The role of neurotransporters in excitotoxicity, neuronal cell death, and other neurodegenerative processes

Journal of Molecular Medicine

Volumn 74, Issue 7, 1996, Pages 365-378

  Lesch, K P ^a   Heils, A ^a   Riederer, P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WÜRZBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Candidate genes; Genomic organization; Molecular structure; Neurodegenerative disorders; Neurotoxins; Neurotransmitter uptake mechanisms; Neurotransporters; Serotonin transporter

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINE; CARRIER PROTEIN; DIHYDROTETRABENAZINE; NEUROTOXIN; NEUROTRANSMITTER; SEROTONIN;

CELL MEMBRANE; GLIA CELL; HUMAN; INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT; NERVE CELL NECROSIS; NERVE DEGENERATION; NEUROTOXICITY; NEUROTRANSMISSION; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRESYNAPTIC NERVE; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; REVIEW; SYNAPSE VESICLE;

EID: 0029768778     PISSN: 09462716     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF00210631     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. Altemus M, Murphy DL, Greenberg B, Lesch KP (1996) Intact coding region of the serotonin transporter in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Med Genet (in press)
2. Andrews AM, Murphy DL (1993) 2′-NH2-MPTP in Swiss Webster mice: evidence for long-term (6-month) depletion in cortical and hippocampal serotonin and norepinephrine, differential protection by selective uptake inhibitors or clorgyline and functional changes in central serotonin transmission. J Pharmacol Exp Therap 267:1432-1439
3. Arriza JL, Fairman WA, Wadiche JI, Murdoch GH, Kavanaugh MP, Amara SG (1994) Functional comparison of three glutamate transporter subtypes cloned from human motor cortex. J Neurosci 14:5559-5569
4. Austin MC, Bradley CC, Mann JJ, Blakely RD (1994) Expression of serotonin transporter messenger RNA in the human brain. J Neurochem 62:2362-2367
5. Bannon MJ, Poosch MS, Xia Y, Goebel DJ, Cassin B, Kapalos G (1992) Dopamine transporter mRNA content in human substantia nigra decreases precipitously with age. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:7095-7099
6. Bannon MJ, Granneman JG, Kapatos G (1995) The dopamine transporter: potential involvement in neuropsychiatric disorders. In: Bloom FE, Kupfer DJ (eds) Psychopharmacology, the fourth generation of progress. Raven, New York, pp 179-188
7. Bejanin S, Cervini R, Mallet J, Berrard S (1994) A unique gene organization for two cholinergic markers, choline acetyltransferase and a putative vesicular transporter of acetylcholine. J Biol Chem 269:21944-21947
8. Bell GI, Selby M, Rutter WJ (1982) The highly polymorphic region near the human insulin gene is composed of simple tandemly repeating sequences. Nature 295:31-35
9. Bengel D, Heils A, Petri S, Teufel A, Seemann M, Riederer P, Lesch KP (1996) Gene structure and 5′-flanking regulatory region of the murine serotonin transporter. Mol Brain Res (in press)
10. Bennett ST, Lucassen AM, Gough SCL, Powell EE, Undlien DE, Pritchard LE, Merriman ME, Kawaguchi Y, Dronsfield MJ, Pociot F, Nerup J, Bouzekri N, Cambon-Thomsen A, Ronningen KS, Barnett AH, Bain SC, Todd JA (1995) Susceptibility to human type 1 diabetes at IDDM2 is determined by tandem repeat variation at the insulin gene minisatellite locus. Nature Genet 9:284-292
11. Berger SP, Farrell K, Conant D, Kempner ES, Paul SM (1994) Radiation inactivation studies of the dopamine reuptake transporter protein. Mol Pharmacol 46:726-731
12. Berrard S, Varoqui H, Cervini R, Israel M, Mallet J, Diebler MF (1995) Coregulation of two embedded gene products, choline acetyltransferase and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter. J Neurochem 65:939-942
13. Blakely RD, Berson HE, Fremeau RT, Caron MC, Peek MM, Prince HK, Bradley CC (1991) Cloning and expression of functional serotonin transporter from rat brain. Nature 354:66-70
14. Blakely R, De Felice LJ, Hartzell HC (1994) Molecular physiology of norepinephrine and serotonin transporters. J Exp Biol 196:263-281
15. Boja JW, Vaughan R, Patel A, Shaya EK, Kuhar MJ (1994) The dopamine transporter. In: Niznik HB (ed) Dopamine receptors and transporters. Dekker, New York, pp 611-644
16. Borden LA, Smith KE, Hartig PR, Branchek TA, Weinshank RI (1992) Molecular heterogeneity of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transport system. J Biol Chem 267:21096-21104
17. Brücke T, Kornhuher J, Angelberger P, Asenbaum S, Frassine H, Podreka I (1993) SPECT imaging of dopamine and serotonin transporters with (I-123) beta-CIT binding kinetics in the human brain. J Neural Transm 94:137-146
18. Byerley W, Coon H, Hoff M, Holik J, Waldo M, Freedman R, Caron MG, Giros B (1993) Human dopamine transporter gene not linked to schizophrenia in multigenerational pedigrees. Hum Hered 43:319-322
19. 3H-paroxetine binding sites in rat brain. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 27:209-216
20. (+)-dependent glutamate transporter GLAST-1 by site-directed mutagenesis. J Biol Chein 270:25207-25212
21. Cool DR, Leibach FH, Bhalla VK, Mahesh V, Ganapathy V (1991) Expression and cyclic AMP-dependent regulation of a high affinity serotonin transporter in the human placental choriocarcinoma cell line (JAR). J Biol Chem 266:15750-15757
22. Cooper DN, Krawczak M (1993) Human gene mutation. Bios Scientific, Oxford
23. Corey JL, Davidson N, Lesler HA, Brecha N, Quick MW (1994) Protein kinase C modulates the activity of a cloned γ-aminobutyric acid transporter expressed in Xenopus oocytes via regulated subcellulur redistribution of the transporter. J Biol Chem 269:14759-14767
24. 3H]paroxetine. Neuroscience 27:473-496
25. +-dependent, fluoxetine-sensitive serotonin uptake by astrocytes tissue-printed from rat cerebral cortex. J Neurosci 14:4972-4986
26. Di Bella D, Catalano M, Balling U, Smeraldi E, Lesch KP (1995) Systematic screening for mutations in the coding region of the 5-HTT gene using PCR and DGGE. Psychiatr Genet 5:S100
27. Donovan DM, Vandenbergh DJ, Perry MP, Bird GS, Ingersoll R, Nanthakumar E, Uhl GR (1995) Human and mouse dopamine transporter genes: conservation of 5′-flanking sequence elements and gene structures. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 30:327-335
28. Edwards RH (1992) Transport of neurotransmitters into synaptic vesicles. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2:586-594
29. Ellis PM, Salmond C (1994) Imipramine binding in depression: a meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry 36:292-299
30. Erickson J, Eiden L, Hoffman B (1992) Expression cloning of a reserpine-sensitive vesicular monoamine transporter. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 10993-10997
31. Erickson JD, Varoqui H, Schäfer MKH, Modi W, Diebler MF, Weihe E, Rand J, Eiden LE, Bonner TI, Usdin TB (1994) Functional identification of a vesicular acetylcholine transporter and its expression from a "cholinergic" gene locus. J Biol Chem 269:21929-21932
32. Fairman WA, Vandenberg RJ, Arriza JL, Kavanaugh MP, Amara SG (1995) An excitatory amino-acid transporter with properties of a ligand-gated chloride channel. Nature 375:599-603
33. Figlewicz DP, Szot P, Israel PA, Payne CA, Dorsa DM (1993) Insulin reduces norepinephrine transporter mRNA in vivo in rat locus ceruleus. Brain Res 602:161-164
34. Gerlach M, Riederer P, Przuntek H, Youdim MBH (1991) MPTP mechanisms of neurotoxicity and their implications for Parkinson's disease. Eur J Pharmacol Mol Pharmacol Sec 208:273-286
35. Giros B, Caron MG (1993) Molecular characterization of the dopamine Transporter. Trends Pharmacol Sci 14:43-49
36. Giros B, Wang YM, Suter S, McLeskey SB, Pifl C, Caron MG (1994) Delineation of discrete Domains for substrate, cocaine and tricyclic antidepressant interactions using chimeric dopamine-norepinephrine transporters. J Biol Chem 269:15985-15988
37. Giros B, Jaber M, Jones S, Wightman R, Caron M (1996) Hyperlocomotion and indifference to cocaine and amphetamine in mice lacking the dopamine transporter. Nature 379:606-612
38. Guastella J, Nelson N, Nelson H, Czyzyk L, Keynan S, Miedel MC, Davidson N, Lester H, Kanner BI (1990) Cloning and expression of a rat brain GABA transporter. Science 249: 1303-1306
39. Guastella J, Brecha N, Weigmann C, Lester HA, Davidson N (1992) Cloning, expression, and localization of a rat brain high-affinity glycine transporter. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:7189-7193
40. Haberland N, Hatey L (1987) Studies in postmortem dopamine uptake. II. Alterations of synaptosomal catecholamine uptake in postmortem brain regions in schizophrenia. J Neural Transm 68:303-313
41. Heils A, Teufel A, Petri S, Seemann M, Bengel D, Balling U, Riederer P, Lesch KP (1995) Functional promoter and polyadenylation site mapping of the human serotonin (5-HT) transporter gene. J Neural Transm 102:247-254
42. Heils A, Teufel A, Petri S, Stöber G, Riederer P, Bengel B, Lesch KP (1996) Allelic variation of human serotonin transporter gene expression. J Neurochem (in press)
43. Hensler JG, Ferry RC, Labow DM, Kovachich GB, Frazer A (1994) Quantitative autoradiography of the serotonin transporter to assess the distribution of serotonergic projections from the dorsal raphe nucleus. Synapse 17:1-15
44. Hoffman BJ, Mezey E, Brownstein M (1991) Cloning of a serotonin transporter affected by antidepressants. Science 254: 579-580
45. Innis RB, Seibyl JP, Scanley BE, Laruelle M, Abidargham A, Wallace E, Baldwin RM, Zeaponce Y, Zoghbi S, Wang S, Gao Y, Neumeyer JL, Charney DS, Hoffer PB, Marek KL (1993) Single-photon emission computed tomographic imaging demonstrates loss of striatal dopamine transporters in Parkinson's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:11965-11969
46. Jayanthi LD, Ramamoorthy S, Mahesh VB, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V (1994) Calmodulin-dependent regulation of the catalytic function of the human serotonin transporter in placental choriocarcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 269:14424-14429
47. Joyce JN, Shane A, Lexow N, Winokur A, Casanova MF, Kleinman JE (1993) Serotonin uptake sites and serotonin receptors are altered in the limbic system of schizophrenics. Neuropsychopharmacology 8:315-336
48. Kanai Y, Hediger MA (1993) Primary structure and functional characterization of a high-affinity glutamate transporter. Nature 360:467-471
49. Kanai Y, Smith CP, Hediger MA (1993) A new family of neurotransmitter transporters: the high-affinity glutamate transporters. FASEB J 7:1450-1459
50. Kennedy GC, German MS, Rutter WJ (1995) The minisatellite in the diabetes susceptibility locus IDDM2 regulates insulin transcription. Nature Genet 9:293-298
51. Kilbourn MR, Dasilva JN, Frey KA, Koeppe RA, Kuhl DE (1993) In vivo imaging of vesicular monoamine transporters in human brain using (C11) tetrabenazine and positron emission tomography. J Neurochem 60:2315-2318
52. Kitayama S, Shimada S, Xu H, Markham L, Donovan DM, Uhl GR (1992) Dopamine transporter site-directed mutations differentially alter substrate transport and cocaine bindung. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:7782-7785
53. Lehericy S, Brandel JP, Hirsch EC, Anglade P, Villares J, Scherman D, Duyckaerts C, Javoy-Agid F, Agid Y (1994) Monoamine vesicular uptake sites in patients with Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, as measured by tritiated dihydrotetrabenazine autoradiography. Brain Res 659:1-9
54. Leroux-Nicollet I, Costentin J (1994) Comparison of the subregional distributions of the monoamine vesicular transporter and dopamine uptake complex in the rat striatum and changes during aging. J Neural Transm 97:93-106
55. Lesch KP, Beckmann H (1993) Neurotransporter: neue Aspekte zum Wirkmechanismus psychotroper Substanzen. Nervenarzt 64:75-79
56. Lesch KP, Bengel D (1995) Neurotransmitter reuptake mechanisms: targets for drugs to study and treat psychiatric, neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. CNS Drugs 4:302-322
57. Lesch KP, Aulakh CS, Wolozin BL, Tolliver TJ, Hill JL, Murphy DL (1993) Regional brain expression of serotonin transporter mRNA and its regulation by reuptake inhibiting antidepressants. Mol Brain Res 17:31-35
58. +. J Neural Transm 93:75-82
59. Lesch KP, Wolozin BL, Murphy DL, Riederer P (1993) Primary structure of the human platelet serotonin (5-HT) uptake site: identity with the brain 5-HT transporter. J Neurochem 60:2319-2322
60. Lesch KP, Gross J, Riederer P, Murphy DL (1994) Direct sequencing of the reserpine-sensitive vesicular monoamine transporter in unipolar depression and bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Genet 4:153-160
61. Lesch KP, Franzek E, Gross J, Wolozin BL, Riederer P, Murphy DL (1995) Primary structure of the serotonin transporter in unipolar depression and bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 37:215-223
62. Levi G, Raiteri M (1993) Carrier-mediated release of neurotransmitters. Trends Neurosci 16:415-419
63. Liu QR, Lopez-Corcuera B, Mandiyan S, Nelson H, Nelson N (1992) Molecular characterization of four pharmacologically distinct γ-aminobutyric acid transporters in mouse brain. J Biol Chem 268:2106-2112
64. Liu QR, Nelson H, Mandiyan S, Lopez-Corcuera B, Nelson N (1992) Cloning and expression of a glycine transporter from mouse brain. FEBS Lett 305:110-114
65. + toxicity encodes a vesicular amine transporter. Cell 70:539-551
66. Mager S, Min C, Henry DJ, Chavkin C, Hoffman BJ, Davidson N, Lester HA (1994) Conducting states of a mammalian serotonin transporter. Neuron 12:845-859
67. Mayser W, Betz H, Schloss P (1991) Isolation of cDNA encoding a novel member of the neurotransmitter transporter gene family. FEBS Lett 295:203-206
68. Mayser W, Schloss P, Betz H (1992) Primary structure and functional expression of a choline transporter expressed in the rat nervous system. FEB Lett 305:31-36
69. Meltzer H, Arora R, Baber R, Tricou B (1981) Serotonin uptake in blood platelets of psychiatric patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38:1322-1329
70. Meltzer H, Arora RC (1988) Genetic control of serotonin uptake in blood platelets: a twin study. Psychiatry Res 24: 263-269
71. 3 receptors regulate serotonin transport via nitric oxide and cGMP. J Biol Chem 269:27351-27356
72. Milner HE, Beliveau R, Jarvis SM (1994) The in situ size of the dopamine transporter is a tetramer as estimated by radiation inactivation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1190:185-187
73. Owen MJ, Nemeroff CB (1994) The role of serotonin in the pathophysiology of depression: focus on the serotonin transporter. Clin Chem 40:288-295
74. Patel AP, Cerruti C, Vaughan RA, Kuhar MJ (1995) Developmentally regulated glycosylation of dopamine transporter. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 83:53-58
75. Pearce RKB, Seeman P, Jellinger K, Tourtellotte W (1989) Dopamine uptake sites and dopamine receptors in Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. Eur Neurol 30:9-14
76. Perry E, Marshall E, Blessed G, Tomlinson B, Perry R (1983) Decreased imipramine binding in the brains of patients with depressive illness. Br J Psychiatry 142:188-192
77. Peter D, Jimenez J, Liu YJ, Kim J, Edwards RH (1994) The chromaffin granule and synaptic vesicle amine transporters differ in substrate recognition and sensitivity to inhibitors. J Biol Chem 269:7231-7237
78. Pin C, Drobny H, Reither H, Hornykiewicz O, Singer EA (1995) Mechanism of the dopamine-releasing actions of amphetamine and cocaine: plasmalemmal dopamine transporter versus vesicular monoamine transporter. Mol Pharmacol 47: 368-373
79. Pines G, Danbolt NC, Bjoras M, Zhang Y, Bendahan A, Eide L, Koepsell H, Storm-Mathisen J, Seeberg E, Kanner BI (1993) Cloning and expression of a rat brain L-glutamate transporter. Nature 360:464-466
80. Ramamoorthy S, Bauman A, Moore K, Han H, Yang-Feng T, Chang A, Ganapathy V, Blakely R (1993) Antidepressant- and cocaine-sensitive human serotonin transporter: molecular cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:2542-2546
81. Ramamoorthy S, Cool DR, Mahesh VB, Leibach FH, Melikian HE, Blakely RD, Ganapathy V (1993) Regulation of the human serotonin transporter: cholera toxin-induced stimulation of serotonin uptake in human placental choriocarcinoma cells is accompanied by increased serotonin transporter mRNA levels and serotonin transporter-specific ligand binding. J Biol Chem 268:21626-21631
82. Roghani A, Feldman J, Kohan SA, Shirzadi A, Gundersen CB, Brecha N, Edwards RH (1994) Molecular cloning of a putative vesicular transporter for acetylcholine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:10620-10624
83. Rothstein JD, Martin LJ, Kuncl RW (1992) Decreased glutamate transport by the brain and spinal cord in amyotrophic lateral scerosis. New Engl J Med 326:1464-1468
84. Rothstein JD, Martin L, Levey AI, Dykes-Hoberg M, Jin L, Wu D, Nash N, Kuncl RW (1994) Localization of neuronal and glial glutamate transporters. Neuron 13:713-725
85. Rudnick G, Steiner-Murdoch S, Fishkes H, Stern-Bach Y, Schuldiner S (1990) Energetics of reserpine binding and occlusion by the chromaffin granule biogenic amine transporter. Biochemistry 29:603-608
86. Rothstein JD, Van Kammen M, Levey AI, Martin LJ, Kuncl RW (1995) Selective loss of glial glutamate transporter GLT-1 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol 38:78-84
87. Rudnick G, Wall SC (1993) Non-neurotoxic amphetamine derivatives release serotonin through serotonin transporters. Mol Pharmacol 43:271-276
88. Schloss P, Betz H (1995) Heterogeneity of antidepressant binding sites on the recombinant rat serotonin transporter SERT1. Biochemistry 34:12590-12595
89. Schuldiner S, Liu Y, Edwards RH (1993) Reserpine binding to a vesicular amine transporter expressed in Chinese haster ovary fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 268:29-34
90. Schuldiner S, Steiner-Mordoch S, Yelin R, Wall SC, Rudnick G (1993) Amphetamine derivatives interact with both plasma membrane and secretory vesicle biogenic amine transporters. Mol Pharmacol 44:1227-1231
91. Scott HL, Tannenberg AE, Dodd PR (1995) Variant forms of neuronal glutamate transporter sites in Alzheimer's disease cerebral cortex. J Neurochem 64:2193-2202
92. Sen D, Gilbert W (1990) A sodium-potassium switch in the formation of four-stranded G4-DNA. Nature 344:410-414
93. Simpson MDC, Slater P, Royston MC, Deakin JFW (1992) Regionally selective deficits in uptake sites for glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid in the basal ganglia in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 42:273-282
94. Smith KE, Borden LA, Hartig PR, Branchek T, Weinshank RL (1992) Cloning and expression of a glycine transporter reveal colocalization with NMDA receptors. Neuron 8:927-935
95. Smith CP, Weremowicz S, Kanai Y, Stelzner M, Morton CC, Hediger MA (1994) Assignment of the gene coding for the human high-affinity glutamate transporter EAAC1 to 9p24: potential role in dicarboxylic aminoaciduria and neurodegnerative disorders. Genomics 20:335-336
96. Stahl S, Woo D, Mefford I, Berger P, Ciaranello R (1983) Hyperserotonemia and platelet serotonin uptake in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Am J Psychiatry 140:26-31
97. Stanley M, Virgilio J, Gershon S (1982) Tritiated imipramine binding sites are decreased in the frontal cortex of suicides. Science 216:1337-1339
98. +-dependent glutamate/aspartate transporter in rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:10955-10959
99. Tanner C, Langsten J (1990) Do environmantal toxins cause Parkinson's disease? a critical review. Neurology 40:17-30
100. +- and CL-dependent serotonin transporter expressed using recombinant baculovirus in insect cells. J Biol Chem 269:26303-26310
101. Uhl GR, Johnson PS (1994) Neurotransmitter transporters: three important gene families for neuronal function. J Exp Biol 196:229-236
102. Usdin TB, Eiden LE, Bonner TI, Erickson JD (1995) Molecular biology of the vesicular ACh transporter. Trends Neurosci 18:218-224
103. Vingerhoets FJG, Snow BJ, Tetrud JW, Langston JW, Schulzer M, Calne DB (1994) Positron Emission tomographic evidence for progression of human MPTP-induced dopaminergic lesions. Ann Neurol 36:765-770
104. Virmani MA, Conti R, Spadoni A, Rossi S, Arrigoni-Martelli E (1994) L-Carnitine uptake into primary rat cortical cultures: interaction with GABA. Mol Brain Res 25:105-112
105. Wang JB, Moriwaki A, Uhl GR (1995) Dopamine transporter cysteine mutants: second extracellular loop cysteines are required for transporter expression. J Neurochem 64:1416-1419
106. Zanchin G, De-Boni A, Lauria G, Maggioni F, Rossi P, Villacara A (1995) Synaptosomal glutamate uptake in a model of experimental cerebral ischemia. Neurochem Res 20:195-199
107. Zottola RJ, Cloherty EK, Coderre PE, Hansen A, Hebert DN, Carruthers A (1995) Glucose transporter function is controlled by transporter oligomeric structure: single intramolecular disulfide promotes GLUT1 tetramerization. Biochemistry 34:9734-9747