Winter 1994 weather and ice conditions for the Laurentian Great Lakes

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

Volumn 77, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 71-88

  Assel, Raymond A ^a,d   Janowiak, John E ^a   Young, Sharolyn ^b   Boyce, Daron ^c  

^a NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^b NIC/NPOC   (United States)

^c NWS/NOAA   (United States)

^d NOAA GREAT LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANITCYCLONIC ANOMALY; ICE COVER; LAKE EFFECT SNOWFALL; POLAR VORTEX ANOMALY; SEVERE WINTER DATA (1994); WINTER SEVERITY INDEX;

CANADA, GREAT LAKES; USA, GREAT LAKES;

EID: 0029768599     PISSN: 00030007     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0071:WWAICF>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. AES 1994a: Cold conditions reflected in ice extent. Climate Perspectives, 16, No. 6, Canadian Meteorological Center, 6 pp. [Available from Atmospheric Environment Service, 4905 Dufferin St., Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada.]
2. _, 1994b: Ontario and Quebec struggle to keep warm. Climate Perspectives, 16, No. 4, Canadian Meteorological Center, 25 pp. [Available from Atmospheric Environment Service, 4905 Dufferin St., Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada.]
3. Assel, R. A., 1986: Great Lakes degree-day and winter severity index update: 1897-1983. NOAA Data Rep. ERL GLERL-29, 54 pp. [Available from NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI 48105.]
4. _, 1990: An ice cover climatology for Lake Erie and Lake Superior for the winter seasons 1897-98 to 1982-83. Int. J. Climatol., 10, 731-748.
5. _, and F. H. Quinn, 1979: A historical perspective of the 1976-77 Lake Michigan ice cover. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 336-341.
6. _, and D. M. Robertson, 1995: Changes in winter air temperatures near Lake Michigan during 1851-1993, as determined from regional lake-ice records. J. Limnol. Oceanogr., 40, 165-176.
7. _, F. H. Quinn, S. J. Bolsenga, and G. A. Leshkevich, 1983: NOAA Great Lakes Ice Atlas. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 115 pp.
8. _, C. R. Snider, and R. L. Lawrence, 1985: Comparison of 1983 Great Lakes winter weather and ice conditions with previous years. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 291-303.
9. Associated Press, 1994: "Winter's bitter cold puts iciest grip on Great Lakes shipping since 1978," Chicago Tribune, 10 February, sec. 1, p. 3.
10. Brown, R. W., W. W. Taylor, and R. A. Assel, 1993: Factors affecting the recruitment of Lake Whitefish in two areas of northern Lake Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res., 19, 418-428.
11. Croley, T. E., II, and R. A. Assel, 1994: A one-dimensional ice thermodynamics model for the Laurentian Great Lakes. Water Resour. Res., 30, 625-639.
12. DeWitt, B. H., and Coauthors, 1980: Summary of Great Lakes weather and ice conditions, winter 1978-79. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL GLERL-31, 123 pp. [Available from NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI 48105.]
13. Eichenlaub, V., 1979: Weather and Climate of the Great Lakes Region. University of Notre Dame Press, 335 pp.
14. Fisher, J., 1994a: "Coast Guard icebreakers work to make the Hudson passable," New York Times, 18 February, Metro, p. B1.
15. _, 1994b: "Ten counties still feel toll of winter," Ann Arbor News, 9 May, p. B6.
16. Hanson, P. H., C. S. Hanson, and B. H. Yoo, 1992: Recent Great Lakes ice trends. Bull Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73, 577-584.
17. International Niagara Working Committee, 1994: Report on the 1993-1994 operation of the Lake Erie-Niagara River ice boom. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Buffalo District, Buffalo, NY, 35 pp. [Available from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1776 Niagara St., Buffalo, NY 14207.]
18. Lake Carriers' Association, 1994: 1994 Annual Rep. of Lake Carriers' Association. 46 pp. [Available from Lake Carriers' Association, 915 Rockefeller Building, 614 Superior Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44199.]
19. Niimi, A. J., 1982: Economic and environmental issues of the proposed extension of the winter navigation season and improvements on the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway system. J. Great Lakes Res., 8, 532-549.
20. NOAA 1994a: Weekly Weather and Crop Bulletin. Vol. 81, No. 11, 15 March 1994, U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, 20 pp. [Available from NOAA/USDA Joint Agricultural Weather Facility, USDA South Bldg., Rm 5844, Washington, DC 20250.]
21. _, 1994b: Storm Data. Vol. 36, No. 1-3, National Climate Data Center, 66 pp. [Available from NCDC, 37 Battery Park Ave., Asheville, NC 28801.]
22. Quinn, F. H., R. A. Assel, D. E. Boyce, G. A. Leshkevich, C. R. Snider, and D. Weisnet, 1978: Summary of Great Lakes weather and ice conditions, winter 1976-77. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL GLERL-20, 141 pp. [Available from NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI 48105.]
23. Richards, T. L., 1964: Meteorological factors affecting ice cover on the Great Lakes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 92, 297-302.
24. Rockwell, D. C., D. S. DeVault III, M. F. Palmer, C. V. Marion, and R. J. Bowden, 1980: Lake Michigan intensive survey 1976-77. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Rep. EPA-905/4-80-003-A, Great Lakes Program Office, Chicago, IL, 155 pp.
25. Rondy, D. R., 1976: Great Lakes ice cover. Limnology of Lake and Embayments. Great Lakes Basin Framework Study, 105-117. [Available from Great Lakes Basin Commission, P.O. Box 999, 3475 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48106.]
26. Ryan, C. M., F. H. Quinn, and M. J. Donahue, 1994: Great Lake climate change - Research priorities for assessing the impacts of climate change in the Great Lakes. Proc. Great Lakes Climate Change Workshop, Ypsilanti, MI, NOAA, Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research, 159 pp.
27. Smith, J. B., 1991: The potential impacts of climate change on the Great Lakes. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 72, 21-28.
28. Swanson, S., 1994: "A deep freeze from Duluth to Buffalo." Chicago Tribune. 18 February, sec. 1, p. 1.
29. Taylor, W. W., M. A. Smale, and M. H. Freeberg. 1987: Biotic and abiotic determinants of Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) recruitment in northeastern Lake Michigan. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 44, 313-323.
30. U.S. Coast Guard, 1994: Ninth District domestic icebreaking report, U.S. Coast Guard, 44 pp. [Available from U.S. Coast Guard, Ninth District Headquarters, 1240 East 9th Street. Cleveland, OH 44199.]
31. Vanderploeg, H. A., S. J. Bolsenga, G. L. Fahnenstiel, J. R. Liebig, and W. S. Gardner, 1992: Plankton ecology in an ice-covered bay of Lake Michigan: Utilization of a winter phytoplankton bloom by reproducing copepods. Hydrobiologia, 243-244, 175-183.