No boats to China. The Dutch East India Company and the changing pattern of the China Sea trade, 1635-1690

Modern Asian Studies

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 51-76

  Blussé, Leonard ^a  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DOCUMENTARY SOURCE; DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY; HISTORICAL STUDIES; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; POLITICAL CLIMATE; SEVENTEENTH CENTURY; TRADE PATTERN;

CHINA;

EID: 0029773283     PISSN: 0026749X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0026749x00014086     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. These four lines Johnson added to Oliver Goldsmith's poem 'The Deserted Village'. See Hesketh Pearson, Johnson and Boswell (Cassell, London, 1987), p. 71.
2. These four lines Johnson added to Oliver Goldsmith's poem 'The Deserted Village'. See Hesketh Pearson, Johnson and Boswell (Cassell, London, 1987), p. 71.
3. 'The country trade and the profit from it are the soul of the Company which ist be looked after carefully because if the soul decays, the entire body would be destroyed.' Letter of the Gentlemen Seventeen to the Governor-General of the Indies (1648) cited in O. Prakash, The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal 1630-1720 (Princeton UP, Princeton, 1985), p. 118.
4. See letter of G. G. and Council of 30-12-1689 in W.Ph. Coolhaas (ed.), Generale Missiven van Gouverneurs-Generaal en Raden aan Heren XVII der Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (R. G. P., 's-Gravenhage, 1975), vol. V, p. 317.
5. H. Furber, Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient, 1600-1800 (Univ. of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1976); F. S. Gaastra, De Geschiedenis van de VOC (Fibula, Haarlem, 1982); Kristof Glamann, Dutch-Asiatic Trade 1620-1740 (Nijhoff, 's-Gravenhage, 1981).
6. H. Furber, Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient, 1600-1800 (Univ. of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1976); F. S. Gaastra, De Geschiedenis van de VOC (Fibula, Haarlem, 1982); Kristof Glamann, Dutch-Asiatic Trade 1620-1740 (Nijhoff, 's-Gravenhage, 1981).
7. H. Furber, Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient, 1600-1800 (Univ. of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1976); F. S. Gaastra, De Geschiedenis van de VOC (Fibula, Haarlem, 1982); Kristof Glamann, Dutch-Asiatic Trade 1620-1740 (Nijhoff, 's-Gravenhage, 1981).
8. The Archives of the VOC are kept in the Algemeen Rijksarchief at The Hague. For an overall introduction see the special issue of Itinerario (1980), 4-2.
9. For a comparison between the performances of the Dutch and English East India companies see L. Blussé, 'The Run to the Coast; English and Dutch Expansion in Asia during the Ancien Régime' in Itinerario (1988), XII-1: 195-214.
10. Artur Attman, American Bullion in the European World Trade 1600-1800 (KVVS, Göteborg, 1986), p. 75.
11. 'But the main method was for the Company's Treasury at Canton to accept specie from Country merchants which their Indian produce yielded, in return for Bills on the Court of Directors in London, or on the Government of Bengal . . .'. Michael Greenberg, British Trade and the Opening of China 1800-42 (Cambridge UP, Cambridge, 1951), p. 12.
12. Hosea Ballou Morse, The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China 1635-1834 (5 vols, Reprint edition Ch'eng-Wen, Taipei, 1975); Louis Dermigny, La Chine et l'Occident, le commerce à Canton au XVIIIe siècle 1719-1833 (3 vols, SEVPEN, Paris, 1964); K. N. Chaudhuri, The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company 1660-1760 (Cambridge UP, Cambridge, 1978).
13. Hosea Ballou Morse, The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China 1635-1834 (5 vols, Reprint edition Ch'eng-Wen, Taipei, 1975); Louis Dermigny, La Chine et l'Occident, le commerce à Canton au XVIIIe siècle 1719-1833 (3 vols, SEVPEN, Paris, 1964); K. N. Chaudhuri, The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company 1660-1760 (Cambridge UP, Cambridge, 1978).
14. Hosea Ballou Morse, The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China 1635-1834 (5 vols, Reprint edition Ch'eng-Wen, Taipei, 1975); Louis Dermigny, La Chine et l'Occident, le commerce à Canton au XVIIIe siècle 1719-1833 (3 vols, SEVPEN, Paris, 1964); K. N. Chaudhuri, The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company 1660-1760 (Cambridge UP, Cambridge, 1978).
15. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System, Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century (Academic Press, New York, 1974), p. 342.
16. See L. Blussé, 'Le "Modern World System" et l'Extrême Orient, palidoyer pour un seizième siècle négligé' in Itinerario (1980), 4-1: 93-103.
17. W. Somerset Maugham, 'The Vessel of Wrath' in The Second Century of Humour (Hutchinson, London, n.d.), p. 261.
18. Chang Hsieh, Tung Hsi Yang k'ao, (An Investigation in the Eastern and Western Oceans) (Chung Hua press, Peking, 1981).
19. See Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge U. P., Cambridge, vol. IV-3, 1971), 481-90; Paul Pelliot, 'Les grands voyages martimes chinois au début du XVe siècle', in T'oung Pao (1933), XXX:237-452; 'Notes additionelles sur Tcheng Houo et ses voyages' in T'oung Pao (1933), XXXI:274-314; 'Encore à propos des voyages de Tcheng Houo' in T'oung Pao (1936), XXXII:210-22.
20. See Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge U. P., Cambridge, vol. IV-3, 1971), 481-90; Paul Pelliot, 'Les grands voyages martimes chinois au début du XVe siècle', in T'oung Pao (1933), XXX:237-452; 'Notes additionelles sur Tcheng Houo et ses voyages' in T'oung Pao (1933), XXXI:274-314; 'Encore à propos des voyages de Tcheng Houo' in T'oung Pao (1936), XXXII:210-22.
21. See Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge U. P., Cambridge, vol. IV-3, 1971), 481-90; Paul Pelliot, 'Les grands voyages martimes chinois au début du XVe siècle', in T'oung Pao (1933), XXX:237-452; 'Notes additionelles sur Tcheng Houo et ses voyages' in T'oung Pao (1933), XXXI:274-314; 'Encore à propos des voyages de Tcheng Houo' in T'oung Pao (1936), XXXII:210-22.
22. See Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge U. P., Cambridge, vol. IV-3, 1971), 481-90; Paul Pelliot, 'Les grands voyages martimes chinois au début du XVe siècle', in T'oung Pao (1933), XXX:237-452; 'Notes additionelles sur Tcheng Houo et ses voyages' in T'oung Pao (1933), XXXI:274-314; 'Encore à propos des voyages de Tcheng Houo' in T'oung Pao (1936), XXXII:210-22.
23. Chang Pin-tsun, 'Chinese Maritime Trade: The Case of Sixteenth-Century Fuchien', Ph.D. thesis Princeton 1983.
24. T'ang Shu, Yü Lou Tsa-Lu (Various Records about the Defense against the Japanese Pirates) n.d.
25. Bodo Wiethoff, Die chinesische Seeverbotspolitik und der private Überseehandel von 1368 bis 1567 (Hamburg, 1963), p. 113.
26. The best succinct historical survey of the Tung Hsi Yang trade is without doubt Ts'ao Yungho, 'Chinese Overseas Trade in the late Ming Period', in Proceedings, International Association of Historians of Asia, Second Biennial Conference (Taipei, 1962), p. 429-57.
27. Chang Hsieh, Tung Hsi Yang k'ao, chüan 7, p. 133. The author and Dr Zhuane Guotu of Amoy are presently preparing an annotated English translation of the Tung Hsi Yang k'ao.
28. Chang Hsieh, ibidem, see third foreword by Chou Ch'i-yüan.
29. Iwao Seiichi, Nanyo Nihonmachi no kenkyu (Research on the Japan-Towns in South-East Asia) (Iwanami, Tokyo, 1966).
30. C. R. Boxer, The Great Ship from Amacon (Instituto Cultural de Macau, Macau, 1988).
31. William Lytle Schurz, The Manila Galleon (Dutton, New York, 1939). Chuan Hansheng, 'The Inflow of American Silver into China from the Late Ming to the Mid-Ch'ing Period', in Journal of the Institute of Chinese Studies of the Chinese University of Hongkong (JICS) 1969, II-1: 57-79; 'The Trade between China and the Philippines during the Late Ming Period', in (JICS) 1968, I: 27-50.
32. William Lytle Schurz, The Manila Galleon (Dutton, New York, 1939). Chuan Hansheng, 'The Inflow of American Silver into China from the Late Ming to the Mid-Ch'ing Period', in Journal of the Institute of Chinese Studies of the Chinese University of Hongkong (JICS) 1969, II-1: 57-79; 'The Trade between China and the Philippines during the Late Ming Period', in (JICS) 1968, I: 27-50.
33. William Lytle Schurz, The Manila Galleon (Dutton, New York, 1939). Chuan Hansheng, 'The Inflow of American Silver into China from the Late Ming to the Mid-Ch'ing Period', in Journal of the Institute of Chinese Studies of the Chinese University of Hongkong (JICS) 1969, II-1: 57-79; 'The Trade between China and the Philippines during the Late Ming Period', in (JICS) 1968, I: 27-50.
34. A. C. D. de Graeff (ed.), Van Vriend tot Vijand (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1945), p. 13.
35. W. Z. Mulder, Hollanders in Hirado (Fibula, Haarlem, n.d.).
36. L. Blussé, Tribuut aan China (Cramwinckel, Amsterdam, 1989).
37. L. Blussé, 'Justus Schouten en de Japanse gijzeling', in Nederlandse Historische Bronnen V (Verloren, Hilversum 1985), p. 69-110.
38. These and the following figures were directly computed from all shipping figures from the Overgekomen Brieven en Papieren series and the Archief van de Nederlandse factorij in Japan 1609-1860 by research students during the seminar 'Markt en macht in het Chinese Zeegebied' under the direction of Prof. P. W. Klein and myself.
39. Kristof Glamann, 'The Dutch East India Company's Trade in Japanese Copper 1645-1736' in Scandinavian Economic History Review 1953), p. 45.
40. E. J. M. Buch, De Oost-Indische Compagnie en Quinam (H. J. Paris, Amsterdam, 1929, p. 101.
41. George Vinal Smith, The Dutch in Seventeenth-Century Thailand (Centre for S. E. Asian Studies, Special Report 16, Northern Illinois University, 1977), p. 62.
42. P. W. Klein, 'De Tonkinees-Japanse zijdehandel van de Verenigde Oost Indische Compagnie en het inter-Aziatische verkeer in de 17e eeuw' in Bewogen en bewegen. De historicus in het spanningsveld tussen Economie en Cultuur (Album Amicorum aangeboden aan Prof, dr H. F. J. M. van den Eerenbeemt, Gianotten, Tilburg, 1986), pp. 152-77.
43. Letter of 19-1-1654 in W. Ph. Coolhaas, Generale Missiven, vol. II, p. 698.
44. Letters of 12-7-1655 and 1-2-1656 in W. Ph. Coolhaas, Generale Missiven, vol. III, p. 2 and 69.
45. Letter to G. G. and Council, d.d. 9-10-1657 in KITLV manuscript collection Leiden, H 45.
46. See O. Nachod, die Beziehungen der Niederländischen Ostindischen Kompagnie zu Japan an siebzehnten Jahrhundert (Leipzig, 1897), p. 358, Beilage 63, p. CCVIII.
47. Letter Gentlemen Seventeen 16-4-1658 in KITLV, H 45.
48. Smith, The Dutch in Seventeenth-Century Thailand, p. 37-9.
49. Letter Gentlemen Seventeen 16-4-1660 in KITLV, H 45.
50. Letter 7-11-1665, ibidem.
51. John E. Wills, Pepper, Guns and Parleys, the Dutch East India Company and China, 1662-1681 (Harvard U. P., Cambridge Mass. 1974).
52. KITLV, H 45.
53. Letter Gentlemen Seventeen 15-5-1671, KITLV, H 45.
54. Smith, The Dutch in Seventeenth-Century Thailand, p. 67.
55. Letter Gentlemen Seventeen, d.d. 1-11-1678, KITLV, H 45.
56. Prakash, The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal, p. 129.
57. Letter Gentlemen Seventeen, d.d. 21-10-1674, in KITLV, H 45.
58. Ng Chin-keong, Trade and Society. The Amoy Network on the China Coast 1683-1735 (Singapore University Press, Singapore, 1983), p. 67.
59. Robert LeRoy Innes, 'The Door Ajar: Japan's Foreign Trade in the Seventeenth Century', unpublished dissertation, University of Michigan 1980, p. 319.
60. Smith, The Dutch in Seventeenth-Century Thailand, p. 43-4.
61. Letter Gentlemen Seventeen, 8-10-1685, KITLV, H 45.
62. J. Vixseboxse, Een Hollandsch Gezantschap naar China in de zeventiende Eeuw (1685-1687) Brill, Leiden, 1946).
63. See Blussé, Strange Company, p. 121-4.
64. Letter Gentlemen Seventeen, 30-9-1689.