Long CS, Karliner JS. Adrenergic hormones and control of cardiac myocyte growth. Mol Cell Biochem 1991;104:35-43.
94. 1-adrenergic receptor interaction: Evidence for independent regulation of growth and beating. Circ Res 1985;56:884-94.
95. Longabaugh JP, Vatner DE, Homey CJ. The β-adrenergic receptor/adenylate cyclase system. In: Fozzard HA, Haber E, Jennings RB, Katz A, Morgan HE (Eds.) The Heart and Cardiovascular System. New York: Raven Press, 1986: 1097-118.
96. Dubus I, Samuel J, Marotte F, Delcayre C, Rappaport L. Beta-adrenergic agonists stimulate the synthesis of non-contractile but not contractile proteins in cultured myocytes isolated from adult rat heart. Circ Res 1990;66:867-74.
97. Bishopric NH, Sato B, Webster KA. Beta-adrenergic regulation a myocardial actin gene via a cyclic AMP-independent pathway. J Biol Chem 1992,267:20932-36.
98. Long CS, Kariya K, Karns L, Simpson PC. Sympathetic activity: Modulator of myocardial hypertrophy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991;17:320-4.
99. Allo SN, Carl LL, Morgan HE. Acceleration of growth of cultured cardiomyocytes and translocation of protein kinase C. Am J Physiol 1992;263:C319-25.
100. Simpson PC, Karliner JS. Regulation of cardiac myocyte hypertrophy by a tumor-promoting phorbol ester (Abstract). Clin Res 1985;33:229.
101. Kariya K, Karns LR, Simpson PC. Expression of a constitutively activated mutant of the β-isozyme of protein kinase C in cardiac myocytes stimulates the promoter of the β-myosin heavy chain isogene. J Biol Chem 1991;266: 10023-26.
102. 1-adrenergic- and protein kinase C-stimulated expression in cardiac myocytes (Abstr.). Circulation 1991;84:II-88.
103. 1-adrenergic and phorbol ester stimulation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1988;20:1081-85.
104. Hannan RD, Stennard FA, West AK. Expression of c-fos and related genes in the rat heart in response to norepinephrine. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1993;25:1135-48.
105. Brand T, Sharma HS, Schaper W. Expression of nuclear proto-oncogenes in isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1993;25:1325-37.
106. Schneider MD, Parker TG. Cardiac myocytes as targets for the action of peptide growth factors. Circulation 1990; 81:1443-56.
107. Cummins P. Fibroblast and transforming growth factor expression in the cardiac myocyte. Cardiovasc Res 1993; 27:1150-54.
108. Long CS, Henrich CJ, Sampson PC. A growth factor for cardiac myocytes is produced by cardiac non-myocytes. Cell Reg 1991;2:1081-95.
109. Engelmann GL, Dionne CA, Jaye MC. Acidic fibroblast growth factor and heart development Circ Res 1993;72: 7-19.
110. Cummins P. Transition in human atrial and ventricular myosin- light chain isoenzymes in response to cardiac pressure overload- induced hypertrophy. Biochem J 1982; 205:195-204.
111. Cummins P, Lambert J. Myosin transitions in the human and bovine heart:a developmental and anatomical study of heavy and light chain subunits in the atrium and ventricle. Circ Res 1986;58:846-58.
112. Spirito P, Fu Y-M, Zu Z-X, Epstein SE, Casscells W. Immunohistochemical localization of basic and acidic fibroblast growth factors in the developing rat heart. Circulation 1991;84:322-32.
113. Villareal FJ, Dillman WH. Cardiac hypertrophy-induced changes in mRNA levels for TGF-β-1, fibrinectin and collagen. Am J Physiol 1992;262:H1861-6.
114. Ito H, Hiroe M, Hirata Y, Tsujino M, Adachi S, Schichiri M, Koike A, Nogami A, Marumo F. Insulinlike growth factor-I induces hypertrophy with enhanced expression of muscle specific genes in cultured rat cardiomyocytes. Circulation 1993;87:1715-21.
115. Furlanetto RV, Underwood LE, Van Wyk JJ. Estimation of somatomedin-C levels in normal and patients with pituitary disease by radioimmunoassay. J Clin Invest 1977;60: 648-57
116. Needleman P, Blaine EH, Greenwald JE, Michener ML, Saper CP, Stockman PT, Olunay HE. The biochemical pharmacology of atria! peptides. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1989;29:23-54.
117. Schwarte JC, Gross C, Locomte JM, Bralet J. Minireview Enkaphalinase (EC 3.4.24.11) inhibitory protection of endogenous ANF against inactivation and potential therapeutic applications. Life Sci 1990;47:1279-97.
118. Souque A, Gross C, Schwartz JC. Binding of [125] atrial natriuretic factor to mouse lung membranes in vivo: characterization and effects of peptidase inhibitors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992;260:1373-78.
119. Day ML, Schwartz D, Weigand RC, Stockman, PT, Brunnet SR, et al. Ventricular atriopeptin: unmasking of messenger RNA and peptide synthesis by hypertrophy or dexamethasone. Hypertension 1987;9:485-91.
120. Field, LJ. Atrial natriuretic factor-SV40T antigen transgene produce tumors and cardiac arrhythmias in mice. Science 1988;239:1029-33.
121. Rockman HA, Ross RS, Harris AN, Knowlton KU, Steinhelper ME, et al. Segregation of atrial specific and inducible expression of an ANF transgene in an in vivo murine model of cardiac hypertrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:8277-81.
122. Gardner GI, Gertz BJ, Hane S. Thyroid hormone increases rat ANF mRNA accumulation in vivo and in vitro. Mol Endocrinol 1987;1:260-65.
123. Littion AL, Michael JB, Arnould E, Carrol P, Soubrier F. Myocardial recruitment during ANF mRNA increase with volume overload in the rat. Am J Physiol 1986;251: H890-96.
124. La Pointe MC, Deschepper CF, Wu J, Gardner DG. Extracellular calcium regulates expression of the gene for ANF. Hypertension 1990;15:20-28.
125. Moncada S, Palmer RMJ, Higgs EA. Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 1991;43:109-142.
126. MacAllister RJ, Calver AL, Riezebos J, et al. Relative potency and arteriovenous selectivity of nitrovasodilators on human blood vessels: An insight into targeting of nitric oxide delivery. JPET 1995;273:154-160.
127. Palmer RMJ, Ferrige AG, Moncada S. Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of EDRF. Nature 1987;327:524-26.
128. Hom JG, Grant SK, Wolfe G, et al. Lipopolysacharide-induced hypotension and vascular hyperreactivity in the rat: Tissue analysis of nitric oxide synthase mRNA and protein expression in the presence and absence of dexamethasone, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine or indomethacin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995;272:452-459.
129. Lahera V, Cachofeiro V. Nitroc oxide, renal function and hypertension. Meth Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1995; 17(A):27.
130. Vidai MJ, Romero JC, Vanhoutte PM. Endothelin-derived relaxing factor inhibits renin release. Eur J Pharmacol 1988;149:401-2
131. Garg VC, Hassid A. Nitric oxide-generating vasodilators and 8- bromocyclic guanosine monophosphate inhibit mitogenesis and proliferation of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest 1989;83:1774-77.
132. Barrett ML, Willis AL, Vane JR. Inhibition of platelet-derived mitogen release by nitroc oxide (EDRF). Agents Actions 1987;27:488-91.
133. Pierce K, Gil DW, Woodward DF, Regan JW. Cloning of human prostanoid receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1995;16:253-256.
134. Halushka PV, Mais DE, Mayeux PR, Morinelli TA. Thromboxane, prostaglandin and leukotriene receptors. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1989;10:213-39.
135. Yanagisawa M, Masaki T. Molecular biology and biochemistry of the endothelins. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1989; 10:374-78.
136. Webb ML, Bird JE, Lin K, Rose PM et al. BMS-182874 is a selective, nonpeptide endothelin ETA receptor antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995;272:1124-34.
137. Bolger GT, Berry R, Liard F, Garneau M, Jaramillo J. Cardiac responses and binding sites for endothelin in normal and cardiomyopathic hamsters. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992; 260:1314-22.
138. Sakurai T, Yanagisawa M, Takuwa Y, Miyazaki H, Kinura S, Goto K, Masak T. Cloning of a cDNA encoding a non-isopeptide selective subtype of the endothelin receptor. Nature 1990;348:732-35.
139. Karne S, Jayawickreme CK, Lerner MR. Cloning and characterization of an endothelin-3 specific receptor (ETc receptor) from Xenopus laevis dermal melanophores. J Biol Chem 1993;268:19126-33.
140. Aramori I, Nakanishi S. Coupling of two endothelin receptor subtypes to differing signal transduction in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biol Chem 1992;267: 12468-74.
141. Suzuki T, Hoshi H, Mitsui Y. Endothelin stimulates hypertrophy and contractility of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes in a serum- free medium. FEBS Lett 1990;268:149-151.
142. Hiley CR. Endothelin receptor ligands. Neurotransmission 1995;6(2):1-6.
143. Schubeita HE, McDonough PM, Harris AN, et al. Endothelin induction of inositol phospholipid hydrolysis, sarcomere assembly and cardiac gene expression in ventricular myocytes: a paracrine mechanism for myocardial cell hypertrophy. J Biol Chem 1990;265:20555-62.
144. Thorburn A, Thorburn J, Chen SY, et at. H-ras dependent pathways can activate morphological and genetic markers of cardiac muscle cell hypertrophy. J Biol Chem 1993; 268:2244-49.
145. La Morte VJ, Thorburn J, Knowlton KU, Chien KR, Feramisco J. Inhibition of Gq blocks α-adrenergic induction of ANF gene expression during cardiac muscle cell hypertrophy (Abstr.). Circulation 1992;86:I-764.
146. Haneda T, Watson PA, Morgan HE. Elevated aortic pressure preferentially accelerates ribosome formation through a cAMP-dependent mechanism, In: Roberts R, Schneider MD, (eds). Molecular Biology of the Cardiovascular System, ULCA symposium on Molecular and Cellular Biology. New York: Wiley-liss Inc., 1990;131:21-28.
147. Izumo S, Nadal-Ginard B, Mahdavi V. Proto-oncogene induction and reprogramming of cardiac gene expression produced by pressure overload. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988;85:339-43.
148. Starksen NF, Simpson PC, Bishopric N, et al. Cardiac myocyte hypertrophy is associated with c-myc protooncogene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986;83: 8348-50.
149. Morgan HE, Gordon EE, Kira E, Chua BHL, Russo LA, Peterson CJ, McDermott PJ, Watson PA. Biochemical mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy. Annu Rev Physiol 1987;49:533-43.
150. Schunkert H, John L, Izumo S, Apstein SC, Lorell BH. Localization and regulation of c-fos and c-jun protooncogenes induction by systolic wall stress in normal and hypertrophied rat hearts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;88:11480-84.
151. Chien KR, Knowlton KU, Zhu H, Chien S. Regulation of cardiac gene expression during myocardial growth and hypertrophy: molecular studies of an adaptive physiologic response. FASEB J 1991;5:3037-46.