메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 35, Issue 1-3, 1996, Pages 139-158

Subsurface chlorophyll maxima in the Skagerrak - Processes and plankton community structure

Author keywords

15N isotope; Bacteria; HPLC; Nanoplankton; Nitrogen uptake rates; Nutrients; Phaeocystis; Phytoplankton; Picoplankton; Pigments; Production; Respiration; Skagerrak; Synechococcus

Indexed keywords

CHLOROPHYLLS; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; PLANKTON; SUBSURFACE MAXIMA;

EID: 0029777727     PISSN: 13851101     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s1385-1101(96)90742-x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (27)

References (59)
  • 1
    • 0001434138 scopus 로고
    • Dosage automatique de l'urée dans l'eau de mer: Une méthode très sensible à la diacétylmonoxime
    • Aminot, A. & R. Kerouel, 1982. Dosage automatique de l'urée dans l'eau de mer: une méthode très sensible à la diacétylmonoxime. - Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 39: 174-183.
    • (1982) Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. , vol.39 , pp. 174-183
    • Aminot, A.1    Kerouel, R.2
  • 2
    • 49949138620 scopus 로고
    • The measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the Technicon Autoanalyzer, and associated equipment
    • Armstrong, F.A.J., C.R. Stearns & J.D.H. Strickland, 1967. The measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the Technicon Autoanalyzer, and associated equipment. - Deep-Sea Res. 14: 381-389.
    • (1967) Deep-Sea Res. , vol.14 , pp. 381-389
    • Armstrong, F.A.J.1    Stearns, C.R.2    Strickland, J.D.H.3
  • 6
    • 0022851274 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal and annual variation in Phaeocystis pouchetii (Haptophyceae) in the westernmost inlet of the Wadden Sea during the 1973 to 1985 period-Neth
    • Cadée, G.C. & J. Hegeman, 1986. Seasonal and annual variation in Phaeocystis pouchetii (Haptophyceae) in the westernmost inlet of the Wadden Sea during the 1973 to 1985 period-Neth. J. Sea Res. 20: 29-36.
    • (1986) J. Sea Res. , vol.20 , pp. 29-36
    • Cadée, G.C.1    Hegeman, J.2
  • 7
    • 0003789779 scopus 로고
    • A treatise on the phytoplankton of the Atlantic and its tributaries and on the periodical changes of the plankton of the Skagerrak
    • Uppsala
    • Cleve, P.T., 1897. A treatise on the phytoplankton of the Atlantic and its tributaries and on the periodical changes of the plankton of the Skagerrak. - Bih. K. Sv. Vet. - Akad. Handl. XXII, 3, No 5. Uppsala.
    • (1897) Bih. K. Sv. Vet. - Akad. Handl. XXII , vol.3 , Issue.5
    • Cleve, P.T.1
  • 8
    • 0025948664 scopus 로고
    • Effects of irradiance on nitrogen uptake by phytoplankton: Comparison of frontal and stratified communities
    • Cochlan, W.P., N.M. Price & P.J. Harrison, 1991. Effects of irradiance on nitrogen uptake by phytoplankton: comparison of frontal and stratified communities. - Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 69: 103-116.
    • (1991) Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , vol.69 , pp. 103-116
    • Cochlan, W.P.1    Price, N.M.2    Harrison, P.J.3
  • 9
    • 0002980046 scopus 로고
    • Chlorophyll maximum layers of the Southern California Bight and possible mechanisms of their formation and maintenance
    • Cullen, J.J. & R.W. Eppley, 1981. Chlorophyll maximum layers of the Southern California Bight and possible mechanisms of their formation and maintenance. - Oceanol. Acta 4: 23-32.
    • (1981) Oceanol. Acta , vol.4 , pp. 23-32
    • Cullen, J.J.1    Eppley, R.W.2
  • 10
    • 1842660104 scopus 로고
    • Variability of nutrients and chlorophyll in the Skagerrak, 1980-1990
    • Danielssen, D.S. & E. Dahl, 1992. Variability of nutrients and chlorophyll in the Skagerrak, 1980-1990. - J. mar. Sci., ICES 195: 462-464.
    • (1992) J. Mar. Sci., ICES , vol.195 , pp. 462-464
    • Danielssen, D.S.1    Dahl, E.2
  • 12
    • 0000171302 scopus 로고
    • Factors regulating bottom-up control of bacterial biomass in open ocean plankton communities
    • Ducklow, H.W. 1992. Factors regulating bottom-up control of bacterial biomass in open ocean plankton communities. - Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. Ergebn. Limnol. 37: 207-217.
    • (1992) Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. Ergebn. Limnol. , vol.37 , pp. 207-217
    • Ducklow, H.W.1
  • 13
    • 0002441131 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial production in estuaries
    • T.E. Ford. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
    • Ducklow, H.W. & F.-K. Shiah, 1993. Bacterial production in estuaries. In: T.E. Ford. Aquatic Microbiology - an ecological approach. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford: 261-287.
    • (1993) Aquatic Microbiology - An Ecological Approach , pp. 261-287
    • Ducklow, H.W.1    Shiah, F.-K.2
  • 14
    • 81755164125 scopus 로고
    • Uptake of new and regenerated forms of nitrogen in primary productivity
    • Dugdale, R.C. & J.J. Goering, 1967. Uptake of new and regenerated forms of nitrogen in primary productivity. - Limnol. Oceanogr. 12: 196-206.
    • (1967) Limnol. Oceanogr. , vol.12 , pp. 196-206
    • Dugdale, R.C.1    Goering, J.J.2
  • 15
    • 0022834493 scopus 로고
    • 15N to measure nitrogen uptake in eutrophic oceans: Experimental considerations
    • 15N to measure nitrogen uptake in eutrophic oceans: experimental considerations. - Limnol. Oceanogr. 31: 673-689.
    • (1986) Limnol. Oceanogr. , vol.31 , pp. 673-689
    • Dugdale, R.C.1    Wilkerson, F.P.2
  • 16
    • 23644453014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen speciation and nitrification potential in the Skagerrak area during the SKAGEX IV experiment
    • in press in press
    • Enoksson, V., E. Fogelqvist & S. Fonselius, in press. Nitrogen speciation and nitrification potential in the Skagerrak area during the SKAGEX IV experiment. - Deep-Sea Res. (in press).
    • Deep-Sea Res.
    • Enoksson, V.1    Fogelqvist, E.2    Fonselius, S.3
  • 17
    • 0025692916 scopus 로고
    • A nitrogen-based model of plankton dynamics in the oceanic mixed layer
    • Fasham, M.J.R., H.W. Ducklow & S.M. McKelvie, 1990. A nitrogen-based model of plankton dynamics in the oceanic mixed layer. - J. mar. Res. 48: 591-639.
    • (1990) J. Mar. Res. , vol.48 , pp. 591-639
    • Fasham, M.J.R.1    Ducklow, H.W.2    McKelvie, S.M.3
  • 19
    • 34250228655 scopus 로고
    • Thymidine incorporation as a measure of heterotrophic bacterioplankton production in marine surface waters: Evaluation and field results
    • Fuhrman, J.A. & F. Azam, 1982. Thymidine incorporation as a measure of heterotrophic bacterioplankton production in marine surface waters: evaluation and field results. - Mar. Biol. 66: 109-120.
    • (1982) Mar. Biol. , vol.66 , pp. 109-120
    • Fuhrman, J.A.1    Azam, F.2
  • 20
    • 0024195758 scopus 로고
    • Abundances of autophototrophic and heterotrophic nanoplankton and the size distribution of microbial biomass in the southwestern North Sea in October 1986
    • Geider, R.J., 1988. Abundances of autophototrophic and heterotrophic nanoplankton and the size distribution of microbial biomass in the southwestern North Sea in October 1986. - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 123: 127-145.
    • (1988) J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , vol.123 , pp. 127-145
    • Geider, R.J.1
  • 21
    • 0002460674 scopus 로고
    • Primary productivity and pelagic nitrogen cycling
    • T.H. Blackburn & J. Sørensen. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, New York
    • Gilbert, P.M., 1988. Primary productivity and pelagic nitrogen cycling. In: T.H. Blackburn & J. Sørensen. Nitrogen cycling in coastal marine environments. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, New York: 3-31.
    • (1988) Nitrogen Cycling in Coastal Marine Environments , pp. 3-31
    • Gilbert, P.M.1
  • 22
    • 84988159801 scopus 로고
    • The pigments of Prochlorococcus marinus: The presence of divinyl chlorophyll a and b in a marine procaryote
    • Goericke, R. & D.J. Repeta, 1992. The pigments of Prochlorococcus marinus: The presence of divinyl chlorophyll a and b in a marine procaryote. - Limnol. Oceanogr. 37: 425-433.
    • (1992) Limnol. Oceanogr. , vol.37 , pp. 425-433
    • Goericke, R.1    Repeta, D.J.2
  • 24
    • 0001621280 scopus 로고
    • Automatic potentiometric determination of dissolved oxygen
    • Granéli, W. & E. Granéli, 1991. Automatic potentiometric determination of dissolved oxygen. - Mar. Biol. 108: 341-348.
    • (1991) Mar. Biol. , vol.108 , pp. 341-348
    • Granéli, W.1    Granéli, E.2
  • 25
    • 0002882651 scopus 로고
    • Photosynthetic pigments in the Haptophyta
    • J.C. Green & B.S.C. Leadbeater. Clarendon Press, Oxford
    • Jeffrey, S.W. & S.W. Wright, 1994. Photosynthetic pigments in the Haptophyta. In: J.C. Green & B.S.C. Leadbeater. The Haptophyte Algae. Clarendon Press, Oxford: 111-132.
    • (1994) The Haptophyte Algae , pp. 111-132
    • Jeffrey, S.W.1    Wright, S.W.2
  • 26
    • 0027136890 scopus 로고
    • Bio-optical characteristics and photoadaptive responses in the toxic and bloom-forming dinoflagellates Gyrodinium aureolum, Gymnodinium galatheanum, and two strains of Promcentrum minimum
    • Johnsen, G. & E. Sakshaug, 1993. Bio-optical characteristics and photoadaptive responses in the toxic and bloom-forming dinoflagellates Gyrodinium aureolum, Gymnodinium galatheanum, and two strains of Promcentrum minimum. - J. Phycol. 29: 627-642.
    • (1993) J. Phycol. , vol.29 , pp. 627-642
    • Johnsen, G.1    Sakshaug, E.2
  • 27
    • 0027387529 scopus 로고
    • Size-fractionated primary productivity in the Northeast Atlantic in May-July 1989
    • Joint, I., A. Pomroy, G. Savidge & P. Boyd, 1993. Size-fractionated primary productivity in the Northeast Atlantic in May-July 1989 - Deep-Sea Res. 40: 423-440.
    • (1993) Deep-Sea Res. , vol.40 , pp. 423-440
    • Joint, I.1    Pomroy, A.2    Savidge, G.3    Boyd, P.4
  • 28
    • 0026363283 scopus 로고
    • The Chrysochromulina polylepis bloom in the Kattegat (Scandinavia) May-June 1988. Distribution, primary production and nutrient dynamics in the late stage of the bloom
    • Kaas, H., J. Larsen, F. Møhlenberg & K. Richardson, 1992. The Chrysochromulina polylepis bloom in the Kattegat (Scandinavia) May-June 1988. Distribution, primary production and nutrient dynamics in the late stage of the bloom. - Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 79: 151-161.
    • (1992) Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , vol.79 , pp. 151-161
    • Kaas, H.1    Larsen, J.2    Møhlenberg, F.3    Richardson, K.4
  • 29
    • 0026340277 scopus 로고
    • Size structure of planktonic particles in relation to hydrographic structure in the Skagerrak
    • Kahru, M. & A. Leeben, 1991. Size structure of planktonic particles in relation to hydrographic structure in the Skagerrak. - Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 76: 159-166.
    • (1991) Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , vol.76 , pp. 159-166
    • Kahru, M.1    Leeben, A.2
  • 30
    • 0024910613 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal phosphate uptake by size-fractionated plankton in the Skagerrak
    • Karlson, B., 1989. Seasonal phosphate uptake by size-fractionated plankton in the Skagerrak. - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 127: 141-154.
    • (1989) J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , vol.127 , pp. 141-154
    • Karlson, B.1
  • 31
    • 0000985768 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal distribution of picoplanktonic cyanobacteria of Synechococcus type in the eastern Skagerrak
    • Karlson, B. & P. Nilsson, 1991. Seasonal distribution of picoplanktonic cyanobacteria of Synechococcus type in the eastern Skagerrak. - Ophelia 34: 171-179.
    • (1991) Ophelia , vol.34 , pp. 171-179
    • Karlson, B.1    Nilsson, P.2
  • 32
    • 43949090053 scopus 로고
    • Turbulence, phytoplankton cell size, and the structure of pelagic food webs
    • J.H.S. Blaxter & A.J. Southward. Academic Press, London
    • Kiørboe, T., 1993. Turbulence, phytoplankton cell size, and the structure of pelagic food webs. In: J.H.S. Blaxter & A.J. Southward. Advances in marine biology. Academic Press, London: 1-72.
    • (1993) Advances in Marine Biology , pp. 1-72
    • Kiørboe, T.1
  • 34
    • 0000046862 scopus 로고
    • Determination of phosphorus
    • K. Grasshoff. Verlag Chemie, New York
    • Koroleff, F., 1976. Determination of phosphorus. In: K. Grasshoff. Methods of seawater analysis. Verlag Chemie, New York: 117-126.
    • (1976) Methods of Seawater Analysis , pp. 117-126
    • Koroleff, F.1
  • 35
    • 0028066274 scopus 로고
    • Seasonality and composition of pico- And nanoplanktonic cyanobacteria and protists in the Skagerrak
    • Kuylenstierna, M. & B. Karlson, 1994. Seasonality and composition of pico- and nanoplanktonic cyanobacteria and protists in the Skagerrak. - Bot. Mar. 37: 17-33.
    • (1994) Bot. Mar. , vol.37 , pp. 17-33
    • Kuylenstierna, M.1    Karlson, B.2
  • 36
    • 0027073973 scopus 로고
    • 3 of marine phytoplankton by reversed-phase-c18-high-performance liquid chromatography
    • 3 of marine phytoplankton by reversed-phase-c18-high-performance liquid chromatography. - J. Phycol. 28: 708-712.
    • (1992) J. Phycol. , vol.28 , pp. 708-712
    • Kraay, G.W.1    Zapata, M.2    Veldhuis, M.J.W.3
  • 38
    • 21144473478 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal cycle of diatoms in the Skagerrak, North Atlantic, with emphasis on the period 1980-1990
    • Lange, C.B., G.R. Hasle & E.E. Syvertsen, 1992. Seasonal cycle of diatoms in the Skagerrak, North Atlantic, with emphasis on the period 1980-1990. - Sarsia 77: 173-187.
    • (1992) Sarsia , vol.77 , pp. 173-187
    • Lange, C.B.1    Hasle, G.R.2    Syvertsen, E.E.3
  • 39
    • 0000819559 scopus 로고
    • Relationships between bio-volume and biomass of naturally-derived marine bacterioplankton
    • Lee, S. & J.A. Fuhrman, 1987. Relationships between bio-volume and biomass of naturally-derived marine bacterioplankton. - Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52: 1298-1303.
    • (1987) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.52 , pp. 1298-1303
    • Lee, S.1    Fuhrman, J.A.2
  • 40
    • 0028604689 scopus 로고
    • Phytoplankton pigments in the deep chlorophyll maximum of the Caribbean Sea and the western tropical Atlantic Ocean
    • McManus, G.B. & R. Dawson, 1994. Phytoplankton pigments in the deep chlorophyll maximum of the Caribbean Sea and the western tropical Atlantic Ocean. - Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 113: 199-206.
    • (1994) Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , vol.113 , pp. 199-206
    • McManus, G.B.1    Dawson, R.2
  • 41
    • 0022972183 scopus 로고
    • Strategy by which nitrogen-fixing unicellular cyanobacteria grow photoautotrophically
    • Mitsui, A., S. Kumazawa, A. Takahashi, H. Ikemoto, S. Cao & T. Arai, 1986. Strategy by which nitrogen-fixing unicellular cyanobacteria grow photoautotrophically. - Nature 323: 720-722.
    • (1986) Nature , vol.323 , pp. 720-722
    • Mitsui, A.1    Kumazawa, S.2    Takahashi, A.3    Ikemoto, H.4    Cao, S.5    Arai, T.6
  • 42
    • 0027803776 scopus 로고
    • Structure of plankton communities in the Dogger Bank area (North Sea) during a stratified situation
    • Nielsen, T.G., B. Lokkegaard, K. Richardson, F.B. Pedersen & L. Hansen, 1993. Structure of plankton communities in the Dogger Bank area (North Sea) during a stratified situation. - Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 95: 115-131.
    • (1993) Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , vol.95 , pp. 115-131
    • Nielsen, T.G.1    Lokkegaard, B.2    Richardson, K.3    Pedersen, F.B.4    Hansen, L.5
  • 43
    • 0027803643 scopus 로고
    • Bacterivory in algae: A survival strategy during nutrient limitation
    • Nygaard, K. & A. Tobiesen, 1993. Bacterivory in algae: A survival strategy during nutrient limitation. - Limnol. Oceanogr. 38: 273-279.
    • (1993) Limnol. Oceanogr. , vol.38 , pp. 273-279
    • Nygaard, K.1    Tobiesen, A.2
  • 44
    • 0025628999 scopus 로고
    • Diel patterns of combined nitrogen uptake and intracellular storage of nitrate by phytoplankton in frontal systems of the open Skagerrak
    • Pettersson, K. & E. Sahlsten, 1990. Diel patterns of combined nitrogen uptake and intracellular storage of nitrate by phytoplankton in frontal systems of the open Skagerrak. - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 138: 167-182.
    • (1990) J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , vol.138 , pp. 167-182
    • Pettersson, K.1    Sahlsten, E.2
  • 45
    • 0020354099 scopus 로고
    • Vertical distribution of plankton in the Skagerrak in relation to doming of the seasonal pycnocline
    • Pingree, R.D., P.M. Holligan, G.T. Mardell & R.P. Harris, 1982. Vertical distribution of plankton in the Skagerrak in relation to doming of the seasonal pycnocline. - Cont. Shelf Res. 1: 209-219.
    • (1982) Cont. Shelf Res. , vol.1 , pp. 209-219
    • Pingree, R.D.1    Holligan, P.M.2    Mardell, G.T.3    Harris, R.P.4
  • 46
    • 84986870589 scopus 로고
    • The use of DAPI for identifying and counting aquatic microflora
    • Porter, K.G. & Y.S. Feig, 1980. The use of DAPI for identifying and counting aquatic microflora. - Limnol. Oceanogr. 25: 943-948.
    • (1980) Limnol. Oceanogr. , vol.25 , pp. 943-948
    • Porter, K.G.1    Feig, Y.S.2
  • 47
    • 0024222390 scopus 로고
    • Urea uptake by Sargasso Sea phytoplankton: Saturated and in situ uptake rates
    • Price, N.M. & P.J. Harrison, 1988. Urea uptake by Sargasso Sea phytoplankton: saturated and in situ uptake rates. - Deep-Sea Res. 35: 1579-1593.
    • (1988) Deep-Sea Res. , vol.35 , pp. 1579-1593
    • Price, N.M.1    Harrison, P.J.2
  • 48
    • 0000220458 scopus 로고
    • Plankton distribution and activity in the North Sea/Skagerrak - Kattegat frontal area in April 1984
    • Richardson, K., 1985. Plankton distribution and activity in the North Sea/Skagerrak - Kattegat frontal area in April 1984. - Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 26: 233-244.
    • (1985) Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , vol.26 , pp. 233-244
    • Richardson, K.1
  • 50
    • 0029731775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluxes of water and nutrients within and into the Skagerrak
    • Rydberg, L., J. Haamer & O. Liungman, 1996. Fluxes of water and nutrients within and into the Skagerrak. - J. Sea. Res. 35: 23-38.
    • (1996) J. Sea. Res. , vol.35 , pp. 23-38
    • Rydberg, L.1    Haamer, J.2    Liungman, O.3
  • 52
    • 0025995069 scopus 로고
    • Modeling of light-dependent algal photosynthesis and growth: Experiments with the Barents Sea diatoms Thalassiosira nordenskioldii and Chaetoceros furcellatus
    • Sakshaug, E., G. Johnsen, K. Andresen & M. Vernet, 1991. Modeling of light-dependent algal photosynthesis and growth: experiments with the Barents Sea diatoms Thalassiosira nordenskioldii and Chaetoceros furcellatus- Deep-Sea Res. 38: 415-430.
    • (1991) Deep-Sea Res. , vol.38 , pp. 415-430
    • Sakshaug, E.1    Johnsen, G.2    Andresen, K.3    Vernet, M.4
  • 53
    • 0001698080 scopus 로고
    • Phagotrophic phytoflagellates
    • K.C. Marshall. Plenum Press, New York & London
    • Sanders, R.W. & K.G. Porter, 1988. Phagotrophic phytoflagellates. In: K.C. Marshall. Advances in microbial ecology. Plenum Press, New York & London: 167-192.
    • (1988) Advances in Microbial Ecology , pp. 167-192
    • Sanders, R.W.1    Porter, K.G.2
  • 54
    • 84944813042 scopus 로고
    • Determination of ammonium in natural waters by the phenol-hypochlorite method
    • Solorzano, L., 1969. Determination of ammonium in natural waters by the phenol-hypochlorite method. - Limnol. Oceanogr. 14: 799-801.
    • (1969) Limnol. Oceanogr. , vol.14 , pp. 799-801
    • Solorzano, L.1
  • 55
    • 77956982356 scopus 로고
    • Observations on pigments and morphology of Gyrodinium aureolum Hulburt, a marine dinoflagellate containing 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin as the main carotenoid
    • Tangen, K. & T. Björnland, 1981. Observations on pigments and morphology of Gyrodinium aureolum Hulburt, a marine dinoflagellate containing 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin as the main carotenoid. - J. Plankt. Res. 3: 389-401.
    • (1981) J. Plankt. Res. , vol.3 , pp. 389-401
    • Tangen, K.1    Björnland, T.2
  • 56
    • 0025671681 scopus 로고
    • Bacteria, auto- And heterotrophic nanoflagellates, and their relations in mixed, frontal and stratified waters of the North Sea
    • Van Duyl, F.C., R.P.M. Bak, A.J. Kop & G. Nieuwland, 1990. Bacteria, auto- and heterotrophic nanoflagellates, and their relations in mixed, frontal and stratified waters of the North Sea. - Neth. J. Sea Res. 26: 97-109.
    • (1990) Neth. J. Sea Res. , vol.26 , pp. 97-109
    • Van Duyl, F.C.1    Bak, R.P.M.2    Kop, A.J.3    Nieuwland, G.4
  • 57
    • 0028160982 scopus 로고
    • Mesoscale variability in nitrogen uptake rates and the f-ratio during a coastal phytoplankton bloom
    • Vézina, A.F., 1994. Mesoscale variability in nitrogen uptake rates and the f-ratio during a coastal phytoplankton bloom. - Limnol. Oceanogr. 39: 854-868.
    • (1994) Limnol. Oceanogr. , vol.39 , pp. 854-868
    • Vézina, A.F.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.