Weaving the urban fabric: Nineteenth-century patterns of residential real estate development in outer Boston

Journal of Urban History

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 191-230

  Von Huffman, Alexander ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUILDING PATTERN; HISTORICAL STUDIES; NINETEENTH CENTURY; REAL ESTATE; URBAN HISTORY;

USA, MASSACHUSETTS, BOSTON, JAMAICA PLAIN;

EID: 0029773284     PISSN: 00961442     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/009614429602200202     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Sam Bass Warner, Jr., Streetcar Suburbs, The Process of Growth in Boston, 1870-1900 (Cambridge, MA, 1962); William S. Worley, J. C. Nichols and the Shaping of Kansas City: Innovation in Planned Residential Communities (Columbia and London, 1990), 12. Elizabeth Blackmar, Manhattan for Rent, 1785-1850 (Ithaca, 1989). Other scholars discount nineteenth-century real estate practices as mere prologue to the accomplishments of the community builders in the twentieth century. See Marc A. Weiss, The Rise of the Community Builders: The American Real Estate Industry and Urban Land Planning (New York, 1987). Taking a different approach, recent works such as Arnold R. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago, 1940-1960 (Cambridge, 1983), and Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York, 1985) focus on twentieth-century urban policies that promoted racial segregation.
2. Sam Bass Warner, Jr., Streetcar Suburbs, The Process of Growth in Boston, 1870-1900 (Cambridge, MA, 1962); William S. Worley, J. C. Nichols and the Shaping of Kansas City: Innovation in Planned Residential Communities (Columbia and London, 1990), 12. Elizabeth Blackmar, Manhattan for Rent, 1785-1850 (Ithaca, 1989). Other scholars discount nineteenth-century real estate practices as mere prologue to the accomplishments of the community builders in the twentieth century. See Marc A. Weiss, The Rise of the Community Builders: The American Real Estate Industry and Urban Land Planning (New York, 1987). Taking a different approach, recent works such as Arnold R. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago, 1940-1960 (Cambridge, 1983), and Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York, 1985) focus on twentieth-century urban policies that promoted racial segregation.
3. Sam Bass Warner, Jr., Streetcar Suburbs, The Process of Growth in Boston, 1870-1900 (Cambridge, MA, 1962); William S. Worley, J. C. Nichols and the Shaping of Kansas City: Innovation in Planned Residential Communities (Columbia and London, 1990), 12. Elizabeth Blackmar, Manhattan for Rent, 1785-1850 (Ithaca, 1989). Other scholars discount nineteenth-century real estate practices as mere prologue to the accomplishments of the community builders in the twentieth century. See Marc A. Weiss, The Rise of the Community Builders: The American Real Estate Industry and Urban Land Planning (New York, 1987). Taking a different approach, recent works such as Arnold R. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago, 1940-1960 (Cambridge, 1983), and Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York, 1985) focus on twentieth-century urban policies that promoted racial segregation.
4. Sam Bass Warner, Jr., Streetcar Suburbs, The Process of Growth in Boston, 1870-1900 (Cambridge, MA, 1962); William S. Worley, J. C. Nichols and the Shaping of Kansas City: Innovation in Planned Residential Communities (Columbia and London, 1990), 12. Elizabeth Blackmar, Manhattan for Rent, 1785-1850 (Ithaca, 1989). Other scholars discount nineteenth-century real estate practices as mere prologue to the accomplishments of the community builders in the twentieth century. See Marc A. Weiss, The Rise of the Community Builders: The American Real Estate Industry and Urban Land Planning (New York, 1987). Taking a different approach, recent works such as Arnold R. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago, 1940-1960 (Cambridge, 1983), and Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York, 1985) focus on twentieth-century urban policies that promoted racial segregation.
5. Sam Bass Warner, Jr., Streetcar Suburbs, The Process of Growth in Boston, 1870-1900 (Cambridge, MA, 1962); William S. Worley, J. C. Nichols and the Shaping of Kansas City: Innovation in Planned Residential Communities (Columbia and London, 1990), 12. Elizabeth Blackmar, Manhattan for Rent, 1785-1850 (Ithaca, 1989). Other scholars discount nineteenth-century real estate practices as mere prologue to the accomplishments of the community builders in the twentieth century. See Marc A. Weiss, The Rise of the Community Builders: The American Real Estate Industry and Urban Land Planning (New York, 1987). Taking a different approach, recent works such as Arnold R. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago, 1940-1960 (Cambridge, 1983), and Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York, 1985) focus on twentieth-century urban policies that promoted racial segregation.
6. Sam Bass Warner, Jr., Streetcar Suburbs, The Process of Growth in Boston, 1870-1900 (Cambridge, MA, 1962); William S. Worley, J. C. Nichols and the Shaping of Kansas City: Innovation in Planned Residential Communities (Columbia and London, 1990), 12. Elizabeth Blackmar, Manhattan for Rent, 1785-1850 (Ithaca, 1989). Other scholars discount nineteenth-century real estate practices as mere prologue to the accomplishments of the community builders in the twentieth century. See Marc A. Weiss, The Rise of the Community Builders: The American Real Estate Industry and Urban Land Planning (New York, 1987). Taking a different approach, recent works such as Arnold R. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago, 1940-1960 (Cambridge, 1983), and Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York, 1985) focus on twentieth-century urban policies that promoted racial segregation.
7. The research method employed here had several components. The study began with a reconstruction of neighborhood land use patterns over time and the creation of an inventory of nineteenth-century subdivisions and structures. The next steps were to investigate the identities of landowners, subdividers, lot buyers, homeowners, and occupants; trace the activities and biographies of leading developers; and analyze in depth the methods employed in developing selected major parcels. The inventory of subdivisions and structures took the form of a data base of 325 forms concerning the history of approximately 400 buildings and 140 subdivisions. Sources that were used to assemble information pertaining to all aspects of the development process include historic maps and real estate atlases, subdivision plans, deed grantor and grantee indexes, and recorded legal transactions such as deeds and mortgages. Census manuscripts, poll tax lists of residents, newspaper obituaries, and other published memorials provided supplementary information regarding the identity and careers of developers and residents.
8. For tendencies toward segregation in Boston's outer city, see Warner, Streetcar Suburbs. Most urban history texts echo Warner's findings, as does Stuart M. Blumin, The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1760-1900 (Cambridge, 1989), 164-79, 275-85. For the mixed quality of nineteenth-century urban development, see Henry C. Binford, The First Suburbs: Residential Communities on the Boston Periphery, 1815-1860 (Chicago, 1985); John R. Stilgoe, Borderland, Origins of the American Suburb, 1820-1939 (New Haven, 1988), 136-8, 143-5; Janet Rothenberg Pack, "Urban Spatial Transformation: Philadelphia, 1850 to 1880, Heterogeneity to Homogeneity?" in Social Science History 8 (1984), 425-54; and for the larger scale of the town, see also Ann Durkin Keating, Building Chicago: Suburban Developers and the Creation of a Divided Metropolis (Columbus, 1988). For land uses, see Boston City Planning Board, Zoning for Boston, a Survey and a Comprehensive Plan (Boston, 1924), Map, "Uses of Property, 1922."
9. For tendencies toward segregation in Boston's outer city, see Warner, Streetcar Suburbs. Most urban history texts echo Warner's findings, as does Stuart M. Blumin, The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1760-1900 (Cambridge, 1989), 164-79, 275-85. For the mixed quality of nineteenth-century urban development, see Henry C. Binford, The First Suburbs: Residential Communities on the Boston Periphery, 1815-1860 (Chicago, 1985); John R. Stilgoe, Borderland, Origins of the American Suburb, 1820-1939 (New Haven, 1988), 136-8, 143-5; Janet Rothenberg Pack, "Urban Spatial Transformation: Philadelphia, 1850 to 1880, Heterogeneity to Homogeneity?" in Social Science History 8 (1984), 425-54; and for the larger scale of the town, see also Ann Durkin Keating, Building Chicago: Suburban Developers and the Creation of a Divided Metropolis (Columbus, 1988). For land uses, see Boston City Planning Board, Zoning for Boston, a Survey and a Comprehensive Plan (Boston, 1924), Map, "Uses of Property, 1922."
10. For tendencies toward segregation in Boston's outer city, see Warner, Streetcar Suburbs. Most urban history texts echo Warner's findings, as does Stuart M. Blumin, The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1760-1900 (Cambridge, 1989), 164-79, 275-85. For the mixed quality of nineteenth-century urban development, see Henry C. Binford, The First Suburbs: Residential Communities on the Boston Periphery, 1815-1860 (Chicago, 1985); John R. Stilgoe, Borderland, Origins of the American Suburb, 1820-1939 (New Haven, 1988), 136-8, 143-5; Janet Rothenberg Pack, "Urban Spatial Transformation: Philadelphia, 1850 to 1880, Heterogeneity to Homogeneity?" in Social Science History 8 (1984), 425-54; and for the larger scale of the town, see also Ann Durkin Keating, Building Chicago: Suburban Developers and the Creation of a Divided Metropolis (Columbus, 1988). For land uses, see Boston City Planning Board, Zoning for Boston, a Survey and a Comprehensive Plan (Boston, 1924), Map, "Uses of Property, 1922."
11. For tendencies toward segregation in Boston's outer city, see Warner, Streetcar Suburbs. Most urban history texts echo Warner's findings, as does Stuart M. Blumin, The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1760-1900 (Cambridge, 1989), 164-79, 275-85. For the mixed quality of nineteenth-century urban development, see Henry C. Binford, The First Suburbs: Residential Communities on the Boston Periphery, 1815-1860 (Chicago, 1985); John R. Stilgoe, Borderland, Origins of the American Suburb, 1820-1939 (New Haven, 1988), 136-8, 143-5; Janet Rothenberg Pack, "Urban Spatial Transformation: Philadelphia, 1850 to 1880, Heterogeneity to Homogeneity?" in Social Science History 8 (1984), 425-54; and for the larger scale of the town, see also Ann Durkin Keating, Building Chicago: Suburban Developers and the Creation of a Divided Metropolis (Columbus, 1988). For land uses, see Boston City Planning Board, Zoning for Boston, a Survey and a Comprehensive Plan (Boston, 1924), Map, "Uses of Property, 1922."
12. For tendencies toward segregation in Boston's outer city, see Warner, Streetcar Suburbs. Most urban history texts echo Warner's findings, as does Stuart M. Blumin, The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1760-1900 (Cambridge, 1989), 164-79, 275-85. For the mixed quality of nineteenth-century urban development, see Henry C. Binford, The First Suburbs: Residential Communities on the Boston Periphery, 1815-1860 (Chicago, 1985); John R. Stilgoe, Borderland, Origins of the American Suburb, 1820-1939 (New Haven, 1988), 136-8, 143-5; Janet Rothenberg Pack, "Urban Spatial Transformation: Philadelphia, 1850 to 1880, Heterogeneity to Homogeneity?" in Social Science History 8 (1984), 425-54; and for the larger scale of the town, see also Ann Durkin Keating, Building Chicago: Suburban Developers and the Creation of a Divided Metropolis (Columbus, 1988). For land uses, see Boston City Planning Board, Zoning for Boston, a Survey and a Comprehensive Plan (Boston, 1924), Map, "Uses of Property, 1922."
13. For tendencies toward segregation in Boston's outer city, see Warner, Streetcar Suburbs. Most urban history texts echo Warner's findings, as does Stuart M. Blumin, The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1760-1900 (Cambridge, 1989), 164-79, 275-85. For the mixed quality of nineteenth-century urban development, see Henry C. Binford, The First Suburbs: Residential Communities on the Boston Periphery, 1815-1860 (Chicago, 1985); John R. Stilgoe, Borderland, Origins of the American Suburb, 1820-1939 (New Haven, 1988), 136-8, 143-5; Janet Rothenberg Pack, "Urban Spatial Transformation: Philadelphia, 1850 to 1880, Heterogeneity to Homogeneity?" in Social Science History 8 (1984), 425-54; and for the larger scale of the town, see also Ann Durkin Keating, Building Chicago: Suburban Developers and the Creation of a Divided Metropolis (Columbus, 1988). For land uses, see Boston City Planning Board, Zoning for Boston, a Survey and a Comprehensive Plan (Boston, 1924), Map, "Uses of Property, 1922."
14. For tendencies toward segregation in Boston's outer city, see Warner, Streetcar Suburbs. Most urban history texts echo Warner's findings, as does Stuart M. Blumin, The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1760-1900 (Cambridge, 1989), 164-79, 275-85. For the mixed quality of nineteenth-century urban development, see Henry C. Binford, The First Suburbs: Residential Communities on the Boston Periphery, 1815-1860 (Chicago, 1985); John R. Stilgoe, Borderland, Origins of the American Suburb, 1820-1939 (New Haven, 1988), 136-8, 143-5; Janet Rothenberg Pack, "Urban Spatial Transformation: Philadelphia, 1850 to 1880, Heterogeneity to Homogeneity?" in Social Science History 8 (1984), 425-54; and for the larger scale of the town, see also Ann Durkin Keating, Building Chicago: Suburban Developers and the Creation of a Divided Metropolis (Columbus, 1988). For land uses, see Boston City Planning Board, Zoning for Boston, a Survey and a Comprehensive Plan (Boston, 1924), Map, "Uses of Property, 1922."
15. Robert Fishman, Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia (New York, 1987); Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier; Stilgoe, Borderland; Binford, First Suburbs; Carol Zellie, Beyond the Neck: The Architecture and Development of Somerville, Massachusetts (Somerville, 1982); Walter Firey, Land Use in Central Boston (Cambridge, 1947), 84-6; Olivier Zunz, The Changing Face of Inequality: Urbanization, Industrial Development, and Immigrants in Detroit, 1880-1920 (Chicago, 1982), 292-302; Harold M. Mayer and Richard C. Wade, Chicago: Growth of a Metropolis (Chicago, 1969), 120, 122, 234-50, 348, 350, 352.
16. Robert Fishman, Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia (New York, 1987); Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier; Stilgoe, Borderland; Binford, First Suburbs; Carol Zellie, Beyond the Neck: The Architecture and Development of Somerville, Massachusetts (Somerville, 1982); Walter Firey, Land Use in Central Boston (Cambridge, 1947), 84-6; Olivier Zunz, The Changing Face of Inequality: Urbanization, Industrial Development, and Immigrants in Detroit, 1880-1920 (Chicago, 1982), 292-302; Harold M. Mayer and Richard C. Wade, Chicago: Growth of a Metropolis (Chicago, 1969), 120, 122, 234-50, 348, 350, 352.
17. Robert Fishman, Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia (New York, 1987); Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier; Stilgoe, Borderland; Binford, First Suburbs; Carol Zellie, Beyond the Neck: The Architecture and Development of Somerville, Massachusetts (Somerville, 1982); Walter Firey, Land Use in Central Boston (Cambridge, 1947), 84-6; Olivier Zunz, The Changing Face of Inequality: Urbanization, Industrial Development, and Immigrants in Detroit, 1880-1920 (Chicago, 1982), 292-302; Harold M. Mayer and Richard C. Wade, Chicago: Growth of a Metropolis (Chicago, 1969), 120, 122, 234-50, 348, 350, 352.
18. Robert Fishman, Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia (New York, 1987); Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier; Stilgoe, Borderland; Binford, First Suburbs; Carol Zellie, Beyond the Neck: The Architecture and Development of Somerville, Massachusetts (Somerville, 1982); Walter Firey, Land Use in Central Boston (Cambridge, 1947), 84-6; Olivier Zunz, The Changing Face of Inequality: Urbanization, Industrial Development, and Immigrants in Detroit, 1880-1920 (Chicago, 1982), 292-302; Harold M. Mayer and Richard C. Wade, Chicago: Growth of a Metropolis (Chicago, 1969), 120, 122, 234-50, 348, 350, 352.
19. Robert Fishman, Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia (New York, 1987); Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier; Stilgoe, Borderland; Binford, First Suburbs; Carol Zellie, Beyond the Neck: The Architecture and Development of Somerville, Massachusetts (Somerville, 1982); Walter Firey, Land Use in Central Boston (Cambridge, 1947), 84-6; Olivier Zunz, The Changing Face of Inequality: Urbanization, Industrial Development, and Immigrants in Detroit, 1880-1920 (Chicago, 1982), 292-302; Harold M. Mayer and Richard C. Wade, Chicago: Growth of a Metropolis (Chicago, 1969), 120, 122, 234-50, 348, 350, 352.
20. Robert Fishman, Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia (New York, 1987); Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier; Stilgoe, Borderland; Binford, First Suburbs; Carol Zellie, Beyond the Neck: The Architecture and Development of Somerville, Massachusetts (Somerville, 1982); Walter Firey, Land Use in Central Boston (Cambridge, 1947), 84-6; Olivier Zunz, The Changing Face of Inequality: Urbanization, Industrial Development, and Immigrants in Detroit, 1880-1920 (Chicago, 1982), 292-302; Harold M. Mayer and Richard C. Wade, Chicago: Growth of a Metropolis (Chicago, 1969), 120, 122, 234-50, 348, 350, 352.
21. Robert Fishman, Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia (New York, 1987); Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier; Stilgoe, Borderland; Binford, First Suburbs; Carol Zellie, Beyond the Neck: The Architecture and Development of Somerville, Massachusetts (Somerville, 1982); Walter Firey, Land Use in Central Boston (Cambridge, 1947), 84-6; Olivier Zunz, The Changing Face of Inequality: Urbanization, Industrial Development, and Immigrants in Detroit, 1880-1920 (Chicago, 1982), 292-302; Harold M. Mayer and Richard C. Wade, Chicago: Growth of a Metropolis (Chicago, 1969), 120, 122, 234-50, 348, 350, 352.
22. Robert Fishman, Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia (New York, 1987); Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier; Stilgoe, Borderland; Binford, First Suburbs; Carol Zellie, Beyond the Neck: The Architecture and Development of Somerville, Massachusetts (Somerville, 1982); Walter Firey, Land Use in Central Boston (Cambridge, 1947), 84-6; Olivier Zunz, The Changing Face of Inequality: Urbanization, Industrial Development, and Immigrants in Detroit, 1880-1920 (Chicago, 1982), 292-302; Harold M. Mayer and Richard C. Wade, Chicago: Growth of a Metropolis (Chicago, 1969), 120, 122, 234-50, 348, 350, 352.
23. Blackmar, Manhattan for Rent, David Ward, "The Industrial Revolution and the Emergence of Boston's Central Business District," Economic Geography 42, no. 2 (April 1966).
24. Blackmar, Manhattan for Rent, David Ward, "The Industrial Revolution and the Emergence of Boston's Central Business District," Economic Geography 42, no. 2 (April 1966).
25. Warner, Streetcar Suburbs, 124.
26. Rosalind Pollan, Carol Kennedy, and Edward Gordon, Boston Landmarks Commission, 1982 Survey and Planning Grant: Part II Jamaica Plain Inventory Forms, Building Inventory Form Jamaica Plain (hereafter abbreviated as BLC, JP) 50:602 Centre, JP 231: 12 St. John; JP 232: 17 St. John; Jamaica Plain Directory, 1868; Blue Book; joint ownership of St. John Street lots by Albert Lewis, a Hill trustee , and F. E. Richardson, Bromley, Atlas, 1897.
27. Rosalind Pollan, Carol Kennedy, and Edward Gordon, Boston Landmarks Commission, 1982 Survey and Planning Grant: Part II Jamaica Plain Inventory Forms, Building Inventory Form Jamaica Plain (hereafter abbreviated as BLC, JP) 50:602 Centre, JP 231: 12 St. John; JP 232: 17 St. John; Jamaica Plain Directory, 1868; Blue Book; joint ownership of St. John Street lots by Albert Lewis, a Hill trustee , and F. E. Richardson, Bromley, Atlas, 1897.
28. Rosalind Pollan, Carol Kennedy, and Edward Gordon, Boston Landmarks Commission, 1982 Survey and Planning Grant: Part II Jamaica Plain Inventory Forms, Building Inventory Form Jamaica Plain (hereafter abbreviated as BLC, JP) 50:602 Centre, JP 231: 12 St. John; JP 232: 17 St. John; Jamaica Plain Directory, 1868; Blue Book; joint ownership of St. John Street lots by Albert Lewis, a Hill trustee , and F. E. Richardson, Bromley, Atlas, 1897.
29. Mercedes M. Randall, Improper Bostonian: Emily Greene Balch (New York, 1964), 27-8; The Bowditch Family of Salem, Massachusetts (Boston, 1936), 7, 8, 10; Elizabeth Ann McGeough, Some Descendants of Captain William Greenough of Boston, Massachusetts, 56, 239-45; Eva Phillips Boyd, The History of the Loring-Greenough House (Jamaica Plain, 1957), 7; BLC, JP 62: 991 Centre, JP 63: 1011 Centre, JP 268: 32 Woodland, JP 227: 96 Rockwood; JP 215: 10 Roanoke.
30. Mercedes M. Randall, Improper Bostonian: Emily Greene Balch (New York, 1964), 27-8; The Bowditch Family of Salem, Massachusetts (Boston, 1936), 7, 8, 10; Elizabeth Ann McGeough, Some Descendants of Captain William Greenough of Boston, Massachusetts, 56, 239-45; Eva Phillips Boyd, The History of the Loring-Greenough House (Jamaica Plain, 1957), 7; BLC, JP 62: 991 Centre, JP 63: 1011 Centre, JP 268: 32 Woodland, JP 227: 96 Rockwood; JP 215: 10 Roanoke.
31. Mercedes M. Randall, Improper Bostonian: Emily Greene Balch (New York, 1964), 27-8; The Bowditch Family of Salem, Massachusetts (Boston, 1936), 7, 8, 10; Elizabeth Ann McGeough, Some Descendants of Captain William Greenough of Boston, Massachusetts, 56, 239-45; Eva Phillips Boyd, The History of the Loring-Greenough House (Jamaica Plain, 1957), 7; BLC, JP 62: 991 Centre, JP 63: 1011 Centre, JP 268: 32 Woodland, JP 227: 96 Rockwood; JP 215: 10 Roanoke.
32. Mercedes M. Randall, Improper Bostonian: Emily Greene Balch (New York, 1964), 27-8; The Bowditch Family of Salem, Massachusetts (Boston, 1936), 7, 8, 10; Elizabeth Ann McGeough, Some Descendants of Captain William Greenough of Boston, Massachusetts, 56, 239-45; Eva Phillips Boyd, The History of the Loring-Greenough House (Jamaica Plain, 1957), 7; BLC, JP 62: 991 Centre, JP 63: 1011 Centre, JP 268: 32 Woodland, JP 227: 96 Rockwood; JP 215: 10 Roanoke.
33. For an informative discussion of "found" or boarded labor and its demise, see Blackmar, Manhattan for Rent, 55-71. U.S. Census schedules, 1850, 1860; Jamaica Plain Directory, 1868; Hopkins, Atlas, 1874; BLC, JP133: 14 Grenada Park; Rudolph F. Haffenreffer, Letters to Home, 1864-1879 (privately printed, 1967), 69-70, 73, 76; BLC, JP 191:142-6 Paul Gore.
34. For an informative discussion of "found" or boarded labor and its demise, see Blackmar, Manhattan for Rent, 55-71. U.S. Census schedules, 1850, 1860; Jamaica Plain Directory, 1868; Hopkins, Atlas, 1874; BLC, JP133: 14 Grenada Park; Rudolph F. Haffenreffer, Letters to Home, 1864-1879 (privately printed, 1967), 69-70, 73, 76; BLC, JP 191:142-6 Paul Gore.
35. For an informative discussion of "found" or boarded labor and its demise, see Blackmar, Manhattan for Rent, 55-71. U.S. Census schedules, 1850, 1860; Jamaica Plain Directory, 1868; Hopkins, Atlas, 1874; BLC, JP133: 14 Grenada Park; Rudolph F. Haffenreffer, Letters to Home, 1864-1879 (privately printed, 1967), 69-70, 73, 76; BLC, JP 191:142-6 Paul Gore.
36. For an informative discussion of "found" or boarded labor and its demise, see Blackmar, Manhattan for Rent, 55-71. U.S. Census schedules, 1850, 1860; Jamaica Plain Directory, 1868; Hopkins, Atlas, 1874; BLC, JP133: 14 Grenada Park; Rudolph F. Haffenreffer, Letters to Home, 1864-1879 (privately printed, 1967), 69-70, 73, 76; BLC, JP 191:142-6 Paul Gore.
37. Much of the Goodrich estate was held in trust. Norfolk Registry of Deeds (hereafter NRD), 111:220; 196:166; Grantor, Grantee indices; Samuel Griswold Goodrich, Recollections of a Lifetime (New York, 1856) Volume II, 283; Whitcomb, Annals and Reminiscences, 28-9; Hales, Map, 1832; Daniel Roselle, Samuel Griswold Goodrich, Creator of Peter Parley, A Study of his Life and Work (Albany, 1968), 86, 138; Drake, Town of Roxbury, 231; Emily Goodrich Smith, "Peter Parley as Known to His Daughter," Connecticut Quarterly 4 (July-September 1898), 304-15, (October-December 1898), 406.
38. Much of the Goodrich estate was held in trust. Norfolk Registry of Deeds (hereafter NRD), 111:220; 196:166; Grantor, Grantee indices; Samuel Griswold Goodrich, Recollections of a Lifetime (New York, 1856) Volume II, 283; Whitcomb, Annals and Reminiscences, 28-9; Hales, Map, 1832; Daniel Roselle, Samuel Griswold Goodrich, Creator of Peter Parley, A Study of his Life and Work (Albany, 1968), 86, 138; Drake, Town of Roxbury, 231; Emily Goodrich Smith, "Peter Parley as Known to His Daughter," Connecticut Quarterly 4 (July-September 1898), 304-15, (October-December 1898), 406.
39. Much of the Goodrich estate was held in trust. Norfolk Registry of Deeds (hereafter NRD), 111:220; 196:166; Grantor, Grantee indices; Samuel Griswold Goodrich, Recollections of a Lifetime (New York, 1856) Volume II, 283; Whitcomb, Annals and Reminiscences, 28-9; Hales, Map, 1832; Daniel Roselle, Samuel Griswold Goodrich, Creator of Peter Parley, A Study of his Life and Work (Albany, 1968), 86, 138; Drake, Town of Roxbury, 231; Emily Goodrich Smith, "Peter Parley as Known to His Daughter," Connecticut Quarterly 4 (July-September 1898), 304-15, (October-December 1898), 406.
40. Much of the Goodrich estate was held in trust. Norfolk Registry of Deeds (hereafter NRD), 111:220; 196:166; Grantor, Grantee indices; Samuel Griswold Goodrich, Recollections of a Lifetime (New York, 1856) Volume II, 283; Whitcomb, Annals and Reminiscences, 28-9; Hales, Map, 1832; Daniel Roselle, Samuel Griswold Goodrich, Creator of Peter Parley, A Study of his Life and Work (Albany, 1968), 86, 138; Drake, Town of Roxbury, 231; Emily Goodrich Smith, "Peter Parley as Known to His Daughter," Connecticut Quarterly 4 (July-September 1898), 304-15, (October-December 1898), 406.
41. Much of the Goodrich estate was held in trust. Norfolk Registry of Deeds (hereafter NRD), 111:220; 196:166; Grantor, Grantee indices; Samuel Griswold Goodrich, Recollections of a Lifetime (New York, 1856) Volume II, 283; Whitcomb, Annals and Reminiscences, 28-9; Hales, Map, 1832; Daniel Roselle, Samuel Griswold Goodrich, Creator of Peter Parley, A Study of his Life and Work (Albany, 1968), 86, 138; Drake, Town of Roxbury, 231; Emily Goodrich Smith, "Peter Parley as Known to His Daughter," Connecticut Quarterly 4 (July-September 1898), 304-15, (October-December 1898), 406.
42. Much of the Goodrich estate was held in trust. Norfolk Registry of Deeds (hereafter NRD), 111:220; 196:166; Grantor, Grantee indices; Samuel Griswold Goodrich, Recollections of a Lifetime (New York, 1856) Volume II, 283; Whitcomb, Annals and Reminiscences, 28-9; Hales, Map, 1832; Daniel Roselle, Samuel Griswold Goodrich, Creator of Peter Parley, A Study of his Life and Work (Albany, 1968), 86, 138; Drake, Town of Roxbury, 231; Emily Goodrich Smith, "Peter Parley as Known to His Daughter," Connecticut Quarterly 4 (July-September 1898), 304-15, (October-December 1898), 406.
43. Much of the Goodrich estate was held in trust. Norfolk Registry of Deeds (hereafter NRD), 111:220; 196:166; Grantor, Grantee indices; Samuel Griswold Goodrich, Recollections of a Lifetime (New York, 1856) Volume II, 283; Whitcomb, Annals and Reminiscences, 28-9; Hales, Map, 1832; Daniel Roselle, Samuel Griswold Goodrich, Creator of Peter Parley, A Study of his Life and Work (Albany, 1968), 86, 138; Drake, Town of Roxbury, 231; Emily Goodrich Smith, "Peter Parley as Known to His Daughter," Connecticut Quarterly 4 (July-September 1898), 304-15, (October-December 1898), 406.
44. In 1871, this tax amounted to $416, yet the land yielded only $700 per annum. Weld's high tax assessment was due partly to tax rates raised to pay for expensive downtown business district improvements (at that time, the city and property abutters split the cost of improvements in half) but primarily to soaring land values that resulted from expansion of urban development in Boston, Roxbury's annexation to Boston, and subsequent land speculation. NRD, 125:30; Suffolk Registry of Deeds (hereafter SRD), 1100:251-2; Charles Phillips Huse, The Financial History of Boston from May 1, 1822 to January 31, 1909 (Cambridge, 1916), 146-8.
45. Robert M. Morse, Jr., Memoir of Hon. Stephen Minot Weld (Boston, 1868), 4, 6, 7; NRD, Grantor, Grantee indices, 178:253-5, 179:165-7, 179:195-6.
46. For examples of Woodman's investments, see the 36-lot subdivision of September 1872 in NRD, 419:210, partially reproduced in BLC, JP 241: 109 Sedgewick. Woodman was caught short in the Panic of 1873 and forced to sell to the New England Trust Company. BLC, JP 24-6: 9, 13, 15 Bishop, JP 106:73 Elm, Hopkins, Atlas, 1874, 1884; Boston Transcript, November 2, 1884.
47. For examples of Woodman's investments, see the 36-lot subdivision of September 1872 in NRD, 419:210, partially reproduced in BLC, JP 241: 109 Sedgewick. Woodman was caught short in the Panic of 1873 and forced to sell to the New England Trust Company. BLC, JP 24-6: 9, 13, 15 Bishop, JP 106:73 Elm, Hopkins, Atlas, 1874, 1884; Boston Transcript, November 2, 1884.
48. Aware of the attractions of in-town transit, Jamaica Plain's leading antebellum developer, Stephen Minot Weld, promoted a horse streetcar line for the neighborhood. Charles J. Kennedy, "Commuter Services in the Boston Area, 1835-1860," Business History Review 37 (1962), .157-8; Alexander von Hoffman, Local Attachments: The Making of an American Urban Neighborhood, 1850-1920, (Baltimore, 1994), 12-14, 30-33.
49. Aware of the attractions of in-town transit, Jamaica Plain's leading antebellum developer, Stephen Minot Weld, promoted a horse streetcar line for the neighborhood. Charles J. Kennedy, "Commuter Services in the Boston Area, 1835-1860," Business History Review 37 (1962), .157-8; Alexander von Hoffman, Local Attachments: The Making of an American Urban Neighborhood, 1850-1920, (Baltimore, 1994), 12-14, 30-33.
50. Carole Zellie, "An Investigation of Nineteenth Century Surveyors and Land Planners in Massachusetts: 1830-1860," Landscape Journal 1, no. 2 (fall 1982), 96-103.
51. Norfolk Registry of Deeds, Alexander Wadsworth, surveyor, "Plan of Lots as Glenvale Park," May 16, 1848; Norfolk Registry of Deeds, Charles Whitney, surveyor, "Plan of Land at Jamaica Plain," August 12, 1850. Over time, fewer parcels for development became available, and, consequently, the size of lots tended to shrink from their generous midcentury dimensions. In the late nineteenth century, newly divided lots for the upper middle class often were less than 15,000 square feet. At the same time, lots for single working-class residences could be as small as 2,000 square feet (a figure still generous in comparison with inner-city tenement districts).
52. Norfolk Registry of Deeds, Alexander Wadsworth, surveyor, "Plan of Lots as Glenvale Park," May 16, 1848; Norfolk Registry of Deeds, Charles Whitney, surveyor, "Plan of Land at Jamaica Plain," August 12, 1850. Over time, fewer parcels for development became available, and, consequently, the size of lots tended to shrink from their generous midcentury dimensions. In the late nineteenth century, newly divided lots for the upper middle class often were less than 15,000 square feet. At the same time, lots for single working-class residences could be as small as 2,000 square feet (a figure still generous in comparison with inner-city tenement districts).
53. Plan, Alveston Street, William A. Garbett, surveyor, February 14, 1860, NRD, 284:320; Plan, NRD, 408: end (plan 2); G. H. Williams's Plan of Spring Park, T. B. Moses, surveyor, July 30, 1868, NRD, 389: end. The aforementioned David S. Greenough subdivision of 1850 provides another example. In a section of the development that ran along the railroad tracks, Greenough created larger parcels than the small Keyes Street lots. Here, he apparently attempted to attract commuter buyers, rather than working-class residents, but slow sales seemed to have forced him to replat this section in small lots that conformed to the Keyes Street parcels.
54. John Archer, "Country and City in the American Romantic Suburb," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 42, no. 2(May 1983), 139-56; Fishman, Bourgeois Utopias, 18-72, 116-33; Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, 73-86.
55. John Archer, "Country and City in the American Romantic Suburb," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 42, no. 2(May 1983), 139-56; Fishman, Bourgeois Utopias, 18-72, 116-33; Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, 73-86.
56. John Archer, "Country and City in the American Romantic Suburb," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 42, no. 2(May 1983), 139-56; Fishman, Bourgeois Utopias, 18-72, 116-33; Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, 73-86.
57. For the use of deed restrictions in Manhattan as early as 1806, see Blackmar, Manhattan for Sale, 21. During the nineteenth century, a large number of African Americans concentrated on the working-class streets of Beacon Hill, while others dispersed throughout Boston and its suburbs. At midcentury, a few African Americans, including a barber, lived in Jamaica Plain. Oscar Handlin, Boston's Immigrants, A Study in Acculturation (Cambridge, 1941; rev. ed., New York, 1974), 96-7, 212-3, 249; The Roxbury Directory, 1850; census schedules, 1850.
58. For the use of deed restrictions in Manhattan as early as 1806, see Blackmar, Manhattan for Sale, 21. During the nineteenth century, a large number of African Americans concentrated on the working-class streets of Beacon Hill, while others dispersed throughout Boston and its suburbs. At midcentury, a few African Americans, including a barber, lived in Jamaica Plain. Oscar Handlin, Boston's Immigrants, A Study in Acculturation (Cambridge, 1941; rev. ed., New York, 1974), 96-7, 212-3, 249; The Roxbury Directory, 1850; census schedules, 1850.
59. For the use of deed restrictions in Manhattan as early as 1806, see Blackmar, Manhattan for Sale, 21. During the nineteenth century, a large number of African Americans concentrated on the working-class streets of Beacon Hill, while others dispersed throughout Boston and its suburbs. At midcentury, a few African Americans, including a barber, lived in Jamaica Plain. Oscar Handlin, Boston's Immigrants, A Study in Acculturation (Cambridge, 1941; rev. ed., New York, 1974), 96-7, 212-3, 249; The Roxbury Directory, 1850; census schedules, 1850.
60. Jamaica Plain remained a part of the town of Roxbury until 1851, then seceded with the town of West Roxbury, and finally as part of West Roxbury was annexed to Boston in 1874. Official Reports of the Town of West Roxbury, 1851-1874.
61. Until the late 1860s, the town of West Roxbury attempted to spend as little as possible on street improvements and other public works, and even afterward its expenditures were paltry in comparison to Boston's spending in this area. See von Hoffman, Local Attachments, 171-92.
62. NRD, 178:253; 178:254; 178:255; 179:165; 179:166; 179:195; 179:196; Andrew Vernooy, "Real Estate Development Patterns in Antebellum Suburban Boston," seminar paper, spring 1991, 18-21.
63. Williams, NRD grantee index; Greenough, NRD grantee index; NRD 359:271; BLC, JP 40: 32 Burroughs St.
64. Cynthia Zaitzevsky, Frederick Law Olmsted and the Boston Park System (Cambridge, 1982), 88-91; Cynthia Zaitzevsky, "Victorian Jamaica Plain," in Pauline Chase Harrell and Margaret Supplee Smith, eds., Victorian Boston Today (Boston, 1975), 80-1; NRD, 238:133; Edward F. Zimmer, "Luther Briggs and the Picturesque Pattern Books," Old-Time New England 67, no. 3-4 (Winter-Spring 1977) Serial 247-8, 36-56; Briggs plans, Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, Boston, Massachusetts.
65. Cynthia Zaitzevsky, Frederick Law Olmsted and the Boston Park System (Cambridge, 1982), 88-91; Cynthia Zaitzevsky, "Victorian Jamaica Plain," in Pauline Chase Harrell and Margaret Supplee Smith, eds., Victorian Boston Today (Boston, 1975), 80-1; NRD, 238:133; Edward F. Zimmer, "Luther Briggs and the Picturesque Pattern Books," Old-Time New England 67, no. 3-4 (Winter-Spring 1977) Serial 247-8, 36-56; Briggs plans, Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, Boston, Massachusetts.
66. Cynthia Zaitzevsky, Frederick Law Olmsted and the Boston Park System (Cambridge, 1982), 88-91; Cynthia Zaitzevsky, "Victorian Jamaica Plain," in Pauline Chase Harrell and Margaret Supplee Smith, eds., Victorian Boston Today (Boston, 1975), 80-1; NRD, 238:133; Edward F. Zimmer, "Luther Briggs and the Picturesque Pattern Books," Old-Time New England 67, no. 3-4 (Winter-Spring 1977) Serial 247-8, 36-56; Briggs plans, Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, Boston, Massachusetts.
67. Roxbury Directory, 1850; Jamaica Plain Directory, 1868, 31; Clifford Edward Clark, The American Family Home, 1800-1960 (Chapel Hill, 1986), 48-55.
68. Roxbury Directory, 1850; Jamaica Plain Directory, 1868, 31; Clifford Edward Clark, The American Family Home, 1800-1960 (Chapel Hill, 1986), 48-55.
69. Roxbury Directory, 1850; Jamaica Plain Directory, 1868, 31; Clifford Edward Clark, The American Family Home, 1800-1960 (Chapel Hill, 1986), 48-55.
70. BLC, 85 McBride; 101, 103 McBride; BLC, JP 151:34 Jamaica, JP 152:53 Jamaica; NRD, 221:49.
71. The Decennial Census of Massachusetts (Boston, 1955), Table 12.
72. Von Hoffman, Local Attachments, chapter 6.
73. Huse, Financial History, 306-12.
74. The real estate business continued to be highly decentralized, however. Kearing, Building Chicago, 76-7; Stuart Bruchey, Enterprise: The Dynamic Economy of a Free People, (Cambridge, MA, 1990), 308-49.
75. The real estate business continued to be highly decentralized, however. Kearing, Building Chicago, 76-7; Stuart Bruchey, Enterprise: The Dynamic Economy of a Free People, (Cambridge, MA, 1990), 308-49.
76. From as early as 1844 until as late as 1871, Williams bought and sold lots on Green Street; in 1845, Williams began a series of purchases of Sumner Hill properties (including Harris Avenue) from the trustees for Ann Greenough Brangwyn; in the 1850s, Williams became involved in the Glenvale Park project and the Pondside Myrtle Street estate owned first by John Dorr and later by Lawrence Litchfield; in the 1860s, he began selling properties on Alveston Street on Sumner Hill; and in 1871, he sold a subdivision on the back of Sumner Hill between Newbem and Call Streets to George F. Woodman. Roxbury, Jamaica Plain directories; NRD, 120:57, 243:72, 277:139, 283:186, 415:101, grantor, grantee, indices; BLC, JP 140:16-18 Harris, JP 4: 20 Alveston, JP 3A: 16 Alveston, JP 5:28 Alveston, passim.
77. Barrows supplemented his real estate work in 1881 when he and J. Edwin Jones, a civil engineer who practiced real estate surveying, bought the neighborhood's weekly newspaper. The paper served as an organ of neighborhood boosterism and progrowth sentiment. Bacon, Biographical Sketches, 541; West Roxbury News, 6; SRD, grantor, grantee indexes; Jamaica Plain News, December 23, 1899.
78. Barrows supplemented his real estate work in 1881 when he and J. Edwin Jones, a civil engineer who practiced real estate surveying, bought the neighborhood's weekly newspaper. The paper served as an organ of neighborhood boosterism and progrowth sentiment. Bacon, Biographical Sketches, 541; West Roxbury News, 6; SRD, grantor, grantee indexes; Jamaica Plain News, December 23, 1899.
79. Barrows supplemented his real estate work in 1881 when he and J. Edwin Jones, a civil engineer who practiced real estate surveying, bought the neighborhood's weekly newspaper. The paper served as an organ of neighborhood boosterism and progrowth sentiment. Bacon, Biographical Sketches, 541; West Roxbury News, 6; SRD, grantor, grantee indexes; Jamaica Plain News, December 23, 1899.
80. The South Street subdivision was first platted in 1870 and replatted in 1891 to connect another street to the subdivision, but the lot sizes remained highly uniform. The subdivided lots were sold to individual laborers and artisans. SRD, 1484:11; 1522: end (plan).
81. Bromley, Atlas, 1884, 1897; SRD, grantor index; 2112:181-2; 3706:325-6; BLC, JP 248: 64 Sigoumey, JP 220: 11 Robeson, JP 201: 48 Peter Parley Road; SRD, 2112:182; BLC, JP 15: 362 Arborway, JP 139: 27 Hampstead. Two examples of Robinwood Avenue homeowners are Frederic W. Shackley, of Clough and Shackley apothecaries in Boston, and Frank W. Vbgel, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. BLC, JP 223: 52 Robinwood, JP 224: 95 Robinwood.
82. BLC, JP 179: 31 Oakview Terrace.
83. Small sections of Chicago and New York are mentioned as possible partial exceptions to this generalization. Kenneth Kusmer, A Ghetto Takes Shape: Black Cleveland, 1870-1930 (Urbana, 1976), 12.
84. The family of George Sturgis Bond, a wholesale wool trader, formed the Peter Parley Land Company. SRD, grantor index; 2112:181; 3706.325-6; [Samuel May], A Genealogy of The Descendants of John May (Boston, 1878), 37; BLC, JP 201: 48 Peter Parley Road. SRD, 1484:11; 1522: end (plan); 2140:470.
85. A. B. Hart, A Commonwealth History of Massachusetts (Boston, 1932), V, 353. Clark, Home, 95-6. W. A. Linn, "Co-operative Home Winning: Some Practical Results of Building Associations," Scribner's 7 (May 1890), 569-77.
86. A. B. Hart, A Commonwealth History of Massachusetts (Boston, 1932), V, 353. Clark, Home, 95-6. W. A. Linn, "Co-operative Home Winning: Some Practical Results of Building Associations," Scribner's 7 (May 1890), 569-77.
87. A. B. Hart, A Commonwealth History of Massachusetts (Boston, 1932), V, 353. Clark, Home, 95-6. W. A. Linn, "Co-operative Home Winning: Some Practical Results of Building Associations," Scribner's 7 (May 1890), 569-77.
88. Boston Transcript, March 14, 1928; Boston Directory (1880-1900).
89. Boston Transcript, March 14, 1928; Boston Directory (1880-1900).
90. J. Edwin Jones, surveyor, SRD Plan of August 1888.
91. The Hyde Park company was named the Real Estate and Building Company. Page also did business in the suburbs of Dedham and Quincy and in the Boston neighborhoods of Roslindale and South Boston. Besides selling and developing real estate, Page negotiated loans on mortgages, bought and sold mortgages, and invested capital for investors. Boston Transcript, July 5, 1916; NRD and SRD, grantor index; NRD, 397:35, 410:177, 409:188; Hopkins, Atlas, 1874; BLC, JP 12:223-41, 248-60 Amory, JP 702: 14 Bismarck.
92. The Hyde Park company was named the Real Estate and Building Company. Page also did business in the suburbs of Dedham and Quincy and in the Boston neighborhoods of Roslindale and South Boston. Besides selling and developing real estate, Page negotiated loans on mortgages, bought and sold mortgages, and invested capital for investors. Boston Transcript, July 5, 1916; NRD and SRD, grantor index; NRD, 397:35, 410:177, 409:188; Hopkins, Atlas, 1874; BLC, JP 12:223-41, 248-60 Amory, JP 702: 14 Bismarck.
93. The two architects listed in the real estate atlas were Nathaniel J. Bradlee, a Boston architect who designed commercial buildings, churches, and institutional buildings primarily in inner Boston, and John D. Wester, a Jamaica Plain resident who listed himself as "architect and builder." Wester not only designed structures, but also built residences on speculation. BLC, JP 24-6: 9, 13, 15 Bishop, JP 241: 109 Sedgewick; JP 106: 73 Elm, JP 214: 6 Roanoke; JP 402: 743-5 Centre Street. For Emerson, see Vincent Scully, The Shingle Style and the Stick Style (New Haven, 1955, rev. ed., 1971), 82-8.
94. Luippold, for example, often was underbid by contractors and only sold his building plans. Luippold Papers, Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities; BLC, JP 242: 14 Sheridan; JP 67: 188 Chestnut.
95. Clarke, Home, 55-8; West Roxbury News, October 10, 1891.
96. Clarke, Home, 55-8; West Roxbury News, October 10, 1891.
97. Arthur J. Krim, Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge, Report Five: Northwest Cambridge (Cambridge, MA, 1977), 76-8; Arthur J. Krim, Three-Deckers of Dorchester: An Architectural Historical Survey (Boston, Boston Landmarks Commission/Boston Redevelopment Authority, 1977); Douglass Shand-Tucci, Built in Boston: City and Suburb, 1800-1950 (New York, 1978; reprint ed., Amherst, 1988), 120-7.
98. Arthur J. Krim, Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge, Report Five: Northwest Cambridge (Cambridge, MA, 1977), 76-8; Arthur J. Krim, Three-Deckers of Dorchester: An Architectural Historical Survey (Boston, Boston Landmarks Commission/Boston Redevelopment Authority, 1977); Douglass Shand-Tucci, Built in Boston: City and Suburb, 1800-1950 (New York, 1978; reprint ed., Amherst, 1988), 120-7.
99. Arthur J. Krim, Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge, Report Five: Northwest Cambridge (Cambridge, MA, 1977), 76-8; Arthur J. Krim, Three-Deckers of Dorchester: An Architectural Historical Survey (Boston, Boston Landmarks Commission/Boston Redevelopment Authority, 1977); Douglass Shand-Tucci, Built in Boston: City and Suburb, 1800-1950 (New York, 1978; reprint ed., Amherst, 1988), 120-7.
100. Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor, Tenement House Census of Boston of 1891: Public Document No. 15 (Boston, 1892, 1893), Parts 1 and 2, 111-2, 119-20, 128, 194, 480-5, 539-46; Report of Tenement House Commission: City Document No. 77 (Boston, 1904); U.S. Census Office, Department of the Interior, Vital Statistics of Boston and Philadelphia Covering the Six Years Ending May 31, 1890 (Washington, D.C., 1895). '
101. Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor, Tenement House Census of Boston of 1891: Public Document No. 15 (Boston, 1892, 1893), Parts 1 and 2, 111-2, 119-20, 128, 194, 480-5, 539-46; Report of Tenement House Commission: City Document No. 77 (Boston, 1904); U.S. Census Office, Department of the Interior, Vital Statistics of Boston and Philadelphia Covering the Six Years Ending May 31, 1890 (Washington, D.C., 1895). '
102. Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor, Tenement House Census of Boston of 1891: Public Document No. 15 (Boston, 1892, 1893), Parts 1 and 2, 111-2, 119-20, 128, 194, 480-5, 539-46; Report of Tenement House Commission: City Document No. 77 (Boston, 1904); U.S. Census Office, Department of the Interior, Vital Statistics of Boston and Philadelphia Covering the Six Years Ending May 31, 1890 (Washington, D.C., 1895). '
103. Worthy, J. C. Nichols, 124-55.
104. Jamaica Plain News, October 22, 1910; September 9, 16, 1911.
105. Further study would reveal if the change of use of specific properties (e.g., a mansion cut up into apartments) caused values to drop or rise. Planning Board, Zoning for Boston, Map, "Assessed Land Values, 1922." Recent research suggests that neighborhood property values depended on location within the urban orbit of Boston. Locations in turn took on different values depending on such factors as population shifts, social mobility, long-term economic cycles, and the original value and age of housing stock. See Matthew Edel, Elliott D. Sclar, and Daniel Luria, Shaky Palaces: Homeownership and Social Mobility in Boston's Suburbanization (New York, 1984).
106. Further study would reveal if the change of use of specific properties (e.g., a mansion cut up into apartments) caused values to drop or rise. Planning Board, Zoning for Boston, Map, "Assessed Land Values, 1922." Recent research suggests that neighborhood property values depended on location within the urban orbit of Boston. Locations in turn took on different values depending on such factors as population shifts, social mobility, long-term economic cycles, and the original value and age of housing stock. See Matthew Edel, Elliott D. Sclar, and Daniel Luria, Shaky Palaces: Homeownership and Social Mobility in Boston's Suburbanization (New York, 1984).
107. Weiss, The Rise of the Community Builders, 68-72, 79-106; Planning Board, Zoning for Boston, 36-8.
108. Weiss, The Rise of the Community Builders, 68-72, 79-106; Planning Board, Zoning for Boston, 36-8.
109. The onset of the Great Depression also played a role in stopping the construction of three-deckers, but the later economic recovery failed to revive the three-decker. Jamaica Plain News, October 22, 1910; Krim, Three-Deckers, 46; Shand-Tucci, Built in Boston, 125-6; Kenneth Baar, "The National Movement to Halt the Spread of Multifamily Housing, 1890-1926," Journal of the American Planning Association 58, no. 1 (Winter 1992), 39-48; Christine Cousineau, Tenement Reform in Boston, 1870-1920: Philanthropy, Regulation, and Government Assisted Housing (Society for American City and Regional Planning History, The Working Paper Series, 1990).
110. The onset of the Great Depression also played a role in stopping the construction of three-deckers, but the later economic recovery failed to revive the three-decker. Jamaica Plain News, October 22, 1910; Krim, Three-Deckers, 46; Shand-Tucci, Built in Boston, 125-6; Kenneth Baar, "The National Movement to Halt the Spread of Multifamily Housing, 1890-1926," Journal of the American Planning Association 58, no. 1 (Winter 1992), 39-48; Christine Cousineau, Tenement Reform in Boston, 1870-1920: Philanthropy, Regulation, and Government Assisted Housing (Society for American City and Regional Planning History, The Working Paper Series, 1990).
111. The onset of the Great Depression also played a role in stopping the construction of three-deckers, but the later economic recovery failed to revive the three-decker. Jamaica Plain News, October 22, 1910; Krim, Three-Deckers, 46; Shand-Tucci, Built in Boston, 125-6; Kenneth Baar, "The National Movement to Halt the Spread of Multifamily Housing, 1890-1926," Journal of the American Planning Association 58, no. 1 (Winter 1992), 39-48; Christine Cousineau, Tenement Reform in Boston, 1870-1920: Philanthropy, Regulation, and Government Assisted Housing (Society for American City and Regional Planning History, The Working Paper Series, 1990).
112. The onset of the Great Depression also played a role in stopping the construction of three-deckers, but the later economic recovery failed to revive the three-decker. Jamaica Plain News, October 22, 1910; Krim, Three-Deckers, 46; Shand-Tucci, Built in Boston, 125-6; Kenneth Baar, "The National Movement to Halt the Spread of Multifamily Housing, 1890-1926," Journal of the American Planning Association 58, no. 1 (Winter 1992), 39-48; Christine Cousineau, Tenement Reform in Boston, 1870-1920: Philanthropy, Regulation, and Government Assisted Housing (Society for American City and Regional Planning History, The Working Paper Series, 1990).
113. The onset of the Great Depression also played a role in stopping the construction of three-deckers, but the later economic recovery failed to revive the three-decker. Jamaica Plain News, October 22, 1910; Krim, Three-Deckers, 46; Shand-Tucci, Built in Boston, 125-6; Kenneth Baar, "The National Movement to Halt the Spread of Multifamily Housing, 1890-1926," Journal of the American Planning Association 58, no. 1 (Winter 1992), 39-48; Christine Cousineau, Tenement Reform in Boston, 1870-1920: Philanthropy, Regulation, and Government Assisted Housing (Society for American City and Regional Planning History, The Working Paper Series, 1990).
114. See Boston City Planning Board, Zoning for Boston, Proposed Zoning (Boston, 1958), and other zoning laws and reports.
115. The lending practices of federal government agencies inaugurated in the New Deal also contributed heavily to urban residential segregation. See Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, 195-218. Yale Rabin, "Expulsive Zoning: The Inequitable Legacy of Euclid," in Charles M. Haar and Jerold S. Kayden, eds., Zoning and the American Dream (Chicago, 1989), 106-7; Howard L. Preston, Automobile Age Atlanta: The Making of a Southern Metropolis, 1900-1935 (Athens, Georgia, 1979).
116. The lending practices of federal government agencies inaugurated in the New Deal also contributed heavily to urban residential segregation. See Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, 195-218. Yale Rabin, "Expulsive Zoning: The Inequitable Legacy of Euclid," in Charles M. Haar and Jerold S. Kayden, eds., Zoning and the American Dream (Chicago, 1989), 106-7; Howard L. Preston, Automobile Age Atlanta: The Making of a Southern Metropolis, 1900-1935 (Athens, Georgia, 1979).
117. The lending practices of federal government agencies inaugurated in the New Deal also contributed heavily to urban residential segregation. See Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, 195-218. Yale Rabin, "Expulsive Zoning: The Inequitable Legacy of Euclid," in Charles M. Haar and Jerold S. Kayden, eds., Zoning and the American Dream (Chicago, 1989), 106-7; Howard L. Preston, Automobile Age Atlanta: The Making of a Southern Metropolis, 1900-1935 (Athens, Georgia, 1979).
118. Until the 1950s, the community builder-style subdivisions did not often include construction of the residence. Steven J. Hoffman, "' A Plan of Quality': The Development of Mt. Lebanon, a 1920s Automobile Suburb," Journal of Urban History 18, no. 2 (February 1992), 141-81.