Income and gender inequalities in Asia: Testing alternative theories of development

Economic Development and Cultural Change

Volumn 44, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 235-263

  Lantican, Clarita P ^a   Gladwin, Christina H ^a   Scale Jr , James L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEVELOPING WORLD; DEVELOPMENT THEORY; GENDER DISPARITY; GENDER INEQUALITY; GENDER STUDIES; INCOME DISTRIBUTION; INCOME INEQUALITY; STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION; WOMEN'S ISSUE; WOMEN'S STATUS;

ASIA; BANGLADESH; KOREA(SOUTH); PHILIPPINES;

EID: 0029768553     PISSN: 00130079     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/452212     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Dependency theorists include Paul Baran, The Political Economy of Growth (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1957); Arghiri Emmanuel, Unequal Exchange (New York: Modern Reader, 1972); André Gunder Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America (New York: Modern Reader, 1969), and "The Development of Underdevelopment," in Dependence and Underdevelopment, ed. James Crockroft (New York: Anchor, 1972), pp. 19-46; Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System (New York: Academic Press, 1974); Samir Amin, Dynamics of Global Crisis (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1982); and Alain deJanvry, The Agrarian Question (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981).
2. Dependency theorists include Paul Baran, The Political Economy of Growth (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1957); Arghiri Emmanuel, Unequal Exchange (New York: Modern Reader, 1972); André Gunder Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America (New York: Modern Reader, 1969), and "The Development of Underdevelopment," in Dependence and Underdevelopment, ed. James Crockroft (New York: Anchor, 1972), pp. 19-46; Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System (New York: Academic Press, 1974); Samir Amin, Dynamics of Global Crisis (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1982); and Alain deJanvry, The Agrarian Question (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981).
3. Dependency theorists include Paul Baran, The Political Economy of Growth (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1957); Arghiri Emmanuel, Unequal Exchange (New York: Modern Reader, 1972); André Gunder Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America (New York: Modern Reader, 1969), and "The Development of Underdevelopment," in Dependence and Underdevelopment, ed. James Crockroft (New York: Anchor, 1972), pp. 19-46; Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System (New York: Academic Press, 1974); Samir Amin, Dynamics of Global Crisis (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1982); and Alain deJanvry, The Agrarian Question (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981).
4. Dependency theorists include Paul Baran, The Political Economy of Growth (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1957); Arghiri Emmanuel, Unequal Exchange (New York: Modern Reader, 1972); André Gunder Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America (New York: Modern Reader, 1969), and "The Development of Underdevelopment," in Dependence and Underdevelopment, ed. James Crockroft (New York: Anchor, 1972), pp. 19-46; Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System (New York: Academic Press, 1974); Samir Amin, Dynamics of Global Crisis (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1982); and Alain deJanvry, The Agrarian Question (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981).
5. Dependency theorists include Paul Baran, The Political Economy of Growth (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1957); Arghiri Emmanuel, Unequal Exchange (New York: Modern Reader, 1972); André Gunder Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America (New York: Modern Reader, 1969), and "The Development of Underdevelopment," in Dependence and Underdevelopment, ed. James Crockroft (New York: Anchor, 1972), pp. 19-46; Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System (New York: Academic Press, 1974); Samir Amin, Dynamics of Global Crisis (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1982); and Alain deJanvry, The Agrarian Question (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981).
6. Dependency theorists include Paul Baran, The Political Economy of Growth (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1957); Arghiri Emmanuel, Unequal Exchange (New York: Modern Reader, 1972); André Gunder Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America (New York: Modern Reader, 1969), and "The Development of Underdevelopment," in Dependence and Underdevelopment, ed. James Crockroft (New York: Anchor, 1972), pp. 19-46; Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System (New York: Academic Press, 1974); Samir Amin, Dynamics of Global Crisis (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1982); and Alain deJanvry, The Agrarian Question (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981).
7. Dependency theorists include Paul Baran, The Political Economy of Growth (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1957); Arghiri Emmanuel, Unequal Exchange (New York: Modern Reader, 1972); André Gunder Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America (New York: Modern Reader, 1969), and "The Development of Underdevelopment," in Dependence and Underdevelopment, ed. James Crockroft (New York: Anchor, 1972), pp. 19-46; Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System (New York: Academic Press, 1974); Samir Amin, Dynamics of Global Crisis (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1982); and Alain deJanvry, The Agrarian Question (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981).
8. Such economists are Simon Kuznets, "Economic Growth and Income Inequality," American Economic Review 45 (1955): 1-28, Economic Growth of Nations (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), and Modern Economic Growth (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1966); Irma Adelman and Cynthia T. Morris, Economic Growth and Social Equity in Developing Countries (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1973); and Hollis Chenery and M. Syrquin, Patterns of Development 1950-1970 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973). Sociologists of the modernization school include Talcott Parsons, Structure and Process in Modern Societies (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1960); and Neil J. Smelser and S. M. Lipset, Social Structural Mobility in Economic Development (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966).
9. Such economists are Simon Kuznets, "Economic Growth and Income Inequality," American Economic Review 45 (1955): 1-28, Economic Growth of Nations (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), and Modern Economic Growth (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1966); Irma Adelman and Cynthia T. Morris, Economic Growth and Social Equity in Developing Countries (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1973); and Hollis Chenery and M. Syrquin, Patterns of Development 1950-1970 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973). Sociologists of the modernization school include Talcott Parsons, Structure and Process in Modern Societies (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1960); and Neil J. Smelser and S. M. Lipset, Social Structural Mobility in Economic Development (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966).
10. Such economists are Simon Kuznets, "Economic Growth and Income Inequality," American Economic Review 45 (1955): 1-28, Economic Growth of Nations (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), and Modern Economic Growth (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1966); Irma Adelman and Cynthia T. Morris, Economic Growth and Social Equity in Developing Countries (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1973); and Hollis Chenery and M. Syrquin, Patterns of Development 1950-1970 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973). Sociologists of the modernization school include Talcott Parsons, Structure and Process in Modern Societies (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1960); and Neil J. Smelser and S. M. Lipset, Social Structural Mobility in Economic Development (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966).
11. Such economists are Simon Kuznets, "Economic Growth and Income Inequality," American Economic Review 45 (1955): 1-28, Economic Growth of Nations (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), and Modern Economic Growth (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1966); Irma Adelman and Cynthia T. Morris, Economic Growth and Social Equity in Developing Countries (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1973); and Hollis Chenery and M. Syrquin, Patterns of Development 1950-1970 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973). Sociologists of the modernization school include Talcott Parsons, Structure and Process in Modern Societies (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1960); and Neil J. Smelser and S. M. Lipset, Social Structural Mobility in Economic Development (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966).
12. Such economists are Simon Kuznets, "Economic Growth and Income Inequality," American Economic Review 45 (1955): 1-28, Economic Growth of Nations (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), and Modern Economic Growth (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1966); Irma Adelman and Cynthia T. Morris, Economic Growth and Social Equity in Developing Countries (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1973); and Hollis Chenery and M. Syrquin, Patterns of Development 1950-1970 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973). Sociologists of the modernization school include Talcott Parsons, Structure and Process in Modern Societies (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1960); and Neil J. Smelser and S. M. Lipset, Social Structural Mobility in Economic Development (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966).
13. Such economists are Simon Kuznets, "Economic Growth and Income Inequality," American Economic Review 45 (1955): 1-28, Economic Growth of Nations (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), and Modern Economic Growth (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1966); Irma Adelman and Cynthia T. Morris, Economic Growth and Social Equity in Developing Countries (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1973); and Hollis Chenery and M. Syrquin, Patterns of Development 1950-1970 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973). Sociologists of the modernization school include Talcott Parsons, Structure and Process in Modern Societies (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1960); and Neil J. Smelser and S. M. Lipset, Social Structural Mobility in Economic Development (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966).
14. Such economists are Simon Kuznets, "Economic Growth and Income Inequality," American Economic Review 45 (1955): 1-28, Economic Growth of Nations (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), and Modern Economic Growth (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1966); Irma Adelman and Cynthia T. Morris, Economic Growth and Social Equity in Developing Countries (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1973); and Hollis Chenery and M. Syrquin, Patterns of Development 1950-1970 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973). Sociologists of the modernization school include Talcott Parsons, Structure and Process in Modern Societies (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1960); and Neil J. Smelser and S. M. Lipset, Social Structural Mobility in Economic Development (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966).
15. Hollis Chenery, Structural Change and Development Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979); Bruce F. Johnston and Peter Kilby, Agriculture and Structural Transformation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), pp. 34-75; Stephen O'Brien, "Structural Adjustment and Structural Transformation in Sub-Saharan Africa," in Structural Adjustment and African Women Farmers, ed. Christina H. Gladwin (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1991), pp. 25-45.
16. Hollis Chenery, Structural Change and Development Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979); Bruce F. Johnston and Peter Kilby, Agriculture and Structural Transformation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), pp. 34-75; Stephen O'Brien, "Structural Adjustment and Structural Transformation in Sub-Saharan Africa," in Structural Adjustment and African Women Farmers, ed. Christina H. Gladwin (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1991), pp. 25-45.
17. Hollis Chenery, Structural Change and Development Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979); Bruce F. Johnston and Peter Kilby, Agriculture and Structural Transformation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), pp. 34-75; Stephen O'Brien, "Structural Adjustment and Structural Transformation in Sub-Saharan Africa," in Structural Adjustment and African Women Farmers, ed. Christina H. Gladwin (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1991), pp. 25-45.
18. See Irene Tinker, "The Adverse Impact of Development on Women," in Women and World Development, ed. I. Tinker and M. Bramsen (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1976); Kathleen A. Staudt, "Women Farmers and Inequities in Agricultural Services," Rural Africana 29 (Winter 1975): 81-93, and "Agricultural Productivity Gaps: A Case Study of Male Preference in Government Policy Implementations," Development and Change 9, no. 3 (1978): 439-58; Kathleen Cloud, "Women Farmers and AID Agricultural Projects: How Efficient Are We?" in Women Creating Wealth, ed. R. Gallin and A. Spring (Washington, D.C.: Association for Women in Development, 1985), pp. 163-72; Jean Due, "Update on Financing Smallholders in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Tanzania," Savings and Development 3 (1983): 261-77, and "Women Made Visible: Their Contributions to Farming Systems and Household Incomes in Zambia and Tanzania," Culture and Agriculture 26 (Spring 1985): 16-19; Jane Guyer, "Household and Community in African Studies," African Studies Review 24, no. 2 (1981): 87-137; Angelique Haugerud, "The Limits of Household Analysis in the Study of Agricultural Production: A Central Kenyan Case" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Daisy H. Dwyer, "Women and Income in the Third World: Implications for Policy," International Programs Working Paper no. 18 (Population Council, New York); Dolores Koenig, "Household Behavior in the Region of Kita, and Its Relationship to Agricultural Change" (Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, West Lafayette, Ind., 1980, mimeographed), and "Women's Work and Social Stratification in the Rural Malian Household" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Della McMillan, "Monitoring Household Change in Farming Systems Research," Development and Change 18, no. 2 (1987): 295-314, and "Social Impacts of Planned Settlement in Burkina Faso," in Drought and Famine in Africa, ed. M. H. Glantz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 297-322; Christine Okali and J. E. Sumberg, "Sheep and Goats, Men and Women: Household Relations and Small Ruminant Production in Southwest Nigeria," in Understanding Africa's Rural Households and Farming Systems, ed. Joyce Moock (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1986), pp. 166-81; Jean Ensminger, "Economic and Political Differentiation among Galole Orma Women," Ethnos ("Women in Pastoral Production," ed. G. Dahl) 51, nos. 1-2 (July 1987): 28-49; Jean Due, Timothy Mudenda, and Patricia Miller, "How Do Rural Women Perceive Development? A Case Study in Zambia," Report no. 83-E-265 (University of Illinois, Department of Agricultural Economics, 1983); Jacqueline Ashby, "New Models for Agricultural Research and Extension: The Need to Integrate Women," in Invisible Farmers: Women and the Crisis in Agriculture, ed. G. Dahl (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1981); Jette Bukh, Village Women in Ghana (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1979); Jean Due and Rebecca Summary, "Constraints to Women and Development in Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 20, no. 1 (1982): 155-66; Louise Fortmann, "The Plight of the Invisible Fanner: The Effect of National Agricultural Policy on Women," in Women and Technological Change in Developing Countries, ed. R. Dauber and M. Cain (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), pp. 205-14, and "Women's Work in a Communal Setting: The Tanzanian Policy of Ujama," in Women and Work in Africa, ed. E. Bay (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982); Peter Moock, "The Efficiency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 58 (1976): 831-35; Achola Pala Okeyo, "Daughters of the Lakes and Rivers," in Women and Colonization, ed. M. Etienne and E. Leacock (New York: Praeger, 1980); and Anita Spring, "Men and Women Participants in a Stallfeeder Livestock Program in Malawi," Human Organization 45, no. 1 (1986): 154-62.
19. See Irene Tinker, "The Adverse Impact of Development on Women," in Women and World Development, ed. I. Tinker and M. Bramsen (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1976); Kathleen A. Staudt, "Women Farmers and Inequities in Agricultural Services," Rural Africana 29 (Winter 1975): 81-93, and "Agricultural Productivity Gaps: A Case Study of Male Preference in Government Policy Implementations," Development and Change 9, no. 3 (1978): 439-58; Kathleen Cloud, "Women Farmers and AID Agricultural Projects: How Efficient Are We?" in Women Creating Wealth, ed. R. Gallin and A. Spring (Washington, D.C.: Association for Women in Development, 1985), pp. 163-72; Jean Due, "Update on Financing Smallholders in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Tanzania," Savings and Development 3 (1983): 261-77, and "Women Made Visible: Their Contributions to Farming Systems and Household Incomes in Zambia and Tanzania," Culture and Agriculture 26 (Spring 1985): 16-19; Jane Guyer, "Household and Community in African Studies," African Studies Review 24, no. 2 (1981): 87-137; Angelique Haugerud, "The Limits of Household Analysis in the Study of Agricultural Production: A Central Kenyan Case" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Daisy H. Dwyer, "Women and Income in the Third World: Implications for Policy," International Programs Working Paper no. 18 (Population Council, New York); Dolores Koenig, "Household Behavior in the Region of Kita, and Its Relationship to Agricultural Change" (Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, West Lafayette, Ind., 1980, mimeographed), and "Women's Work and Social Stratification in the Rural Malian Household" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Della McMillan, "Monitoring Household Change in Farming Systems Research," Development and Change 18, no. 2 (1987): 295-314, and "Social Impacts of Planned Settlement in Burkina Faso," in Drought and Famine in Africa, ed. M. H. Glantz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 297-322; Christine Okali and J. E. Sumberg, "Sheep and Goats, Men and Women: Household Relations and Small Ruminant Production in Southwest Nigeria," in Understanding Africa's Rural Households and Farming Systems, ed. Joyce Moock (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1986), pp. 166-81; Jean Ensminger, "Economic and Political Differentiation among Galole Orma Women," Ethnos ("Women in Pastoral Production," ed. G. Dahl) 51, nos. 1-2 (July 1987): 28-49; Jean Due, Timothy Mudenda, and Patricia Miller, "How Do Rural Women Perceive Development? A Case Study in Zambia," Report no. 83-E-265 (University of Illinois, Department of Agricultural Economics, 1983); Jacqueline Ashby, "New Models for Agricultural Research and Extension: The Need to Integrate Women," in Invisible Farmers: Women and the Crisis in Agriculture, ed. G. Dahl (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1981); Jette Bukh, Village Women in Ghana (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1979); Jean Due and Rebecca Summary, "Constraints to Women and Development in Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 20, no. 1 (1982): 155-66; Louise Fortmann, "The Plight of the Invisible Fanner: The Effect of National Agricultural Policy on Women," in Women and Technological Change in Developing Countries, ed. R. Dauber and M. Cain (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), pp. 205-14, and "Women's Work in a Communal Setting: The Tanzanian Policy of Ujama," in Women and Work in Africa, ed. E. Bay (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982); Peter Moock, "The Efficiency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 58 (1976): 831-35; Achola Pala Okeyo, "Daughters of the Lakes and Rivers," in Women and Colonization, ed. M. Etienne and E. Leacock (New York: Praeger, 1980); and Anita Spring, "Men and Women Participants in a Stallfeeder Livestock Program in Malawi," Human Organization 45, no. 1 (1986): 154-62.
20. See Irene Tinker, "The Adverse Impact of Development on Women," in Women and World Development, ed. I. Tinker and M. Bramsen (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1976); Kathleen A. Staudt, "Women Farmers and Inequities in Agricultural Services," Rural Africana 29 (Winter 1975): 81-93, and "Agricultural Productivity Gaps: A Case Study of Male Preference in Government Policy Implementations," Development and Change 9, no. 3 (1978): 439-58; Kathleen Cloud, "Women Farmers and AID Agricultural Projects: How Efficient Are We?" in Women Creating Wealth, ed. R. Gallin and A. Spring (Washington, D.C.: Association for Women in Development, 1985), pp. 163-72; Jean Due, "Update on Financing Smallholders in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Tanzania," Savings and Development 3 (1983): 261-77, and "Women Made Visible: Their Contributions to Farming Systems and Household Incomes in Zambia and Tanzania," Culture and Agriculture 26 (Spring 1985): 16-19; Jane Guyer, "Household and Community in African Studies," African Studies Review 24, no. 2 (1981): 87-137; Angelique Haugerud, "The Limits of Household Analysis in the Study of Agricultural Production: A Central Kenyan Case" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Daisy H. Dwyer, "Women and Income in the Third World: Implications for Policy," International Programs Working Paper no. 18 (Population Council, New York); Dolores Koenig, "Household Behavior in the Region of Kita, and Its Relationship to Agricultural Change" (Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, West Lafayette, Ind., 1980, mimeographed), and "Women's Work and Social Stratification in the Rural Malian Household" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Della McMillan, "Monitoring Household Change in Farming Systems Research," Development and Change 18, no. 2 (1987): 295-314, and "Social Impacts of Planned Settlement in Burkina Faso," in Drought and Famine in Africa, ed. M. H. Glantz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 297-322; Christine Okali and J. E. Sumberg, "Sheep and Goats, Men and Women: Household Relations and Small Ruminant Production in Southwest Nigeria," in Understanding Africa's Rural Households and Farming Systems, ed. Joyce Moock (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1986), pp. 166-81; Jean Ensminger, "Economic and Political Differentiation among Galole Orma Women," Ethnos ("Women in Pastoral Production," ed. G. Dahl) 51, nos. 1-2 (July 1987): 28-49; Jean Due, Timothy Mudenda, and Patricia Miller, "How Do Rural Women Perceive Development? A Case Study in Zambia," Report no. 83-E-265 (University of Illinois, Department of Agricultural Economics, 1983); Jacqueline Ashby, "New Models for Agricultural Research and Extension: The Need to Integrate Women," in Invisible Farmers: Women and the Crisis in Agriculture, ed. G. Dahl (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1981); Jette Bukh, Village Women in Ghana (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1979); Jean Due and Rebecca Summary, "Constraints to Women and Development in Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 20, no. 1 (1982): 155-66; Louise Fortmann, "The Plight of the Invisible Fanner: The Effect of National Agricultural Policy on Women," in Women and Technological Change in Developing Countries, ed. R. Dauber and M. Cain (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), pp. 205-14, and "Women's Work in a Communal Setting: The Tanzanian Policy of Ujama," in Women and Work in Africa, ed. E. Bay (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982); Peter Moock, "The Efficiency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 58 (1976): 831-35; Achola Pala Okeyo, "Daughters of the Lakes and Rivers," in Women and Colonization, ed. M. Etienne and E. Leacock (New York: Praeger, 1980); and Anita Spring, "Men and Women Participants in a Stallfeeder Livestock Program in Malawi," Human Organization 45, no. 1 (1986): 154-62.
21. See Irene Tinker, "The Adverse Impact of Development on Women," in Women and World Development, ed. I. Tinker and M. Bramsen (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1976); Kathleen A. Staudt, "Women Farmers and Inequities in Agricultural Services," Rural Africana 29 (Winter 1975): 81-93, and "Agricultural Productivity Gaps: A Case Study of Male Preference in Government Policy Implementations," Development and Change 9, no. 3 (1978): 439-58; Kathleen Cloud, "Women Farmers and AID Agricultural Projects: How Efficient Are We?" in Women Creating Wealth, ed. R. Gallin and A. Spring (Washington, D.C.: Association for Women in Development, 1985), pp. 163-72; Jean Due, "Update on Financing Smallholders in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Tanzania," Savings and Development 3 (1983): 261-77, and "Women Made Visible: Their Contributions to Farming Systems and Household Incomes in Zambia and Tanzania," Culture and Agriculture 26 (Spring 1985): 16-19; Jane Guyer, "Household and Community in African Studies," African Studies Review 24, no. 2 (1981): 87-137; Angelique Haugerud, "The Limits of Household Analysis in the Study of Agricultural Production: A Central Kenyan Case" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Daisy H. Dwyer, "Women and Income in the Third World: Implications for Policy," International Programs Working Paper no. 18 (Population Council, New York); Dolores Koenig, "Household Behavior in the Region of Kita, and Its Relationship to Agricultural Change" (Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, West Lafayette, Ind., 1980, mimeographed), and "Women's Work and Social Stratification in the Rural Malian Household" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Della McMillan, "Monitoring Household Change in Farming Systems Research," Development and Change 18, no. 2 (1987): 295-314, and "Social Impacts of Planned Settlement in Burkina Faso," in Drought and Famine in Africa, ed. M. H. Glantz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 297-322; Christine Okali and J. E. Sumberg, "Sheep and Goats, Men and Women: Household Relations and Small Ruminant Production in Southwest Nigeria," in Understanding Africa's Rural Households and Farming Systems, ed. Joyce Moock (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1986), pp. 166-81; Jean Ensminger, "Economic and Political Differentiation among Galole Orma Women," Ethnos ("Women in Pastoral Production," ed. G. Dahl) 51, nos. 1-2 (July 1987): 28-49; Jean Due, Timothy Mudenda, and Patricia Miller, "How Do Rural Women Perceive Development? A Case Study in Zambia," Report no. 83-E-265 (University of Illinois, Department of Agricultural Economics, 1983); Jacqueline Ashby, "New Models for Agricultural Research and Extension: The Need to Integrate Women," in Invisible Farmers: Women and the Crisis in Agriculture, ed. G. Dahl (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1981); Jette Bukh, Village Women in Ghana (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1979); Jean Due and Rebecca Summary, "Constraints to Women and Development in Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 20, no. 1 (1982): 155-66; Louise Fortmann, "The Plight of the Invisible Fanner: The Effect of National Agricultural Policy on Women," in Women and Technological Change in Developing Countries, ed. R. Dauber and M. Cain (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), pp. 205-14, and "Women's Work in a Communal Setting: The Tanzanian Policy of Ujama," in Women and Work in Africa, ed. E. Bay (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982); Peter Moock, "The Efficiency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 58 (1976): 831-35; Achola Pala Okeyo, "Daughters of the Lakes and Rivers," in Women and Colonization, ed. M. Etienne and E. Leacock (New York: Praeger, 1980); and Anita Spring, "Men and Women Participants in a Stallfeeder Livestock Program in Malawi," Human Organization 45, no. 1 (1986): 154-62.
22. See Irene Tinker, "The Adverse Impact of Development on Women," in Women and World Development, ed. I. Tinker and M. Bramsen (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1976); Kathleen A. Staudt, "Women Farmers and Inequities in Agricultural Services," Rural Africana 29 (Winter 1975): 81-93, and "Agricultural Productivity Gaps: A Case Study of Male Preference in Government Policy Implementations," Development and Change 9, no. 3 (1978): 439-58; Kathleen Cloud, "Women Farmers and AID Agricultural Projects: How Efficient Are We?" in Women Creating Wealth, ed. R. Gallin and A. Spring (Washington, D.C.: Association for Women in Development, 1985), pp. 163-72; Jean Due, "Update on Financing Smallholders in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Tanzania," Savings and Development 3 (1983): 261-77, and "Women Made Visible: Their Contributions to Farming Systems and Household Incomes in Zambia and Tanzania," Culture and Agriculture 26 (Spring 1985): 16-19; Jane Guyer, "Household and Community in African Studies," African Studies Review 24, no. 2 (1981): 87-137; Angelique Haugerud, "The Limits of Household Analysis in the Study of Agricultural Production: A Central Kenyan Case" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Daisy H. Dwyer, "Women and Income in the Third World: Implications for Policy," International Programs Working Paper no. 18 (Population Council, New York); Dolores Koenig, "Household Behavior in the Region of Kita, and Its Relationship to Agricultural Change" (Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, West Lafayette, Ind., 1980, mimeographed), and "Women's Work and Social Stratification in the Rural Malian Household" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Della McMillan, "Monitoring Household Change in Farming Systems Research," Development and Change 18, no. 2 (1987): 295-314, and "Social Impacts of Planned Settlement in Burkina Faso," in Drought and Famine in Africa, ed. M. H. Glantz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 297-322; Christine Okali and J. E. Sumberg, "Sheep and Goats, Men and Women: Household Relations and Small Ruminant Production in Southwest Nigeria," in Understanding Africa's Rural Households and Farming Systems, ed. Joyce Moock (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1986), pp. 166-81; Jean Ensminger, "Economic and Political Differentiation among Galole Orma Women," Ethnos ("Women in Pastoral Production," ed. G. Dahl) 51, nos. 1-2 (July 1987): 28-49; Jean Due, Timothy Mudenda, and Patricia Miller, "How Do Rural Women Perceive Development? A Case Study in Zambia," Report no. 83-E-265 (University of Illinois, Department of Agricultural Economics, 1983); Jacqueline Ashby, "New Models for Agricultural Research and Extension: The Need to Integrate Women," in Invisible Farmers: Women and the Crisis in Agriculture, ed. G. Dahl (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1981); Jette Bukh, Village Women in Ghana (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1979); Jean Due and Rebecca Summary, "Constraints to Women and Development in Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 20, no. 1 (1982): 155-66; Louise Fortmann, "The Plight of the Invisible Fanner: The Effect of National Agricultural Policy on Women," in Women and Technological Change in Developing Countries, ed. R. Dauber and M. Cain (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), pp. 205-14, and "Women's Work in a Communal Setting: The Tanzanian Policy of Ujama," in Women and Work in Africa, ed. E. Bay (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982); Peter Moock, "The Efficiency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 58 (1976): 831-35; Achola Pala Okeyo, "Daughters of the Lakes and Rivers," in Women and Colonization, ed. M. Etienne and E. Leacock (New York: Praeger, 1980); and Anita Spring, "Men and Women Participants in a Stallfeeder Livestock Program in Malawi," Human Organization 45, no. 1 (1986): 154-62.
23. See Irene Tinker, "The Adverse Impact of Development on Women," in Women and World Development, ed. I. Tinker and M. Bramsen (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1976); Kathleen A. Staudt, "Women Farmers and Inequities in Agricultural Services," Rural Africana 29 (Winter 1975): 81-93, and "Agricultural Productivity Gaps: A Case Study of Male Preference in Government Policy Implementations," Development and Change 9, no. 3 (1978): 439-58; Kathleen Cloud, "Women Farmers and AID Agricultural Projects: How Efficient Are We?" in Women Creating Wealth, ed. R. Gallin and A. Spring (Washington, D.C.: Association for Women in Development, 1985), pp. 163-72; Jean Due, "Update on Financing Smallholders in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Tanzania," Savings and Development 3 (1983): 261-77, and "Women Made Visible: Their Contributions to Farming Systems and Household Incomes in Zambia and Tanzania," Culture and Agriculture 26 (Spring 1985): 16-19; Jane Guyer, "Household and Community in African Studies," African Studies Review 24, no. 2 (1981): 87-137; Angelique Haugerud, "The Limits of Household Analysis in the Study of Agricultural Production: A Central Kenyan Case" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Daisy H. Dwyer, "Women and Income in the Third World: Implications for Policy," International Programs Working Paper no. 18 (Population Council, New York); Dolores Koenig, "Household Behavior in the Region of Kita, and Its Relationship to Agricultural Change" (Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, West Lafayette, Ind., 1980, mimeographed), and "Women's Work and Social Stratification in the Rural Malian Household" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Della McMillan, "Monitoring Household Change in Farming Systems Research," Development and Change 18, no. 2 (1987): 295-314, and "Social Impacts of Planned Settlement in Burkina Faso," in Drought and Famine in Africa, ed. M. H. Glantz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 297-322; Christine Okali and J. E. Sumberg, "Sheep and Goats, Men and Women: Household Relations and Small Ruminant Production in Southwest Nigeria," in Understanding Africa's Rural Households and Farming Systems, ed. Joyce Moock (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1986), pp. 166-81; Jean Ensminger, "Economic and Political Differentiation among Galole Orma Women," Ethnos ("Women in Pastoral Production," ed. G. Dahl) 51, nos. 1-2 (July 1987): 28-49; Jean Due, Timothy Mudenda, and Patricia Miller, "How Do Rural Women Perceive Development? A Case Study in Zambia," Report no. 83-E-265 (University of Illinois, Department of Agricultural Economics, 1983); Jacqueline Ashby, "New Models for Agricultural Research and Extension: The Need to Integrate Women," in Invisible Farmers: Women and the Crisis in Agriculture, ed. G. Dahl (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1981); Jette Bukh, Village Women in Ghana (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1979); Jean Due and Rebecca Summary, "Constraints to Women and Development in Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 20, no. 1 (1982): 155-66; Louise Fortmann, "The Plight of the Invisible Fanner: The Effect of National Agricultural Policy on Women," in Women and Technological Change in Developing Countries, ed. R. Dauber and M. Cain (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), pp. 205-14, and "Women's Work in a Communal Setting: The Tanzanian Policy of Ujama," in Women and Work in Africa, ed. E. Bay (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982); Peter Moock, "The Efficiency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 58 (1976): 831-35; Achola Pala Okeyo, "Daughters of the Lakes and Rivers," in Women and Colonization, ed. M. Etienne and E. Leacock (New York: Praeger, 1980); and Anita Spring, "Men and Women Participants in a Stallfeeder Livestock Program in Malawi," Human Organization 45, no. 1 (1986): 154-62.
24. See Irene Tinker, "The Adverse Impact of Development on Women," in Women and World Development, ed. I. Tinker and M. Bramsen (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1976); Kathleen A. Staudt, "Women Farmers and Inequities in Agricultural Services," Rural Africana 29 (Winter 1975): 81-93, and "Agricultural Productivity Gaps: A Case Study of Male Preference in Government Policy Implementations," Development and Change 9, no. 3 (1978): 439-58; Kathleen Cloud, "Women Farmers and AID Agricultural Projects: How Efficient Are We?" in Women Creating Wealth, ed. R. Gallin and A. Spring (Washington, D.C.: Association for Women in Development, 1985), pp. 163-72; Jean Due, "Update on Financing Smallholders in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Tanzania," Savings and Development 3 (1983): 261-77, and "Women Made Visible: Their Contributions to Farming Systems and Household Incomes in Zambia and Tanzania," Culture and Agriculture 26 (Spring 1985): 16-19; Jane Guyer, "Household and Community in African Studies," African Studies Review 24, no. 2 (1981): 87-137; Angelique Haugerud, "The Limits of Household Analysis in the Study of Agricultural Production: A Central Kenyan Case" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Daisy H. Dwyer, "Women and Income in the Third World: Implications for Policy," International Programs Working Paper no. 18 (Population Council, New York); Dolores Koenig, "Household Behavior in the Region of Kita, and Its Relationship to Agricultural Change" (Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, West Lafayette, Ind., 1980, mimeographed), and "Women's Work and Social Stratification in the Rural Malian Household" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Della McMillan, "Monitoring Household Change in Farming Systems Research," Development and Change 18, no. 2 (1987): 295-314, and "Social Impacts of Planned Settlement in Burkina Faso," in Drought and Famine in Africa, ed. M. H. Glantz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 297-322; Christine Okali and J. E. Sumberg, "Sheep and Goats, Men and Women: Household Relations and Small Ruminant Production in Southwest Nigeria," in Understanding Africa's Rural Households and Farming Systems, ed. Joyce Moock (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1986), pp. 166-81; Jean Ensminger, "Economic and Political Differentiation among Galole Orma Women," Ethnos ("Women in Pastoral Production," ed. G. Dahl) 51, nos. 1-2 (July 1987): 28-49; Jean Due, Timothy Mudenda, and Patricia Miller, "How Do Rural Women Perceive Development? A Case Study in Zambia," Report no. 83-E-265 (University of Illinois, Department of Agricultural Economics, 1983); Jacqueline Ashby, "New Models for Agricultural Research and Extension: The Need to Integrate Women," in Invisible Farmers: Women and the Crisis in Agriculture, ed. G. Dahl (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1981); Jette Bukh, Village Women in Ghana (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1979); Jean Due and Rebecca Summary, "Constraints to Women and Development in Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 20, no. 1 (1982): 155-66; Louise Fortmann, "The Plight of the Invisible Fanner: The Effect of National Agricultural Policy on Women," in Women and Technological Change in Developing Countries, ed. R. Dauber and M. Cain (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), pp. 205-14, and "Women's Work in a Communal Setting: The Tanzanian Policy of Ujama," in Women and Work in Africa, ed. E. Bay (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982); Peter Moock, "The Efficiency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 58 (1976): 831-35; Achola Pala Okeyo, "Daughters of the Lakes and Rivers," in Women and Colonization, ed. M. Etienne and E. Leacock (New York: Praeger, 1980); and Anita Spring, "Men and Women Participants in a Stallfeeder Livestock Program in Malawi," Human Organization 45, no. 1 (1986): 154-62.
25. See Irene Tinker, "The Adverse Impact of Development on Women," in Women and World Development, ed. I. Tinker and M. Bramsen (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1976); Kathleen A. Staudt, "Women Farmers and Inequities in Agricultural Services," Rural Africana 29 (Winter 1975): 81-93, and "Agricultural Productivity Gaps: A Case Study of Male Preference in Government Policy Implementations," Development and Change 9, no. 3 (1978): 439-58; Kathleen Cloud, "Women Farmers and AID Agricultural Projects: How Efficient Are We?" in Women Creating Wealth, ed. R. Gallin and A. Spring (Washington, D.C.: Association for Women in Development, 1985), pp. 163-72; Jean Due, "Update on Financing Smallholders in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Tanzania," Savings and Development 3 (1983): 261-77, and "Women Made Visible: Their Contributions to Farming Systems and Household Incomes in Zambia and Tanzania," Culture and Agriculture 26 (Spring 1985): 16-19; Jane Guyer, "Household and Community in African Studies," African Studies Review 24, no. 2 (1981): 87-137; Angelique Haugerud, "The Limits of Household Analysis in the Study of Agricultural Production: A Central Kenyan Case" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Daisy H. Dwyer, "Women and Income in the Third World: Implications for Policy," International Programs Working Paper no. 18 (Population Council, New York); Dolores Koenig, "Household Behavior in the Region of Kita, and Its Relationship to Agricultural Change" (Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, West Lafayette, Ind., 1980, mimeographed), and "Women's Work and Social Stratification in the Rural Malian Household" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Della McMillan, "Monitoring Household Change in Farming Systems Research," Development and Change 18, no. 2 (1987): 295-314, and "Social Impacts of Planned Settlement in Burkina Faso," in Drought and Famine in Africa, ed. M. H. Glantz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 297-322; Christine Okali and J. E. Sumberg, "Sheep and Goats, Men and Women: Household Relations and Small Ruminant Production in Southwest Nigeria," in Understanding Africa's Rural Households and Farming Systems, ed. Joyce Moock (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1986), pp. 166-81; Jean Ensminger, "Economic and Political Differentiation among Galole Orma Women," Ethnos ("Women in Pastoral Production," ed. G. Dahl) 51, nos. 1-2 (July 1987): 28-49; Jean Due, Timothy Mudenda, and Patricia Miller, "How Do Rural Women Perceive Development? A Case Study in Zambia," Report no. 83-E-265 (University of Illinois, Department of Agricultural Economics, 1983); Jacqueline Ashby, "New Models for Agricultural Research and Extension: The Need to Integrate Women," in Invisible Farmers: Women and the Crisis in Agriculture, ed. G. Dahl (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1981); Jette Bukh, Village Women in Ghana (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1979); Jean Due and Rebecca Summary, "Constraints to Women and Development in Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 20, no. 1 (1982): 155-66; Louise Fortmann, "The Plight of the Invisible Fanner: The Effect of National Agricultural Policy on Women," in Women and Technological Change in Developing Countries, ed. R. Dauber and M. Cain (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), pp. 205-14, and "Women's Work in a Communal Setting: The Tanzanian Policy of Ujama," in Women and Work in Africa, ed. E. Bay (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982); Peter Moock, "The Efficiency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 58 (1976): 831-35; Achola Pala Okeyo, "Daughters of the Lakes and Rivers," in Women and Colonization, ed. M. Etienne and E. Leacock (New York: Praeger, 1980); and Anita Spring, "Men and Women Participants in a Stallfeeder Livestock Program in Malawi," Human Organization 45, no. 1 (1986): 154-62.
26. See Irene Tinker, "The Adverse Impact of Development on Women," in Women and World Development, ed. I. Tinker and M. Bramsen (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1976); Kathleen A. Staudt, "Women Farmers and Inequities in Agricultural Services," Rural Africana 29 (Winter 1975): 81-93, and "Agricultural Productivity Gaps: A Case Study of Male Preference in Government Policy Implementations," Development and Change 9, no. 3 (1978): 439-58; Kathleen Cloud, "Women Farmers and AID Agricultural Projects: How Efficient Are We?" in Women Creating Wealth, ed. R. Gallin and A. Spring (Washington, D.C.: Association for Women in Development, 1985), pp. 163-72; Jean Due, "Update on Financing Smallholders in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Tanzania," Savings and Development 3 (1983): 261-77, and "Women Made Visible: Their Contributions to Farming Systems and Household Incomes in Zambia and Tanzania," Culture and Agriculture 26 (Spring 1985): 16-19; Jane Guyer, "Household and Community in African Studies," African Studies Review 24, no. 2 (1981): 87-137; Angelique Haugerud, "The Limits of Household Analysis in the Study of Agricultural Production: A Central Kenyan Case" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Daisy H. Dwyer, "Women and Income in the Third World: Implications for Policy," International Programs Working Paper no. 18 (Population Council, New York); Dolores Koenig, "Household Behavior in the Region of Kita, and Its Relationship to Agricultural Change" (Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, West Lafayette, Ind., 1980, mimeographed), and "Women's Work and Social Stratification in the Rural Malian Household" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Della McMillan, "Monitoring Household Change in Farming Systems Research," Development and Change 18, no. 2 (1987): 295-314, and "Social Impacts of Planned Settlement in Burkina Faso," in Drought and Famine in Africa, ed. M. H. Glantz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 297-322; Christine Okali and J. E. Sumberg, "Sheep and Goats, Men and Women: Household Relations and Small Ruminant Production in Southwest Nigeria," in Understanding Africa's Rural Households and Farming Systems, ed. Joyce Moock (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1986), pp. 166-81; Jean Ensminger, "Economic and Political Differentiation among Galole Orma Women," Ethnos ("Women in Pastoral Production," ed. G. Dahl) 51, nos. 1-2 (July 1987): 28-49; Jean Due, Timothy Mudenda, and Patricia Miller, "How Do Rural Women Perceive Development? A Case Study in Zambia," Report no. 83-E-265 (University of Illinois, Department of Agricultural Economics, 1983); Jacqueline Ashby, "New Models for Agricultural Research and Extension: The Need to Integrate Women," in Invisible Farmers: Women and the Crisis in Agriculture, ed. G. Dahl (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1981); Jette Bukh, Village Women in Ghana (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1979); Jean Due and Rebecca Summary, "Constraints to Women and Development in Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 20, no. 1 (1982): 155-66; Louise Fortmann, "The Plight of the Invisible Fanner: The Effect of National Agricultural Policy on Women," in Women and Technological Change in Developing Countries, ed. R. Dauber and M. Cain (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), pp. 205-14, and "Women's Work in a Communal Setting: The Tanzanian Policy of Ujama," in Women and Work in Africa, ed. E. Bay (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982); Peter Moock, "The Efficiency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 58 (1976): 831-35; Achola Pala Okeyo, "Daughters of the Lakes and Rivers," in Women and Colonization, ed. M. Etienne and E. Leacock (New York: Praeger, 1980); and Anita Spring, "Men and Women Participants in a Stallfeeder Livestock Program in Malawi," Human Organization 45, no. 1 (1986): 154-62.
27. See Irene Tinker, "The Adverse Impact of Development on Women," in Women and World Development, ed. I. Tinker and M. Bramsen (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1976); Kathleen A. Staudt, "Women Farmers and Inequities in Agricultural Services," Rural Africana 29 (Winter 1975): 81-93, and "Agricultural Productivity Gaps: A Case Study of Male Preference in Government Policy Implementations," Development and Change 9, no. 3 (1978): 439-58; Kathleen Cloud, "Women Farmers and AID Agricultural Projects: How Efficient Are We?" in Women Creating Wealth, ed. R. Gallin and A. Spring (Washington, D.C.: Association for Women in Development, 1985), pp. 163-72; Jean Due, "Update on Financing Smallholders in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Tanzania," Savings and Development 3 (1983): 261-77, and "Women Made Visible: Their Contributions to Farming Systems and Household Incomes in Zambia and Tanzania," Culture and Agriculture 26 (Spring 1985): 16-19; Jane Guyer, "Household and Community in African Studies," African Studies Review 24, no. 2 (1981): 87-137; Angelique Haugerud, "The Limits of Household Analysis in the Study of Agricultural Production: A Central Kenyan Case" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Daisy H. Dwyer, "Women and Income in the Third World: Implications for Policy," International Programs Working Paper no. 18 (Population Council, New York); Dolores Koenig, "Household Behavior in the Region of Kita, and Its Relationship to Agricultural Change" (Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, West Lafayette, Ind., 1980, mimeographed), and "Women's Work and Social Stratification in the Rural Malian Household" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Della McMillan, "Monitoring Household Change in Farming Systems Research," Development and Change 18, no. 2 (1987): 295-314, and "Social Impacts of Planned Settlement in Burkina Faso," in Drought and Famine in Africa, ed. M. H. Glantz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 297-322; Christine Okali and J. E. Sumberg, "Sheep and Goats, Men and Women: Household Relations and Small Ruminant Production in Southwest Nigeria," in Understanding Africa's Rural Households and Farming Systems, ed. Joyce Moock (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1986), pp. 166-81; Jean Ensminger, "Economic and Political Differentiation among Galole Orma Women," Ethnos ("Women in Pastoral Production," ed. G. Dahl) 51, nos. 1-2 (July 1987): 28-49; Jean Due, Timothy Mudenda, and Patricia Miller, "How Do Rural Women Perceive Development? A Case Study in Zambia," Report no. 83-E-265 (University of Illinois, Department of Agricultural Economics, 1983); Jacqueline Ashby, "New Models for Agricultural Research and Extension: The Need to Integrate Women," in Invisible Farmers: Women and the Crisis in Agriculture, ed. G. Dahl (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1981); Jette Bukh, Village Women in Ghana (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1979); Jean Due and Rebecca Summary, "Constraints to Women and Development in Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 20, no. 1 (1982): 155-66; Louise Fortmann, "The Plight of the Invisible Fanner: The Effect of National Agricultural Policy on Women," in Women and Technological Change in Developing Countries, ed. R. Dauber and M. Cain (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), pp. 205-14, and "Women's Work in a Communal Setting: The Tanzanian Policy of Ujama," in Women and Work in Africa, ed. E. Bay (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982); Peter Moock, "The Efficiency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 58 (1976): 831-35; Achola Pala Okeyo, "Daughters of the Lakes and Rivers," in Women and Colonization, ed. M. Etienne and E. Leacock (New York: Praeger, 1980); and Anita Spring, "Men and Women Participants in a Stallfeeder Livestock Program in Malawi," Human Organization 45, no. 1 (1986): 154-62.
28. See Irene Tinker, "The Adverse Impact of Development on Women," in Women and World Development, ed. I. Tinker and M. Bramsen (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1976); Kathleen A. Staudt, "Women Farmers and Inequities in Agricultural Services," Rural Africana 29 (Winter 1975): 81-93, and "Agricultural Productivity Gaps: A Case Study of Male Preference in Government Policy Implementations," Development and Change 9, no. 3 (1978): 439-58; Kathleen Cloud, "Women Farmers and AID Agricultural Projects: How Efficient Are We?" in Women Creating Wealth, ed. R. Gallin and A. Spring (Washington, D.C.: Association for Women in Development, 1985), pp. 163-72; Jean Due, "Update on Financing Smallholders in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Tanzania," Savings and Development 3 (1983): 261-77, and "Women Made Visible: Their Contributions to Farming Systems and Household Incomes in Zambia and Tanzania," Culture and Agriculture 26 (Spring 1985): 16-19; Jane Guyer, "Household and Community in African Studies," African Studies Review 24, no. 2 (1981): 87-137; Angelique Haugerud, "The Limits of Household Analysis in the Study of Agricultural Production: A Central Kenyan Case" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Daisy H. Dwyer, "Women and Income in the Third World: Implications for Policy," International Programs Working Paper no. 18 (Population Council, New York); Dolores Koenig, "Household Behavior in the Region of Kita, and Its Relationship to Agricultural Change" (Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, West Lafayette, Ind., 1980, mimeographed), and "Women's Work and Social Stratification in the Rural Malian Household" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Della McMillan, "Monitoring Household Change in Farming Systems Research," Development and Change 18, no. 2 (1987): 295-314, and "Social Impacts of Planned Settlement in Burkina Faso," in Drought and Famine in Africa, ed. M. H. Glantz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 297-322; Christine Okali and J. E. Sumberg, "Sheep and Goats, Men and Women: Household Relations and Small Ruminant Production in Southwest Nigeria," in Understanding Africa's Rural Households and Farming Systems, ed. Joyce Moock (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1986), pp. 166-81; Jean Ensminger, "Economic and Political Differentiation among Galole Orma Women," Ethnos ("Women in Pastoral Production," ed. G. Dahl) 51, nos. 1-2 (July 1987): 28-49; Jean Due, Timothy Mudenda, and Patricia Miller, "How Do Rural Women Perceive Development? A Case Study in Zambia," Report no. 83-E-265 (University of Illinois, Department of Agricultural Economics, 1983); Jacqueline Ashby, "New Models for Agricultural Research and Extension: The Need to Integrate Women," in Invisible Farmers: Women and the Crisis in Agriculture, ed. G. Dahl (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1981); Jette Bukh, Village Women in Ghana (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1979); Jean Due and Rebecca Summary, "Constraints to Women and Development in Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 20, no. 1 (1982): 155-66; Louise Fortmann, "The Plight of the Invisible Fanner: The Effect of National Agricultural Policy on Women," in Women and Technological Change in Developing Countries, ed. R. Dauber and M. Cain (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), pp. 205-14, and "Women's Work in a Communal Setting: The Tanzanian Policy of Ujama," in Women and Work in Africa, ed. E. Bay (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982); Peter Moock, "The Efficiency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 58 (1976): 831-35; Achola Pala Okeyo, "Daughters of the Lakes and Rivers," in Women and Colonization, ed. M. Etienne and E. Leacock (New York: Praeger, 1980); and Anita Spring, "Men and Women Participants in a Stallfeeder Livestock Program in Malawi," Human Organization 45, no. 1 (1986): 154-62.
29. See Irene Tinker, "The Adverse Impact of Development on Women," in Women and World Development, ed. I. Tinker and M. Bramsen (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1976); Kathleen A. Staudt, "Women Farmers and Inequities in Agricultural Services," Rural Africana 29 (Winter 1975): 81-93, and "Agricultural Productivity Gaps: A Case Study of Male Preference in Government Policy Implementations," Development and Change 9, no. 3 (1978): 439-58; Kathleen Cloud, "Women Farmers and AID Agricultural Projects: How Efficient Are We?" in Women Creating Wealth, ed. R. Gallin and A. Spring (Washington, D.C.: Association for Women in Development, 1985), pp. 163-72; Jean Due, "Update on Financing Smallholders in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Tanzania," Savings and Development 3 (1983): 261-77, and "Women Made Visible: Their Contributions to Farming Systems and Household Incomes in Zambia and Tanzania," Culture and Agriculture 26 (Spring 1985): 16-19; Jane Guyer, "Household and Community in African Studies," African Studies Review 24, no. 2 (1981): 87-137; Angelique Haugerud, "The Limits of Household Analysis in the Study of Agricultural Production: A Central Kenyan Case" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Daisy H. Dwyer, "Women and Income in the Third World: Implications for Policy," International Programs Working Paper no. 18 (Population Council, New York); Dolores Koenig, "Household Behavior in the Region of Kita, and Its Relationship to Agricultural Change" (Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, West Lafayette, Ind., 1980, mimeographed), and "Women's Work and Social Stratification in the Rural Malian Household" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Della McMillan, "Monitoring Household Change in Farming Systems Research," Development and Change 18, no. 2 (1987): 295-314, and "Social Impacts of Planned Settlement in Burkina Faso," in Drought and Famine in Africa, ed. M. H. Glantz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 297-322; Christine Okali and J. E. Sumberg, "Sheep and Goats, Men and Women: Household Relations and Small Ruminant Production in Southwest Nigeria," in
30. See Irene Tinker, "The Adverse Impact of Development on Women," in Women and World Development, ed. I. Tinker and M. Bramsen (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1976); Kathleen A. Staudt, "Women Farmers and Inequities in Agricultural Services," Rural Africana 29 (Winter 1975): 81-93, and "Agricultural Productivity Gaps: A Case Study of Male Preference in Government Policy Implementations," Development and Change 9, no. 3 (1978): 439-58; Kathleen Cloud, "Women Farmers and AID Agricultural Projects: How Efficient Are We?" in Women Creating Wealth, ed. R. Gallin and A. Spring (Washington, D.C.: Association for Women in Development, 1985), pp. 163-72; Jean Due, "Update on Financing Smallholders in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Tanzania," Savings and Development 3 (1983): 261-77, and "Women Made Visible: Their Contributions to Farming Systems and Household Incomes in Zambia and Tanzania," Culture and Agriculture 26 (Spring 1985): 16-19; Jane Guyer, "Household and Community in African Studies," African Studies Review 24, no. 2 (1981): 87-137; Angelique Haugerud, "The Limits of Household Analysis in the Study of Agricultural Production: A Central Kenyan Case" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Daisy H. Dwyer, "Women and Income in the Third World: Implications for Policy," International Programs Working Paper no. 18 (Population Council, New York); Dolores Koenig, "Household Behavior in the Region of Kita, and Its Relationship to Agricultural Change" (Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, West Lafayette, Ind., 1980, mimeographed), and "Women's Work and Social Stratification in the Rural Malian Household" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Della McMillan, "Monitoring Household Change in Farming Systems Research," Development and Change 18, no. 2 (1987): 295-314, and "Social Impacts of Planned Settlement in Burkina Faso," in Drought and Famine in Africa, ed. M. H. Glantz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 297-322; Christine Okali and J. E. Sumberg, "Sheep and Goats, Men and Women: Household Relations and Small Ruminant Production in Southwest Nigeria," in Understanding Africa's Rural Households and Farming Systems, ed. Joyce Moock (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1986), pp. 166-81; Jean Ensminger, "Economic and Political Differentiation among Galole Orma Women," Ethnos ("Women in Pastoral Production," ed. G. Dahl) 51, nos. 1-2 (July 1987): 28-49; Jean Due, Timothy Mudenda, and Patricia Miller, "How Do Rural Women Perceive Development? A Case Study in Zambia," Report no. 83-E-265 (University of Illinois, Department of Agricultural Economics, 1983); Jacqueline Ashby, "New Models for Agricultural Research and Extension: The Need to Integrate Women," in Invisible Farmers: Women and the Crisis in Agriculture, ed. G. Dahl (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1981); Jette Bukh, Village Women in Ghana (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1979); Jean Due and Rebecca Summary, "Constraints to Women and Development in Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 20, no. 1 (1982): 155-66; Louise Fortmann, "The Plight of the Invisible Fanner: The Effect of National Agricultural Policy on Women," in Women and Technological Change in Developing Countries, ed. R. Dauber and M. Cain (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), pp. 205-14, and "Women's Work in a Communal Setting: The Tanzanian Policy of Ujama," in Women and Work in Africa, ed. E. Bay (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982); Peter Moock, "The Efficiency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 58 (1976): 831-35; Achola Pala Okeyo, "Daughters of the Lakes and Rivers," in Women and Colonization, ed. M. Etienne and E. Leacock (New York: Praeger, 1980); and Anita Spring, "Men and Women Participants in a Stallfeeder Livestock Program in Malawi," Human Organization 45, no. 1 (1986): 154-62.
31. See Irene Tinker, "The Adverse Impact of Development on Women," in Women and World Development, ed. I. Tinker and M. Bramsen (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1976); Kathleen A. Staudt, "Women Farmers and Inequities in Agricultural Services," Rural Africana 29 (Winter 1975): 81-93, and "Agricultural Productivity Gaps: A Case Study of Male Preference in Government Policy Implementations," Development and Change 9, no. 3 (1978): 439-58; Kathleen Cloud, "Women Farmers and AID Agricultural Projects: How Efficient Are We?" in Women Creating Wealth, ed. R. Gallin and A. Spring (Washington, D.C.: Association for Women in Development, 1985), pp. 163-72; Jean Due, "Update on Financing Smallholders in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Tanzania," Savings and Development 3 (1983): 261-77, and "Women Made Visible: Their Contributions to Farming Systems and Household Incomes in Zambia and Tanzania," Culture and Agriculture 26 (Spring 1985): 16-19; Jane Guyer, "Household and Community in African Studies," African Studies Review 24, no. 2 (1981): 87-137; Angelique Haugerud, "The Limits of Household Analysis in the Study of Agricultural Production: A Central Kenyan Case" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Daisy H. Dwyer, "Women and Income in the Third World: Implications for Policy," International Programs Working Paper no. 18 (Population Council, New York); Dolores Koenig, "Household Behavior in the Region of Kita, and Its Relationship to Agricultural Change" (Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, West Lafayette, Ind., 1980, mimeographed), and "Women's Work and Social Stratification in the Rural Malian Household" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Della McMillan, "Monitoring Household Change in Farming Systems Research," Development and Change 18, no. 2 (1987): 295-314, and "Social Impacts of Planned Settlement in Burkina Faso," in Drought and Famine in Africa, ed. M. H. Glantz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 297-322; Christine Okali and J. E. Sumberg, "Sheep and Goats, Men and Women: Household Relations and Small Ruminant Production in Southwest Nigeria," in Understanding Africa's Rural Households and Farming Systems, ed. Joyce Moock (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1986), pp. 166-81; Jean Ensminger, "Economic and Political Differentiation among Galole Orma Women," Ethnos ("Women in Pastoral Production," ed. G. Dahl) 51, nos. 1-2 (July 1987): 28-49; Jean Due, Timothy Mudenda, and Patricia Miller, "How Do Rural Women Perceive Development? A Case Study in Zambia," Report no. 83-E-265 (University of Illinois, Department of Agricultural Economics, 1983); Jacqueline Ashby, "New Models for Agricultural Research and Extension: The Need to Integrate Women," in Invisible Farmers: Women and the Crisis in Agriculture, ed. G. Dahl (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1981); Jette Bukh, Village Women in Ghana (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1979); Jean Due and Rebecca Summary, "Constraints to Women and Development in Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 20, no. 1 (1982): 155-66; Louise Fortmann, "The Plight of the Invisible Fanner: The Effect of National Agricultural Policy on Women," in Women and Technological Change in Developing Countries, ed. R. Dauber and M. Cain (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), pp. 205-14, and "Women's Work in a Communal Setting: The Tanzanian Policy of Ujama," in Women and Work in Africa, ed. E. Bay (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982); Peter Moock, "The Efficiency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 58 (1976): 831-35; Achola Pala Okeyo, "Daughters of the Lakes and Rivers," in Women and Colonization, ed. M. Etienne and E. Leacock (New York: Praeger, 1980); and Anita Spring, "Men and Women Participants in a Stallfeeder Livestock Program in Malawi," Human Organization 45, no. 1 (1986): 154-62.
32. See Irene Tinker, "The Adverse Impact of Development on Women," in Women and World Development, ed. I. Tinker and M. Bramsen (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1976); Kathleen A. Staudt, "Women Farmers and Inequities in Agricultural Services," Rural Africana 29 (Winter 1975): 81-93, and "Agricultural Productivity Gaps: A Case Study of Male Preference in Government Policy Implementations," Development and Change 9, no. 3 (1978): 439-58; Kathleen Cloud, "Women Farmers and AID Agricultural Projects: How Efficient Are We?" in Women Creating Wealth, ed. R. Gallin and A. Spring (Washington, D.C.: Association for Women in Development, 1985), pp. 163-72; Jean Due, "Update on Financing Smallholders in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Tanzania," Savings and Development 3 (1983): 261-77, and "Women Made Visible: Their Contributions to Farming Systems and Household Incomes in Zambia and Tanzania," Culture and Agriculture 26 (Spring 1985): 16-19; Jane Guyer, "Household and Community in African Studies," African Studies Review 24, no. 2 (1981): 87-137; Angelique Haugerud, "The Limits of Household Analysis in the Study of Agricultural Production: A Central Kenyan Case" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Daisy H. Dwyer, "Women and Income in the Third World: Implications for Policy," International Programs Working Paper no. 18 (Population Council, New York); Dolores Koenig, "Household Behavior in the Region of Kita, and Its Relationship to Agricultural Change" (Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, West Lafayette, Ind., 1980, mimeographed), and "Women's Work and Social Stratification in the Rural Malian Household" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Della McMillan, "Monitoring Household Change in Farming Systems Research," Development and Change 18, no. 2 (1987): 295-314, and "Social Impacts of Planned Settlement in Burkina Faso," in Drought and Famine in Africa, ed. M. H. Glantz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 297-322; Christine Okali and J. E. Sumberg, "Sheep and Goats, Men and Women: Household Relations and Small Ruminant Production in Southwest Nigeria," in Understanding Africa's Rural Households and Farming Systems, ed. Joyce Moock (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1986), pp. 166-81; Jean Ensminger, "Economic and Political Differentiation among Galole Orma Women," Ethnos ("Women in Pastoral Production," ed. G. Dahl) 51, nos. 1-2 (July 1987): 28-49; Jean Due, Timothy Mudenda, and Patricia Miller, "How Do Rural Women Perceive Development? A Case Study in Zambia," Report no. 83-E-265 (University of Illinois, Department of Agricultural Economics, 1983); Jacqueline Ashby, "New Models for Agricultural Research and Extension: The Need to Integrate Women," in Invisible Farmers: Women and the Crisis in Agriculture, ed. G. Dahl (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1981); Jette Bukh, Village Women in Ghana (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1979); Jean Due and Rebecca Summary, "Constraints to Women and Development in Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 20, no. 1 (1982): 155-66; Louise Fortmann, "The Plight of the Invisible Fanner: The Effect of National Agricultural Policy on Women," in Women and Technological Change in Developing Countries, ed. R. Dauber and M. Cain (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), pp. 205-14, and "Women's Work in a Communal Setting: The Tanzanian Policy of Ujama," in Women and Work in Africa, ed. E. Bay (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982); Peter Moock, "The Efficiency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 58 (1976): 831-35; Achola Pala Okeyo, "Daughters of the Lakes and Rivers," in Women and Colonization, ed. M. Etienne and E. Leacock (New York: Praeger, 1980); and Anita Spring, "Men and Women Participants in a Stallfeeder Livestock Program in Malawi," Human Organization 45, no. 1 (1986): 154-62.
33. See Irene Tinker, "The Adverse Impact of Development on Women," in Women and World Development, ed. I. Tinker and M. Bramsen (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1976); Kathleen A. Staudt, "Women Farmers and Inequities in Agricultural Services," Rural Africana 29 (Winter 1975): 81-93, and "Agricultural Productivity Gaps: A Case Study of Male Preference in Government Policy Implementations," Development and Change 9, no. 3 (1978): 439-58; Kathleen Cloud, "Women Farmers and AID Agricultural Projects: How Efficient Are We?" in Women Creating Wealth, ed. R. Gallin and A. Spring (Washington, D.C.: Association for Women in Development, 1985), pp. 163-72; Jean Due, "Update on Financing Smallholders in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Tanzania," Savings and Development 3 (1983): 261-77, and "Women Made Visible: Their Contributions to Farming Systems and Household Incomes in Zambia and Tanzania," Culture and Agriculture 26 (Spring 1985): 16-19; Jane Guyer, "Household and Community in African Studies," African Studies Review 24, no. 2 (1981): 87-137; Angelique Haugerud, "The Limits of Household Analysis in the Study of Agricultural Production: A Central Kenyan Case" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Daisy H. Dwyer, "Women and Income in the Third World: Implications for Policy," International Programs Working Paper no. 18 (Population Council, New York); Dolores Koenig, "Household Behavior in the Region of Kita, and Its Relationship to Agricultural Change" (Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, West Lafayette, Ind., 1980, mimeographed), and "Women's Work and Social Stratification in the Rural Malian Household" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Della McMillan, "Monitoring Household Change in Farming Systems Research," Development and Change 18, no. 2 (1987): 295-314, and "Social Impacts of Planned Settlement in Burkina Faso," in Drought and Famine in Africa, ed. M. H. Glantz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 297-322; Christine Okali and J. E. Sumberg, "Sheep and Goats, Men and Women: Household Relations and Small Ruminant Production in Southwest Nigeria," in Understanding Africa's Rural Households and Farming Systems, ed. Joyce Moock (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1986), pp. 166-81; Jean Ensminger, "Economic and Political Differentiation among Galole Orma Women," Ethnos ("Women in Pastoral Production," ed. G. Dahl) 51, nos. 1-2 (July 1987): 28-49; Jean Due, Timothy Mudenda, and Patricia Miller, "How Do Rural Women Perceive Development? A Case Study in Zambia," Report no. 83-E-265 (University of Illinois, Department of Agricultural Economics, 1983); Jacqueline Ashby, "New Models for Agricultural Research and Extension: The Need to Integrate Women," in Invisible Farmers: Women and the Crisis in Agriculture, ed. G. Dahl (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1981); Jette Bukh, Village Women in Ghana (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1979); Jean Due and Rebecca Summary, "Constraints to Women and Development in Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 20, no. 1 (1982): 155-66; Louise Fortmann, "The Plight of the Invisible Fanner: The Effect of National Agricultural Policy on Women," in Women and Technological Change in Developing Countries, ed. R. Dauber and M. Cain (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), pp. 205-14, and "Women's Work in a Communal Setting: The Tanzanian Policy of Ujama," in Women and Work in Africa, ed. E. Bay (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982); Peter Moock, "The Efficiency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 58 (1976): 831-35; Achola Pala Okeyo, "Daughters of the Lakes and Rivers," in Women and Colonization, ed. M. Etienne and E. Leacock (New York: Praeger, 1980); and Anita Spring, "Men and Women Participants in a Stallfeeder Livestock Program in Malawi," Human Organization 45, no. 1 (1986): 154-62.
34. See Irene Tinker, "The Adverse Impact of Development on Women," in Women and World Development, ed. I. Tinker and M. Bramsen (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1976); Kathleen A. Staudt, "Women Farmers and Inequities in Agricultural Services," Rural Africana 29 (Winter 1975): 81-93, and "Agricultural Productivity Gaps: A Case Study of Male Preference in Government Policy Implementations," Development and Change 9, no. 3 (1978): 439-58; Kathleen Cloud, "Women Farmers and AID Agricultural Projects: How Efficient Are We?" in Women Creating Wealth, ed. R. Gallin and A. Spring (Washington, D.C.: Association for Women in Development, 1985), pp. 163-72; Jean Due, "Update on Financing Smallholders in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Tanzania," Savings and Development 3 (1983): 261-77, and "Women Made Visible: Their Contributions to Farming Systems and Household Incomes in Zambia and Tanzania," Culture and Agriculture 26 (Spring 1985): 16-19; Jane Guyer, "Household and Community in African Studies," African Studies Review 24, no. 2 (1981): 87-137; Angelique Haugerud, "The Limits of Household Analysis in the Study of Agricultural Production: A Central Kenyan Case" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Daisy H. Dwyer, "Women and Income in the Third World: Implications for Policy," International Programs Working Paper no. 18 (Population Council, New York); Dolores Koenig, "Household Behavior in the Region of Kita, and Its Relationship to Agricultural Change" (Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, West Lafayette, Ind., 1980, mimeographed), and "Women's Work and Social Stratification in the Rural Malian Household" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Della McMillan, "Monitoring Household Change in Farming Systems Research," Development and Change 18, no. 2 (1987): 295-314, and "Social Impacts of Planned Settlement in Burkina Faso," in Drought and Famine in Africa, ed. M. H. Glantz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 297-322; Christine Okali and J. E. Sumberg, "Sheep and Goats, Men and Women: Household Relations and Small Ruminant Production in Southwest Nigeria," in Understanding Africa's Rural Households and Farming Systems, ed. Joyce Moock (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1986), pp. 166-81; Jean Ensminger, "Economic and Political Differentiation among Galole Orma Women," Ethnos ("Women in Pastoral Production," ed. G. Dahl) 51, nos. 1-2 (July 1987): 28-49; Jean Due, Timothy Mudenda, and Patricia Miller, "How Do Rural Women Perceive Development? A Case Study in Zambia," Report no. 83-E-265 (University of Illinois, Department of Agricultural Economics, 1983); Jacqueline Ashby, "New Models for Agricultural Research and Extension: The Need to Integrate Women," in Invisible Farmers: Women and the Crisis in Agriculture, ed. G. Dahl (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1981); Jette Bukh, Village Women in Ghana (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1979); Jean Due and Rebecca Summary, "Constraints to Women and Development in Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 20, no. 1 (1982): 155-66; Louise Fortmann, "The Plight of the Invisible Fanner: The Effect of National Agricultural Policy on Women," in Women and Technological Change in Developing Countries, ed. R. Dauber and M. Cain (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), pp. 205-14, and "Women's Work in a Communal Setting: The Tanzanian Policy of Ujama," in Women and Work in Africa, ed. E. Bay (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982); Peter Moock, "The Efficiency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 58 (1976): 831-35; Achola Pala Okeyo, "Daughters of the Lakes and Rivers," in Women and Colonization, ed. M. Etienne and E. Leacock (New York: Praeger, 1980); and Anita Spring, "Men and Women Participants in a Stallfeeder Livestock Program in Malawi," Human Organization 45, no. 1 (1986): 154-62.
35. See Irene Tinker, "The Adverse Impact of Development on Women," in Women and World Development, ed. I. Tinker and M. Bramsen (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1976); Kathleen A. Staudt, "Women Farmers and Inequities in Agricultural Services," Rural Africana 29 (Winter 1975): 81-93, and "Agricultural Productivity Gaps: A Case Study of Male Preference in Government Policy Implementations," Development and Change 9, no. 3 (1978): 439-58; Kathleen Cloud, "Women Farmers and AID Agricultural Projects: How Efficient Are We?" in Women Creating Wealth, ed. R. Gallin and A. Spring (Washington, D.C.: Association for Women in Development, 1985), pp. 163-72; Jean Due, "Update on Financing Smallholders in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Tanzania," Savings and Development 3 (1983): 261-77, and "Women Made Visible: Their Contributions to Farming Systems and Household Incomes in Zambia and Tanzania," Culture and Agriculture 26 (Spring 1985): 16-19; Jane Guyer, "Household and Community in African Studies," African Studies Review 24, no. 2 (1981): 87-137; Angelique Haugerud, "The Limits of Household Analysis in the Study of Agricultural Production: A Central Kenyan Case" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Daisy H. Dwyer, "Women and Income in the Third World: Implications for Policy," International Programs Working Paper no. 18 (Population Council, New York); Dolores Koenig, "Household Behavior in the Region of Kita, and Its Relationship to Agricultural Change" (Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, West Lafayette, Ind., 1980, mimeographed), and "Women's Work and Social Stratification in the Rural Malian Household" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Della McMillan, "Monitoring Household Change in Farming Systems Research," Development and Change 18, no. 2 (1987): 295-314, and "Social Impacts of Planned Settlement in Burkina Faso," in Drought and Famine in Africa, ed. M. H. Glantz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 297-322; Christine Okali and J. E. Sumberg, "Sheep and Goats, Men and Women: Household Relations and Small Ruminant Production in Southwest Nigeria," in Understanding Africa's Rural Households and Farming Systems, ed. Joyce Moock (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1986), pp. 166-81; Jean Ensminger, "Economic and Political Differentiation among Galole Orma Women," Ethnos ("Women in Pastoral Production," ed. G. Dahl) 51, nos. 1-2 (July 1987): 28-49; Jean Due, Timothy Mudenda, and Patricia Miller, "How Do Rural Women Perceive Development? A Case Study in Zambia," Report no. 83-E-265 (University of Illinois, Department of Agricultural Economics, 1983); Jacqueline Ashby, "New Models for Agricultural Research and Extension: The Need to Integrate Women," in Invisible Farmers: Women and the Crisis in Agriculture, ed. G. Dahl (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1981); Jette Bukh, Village Women in Ghana (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1979); Jean Due and Rebecca Summary, "Constraints to Women and Development in Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 20, no. 1 (1982): 155-66; Louise Fortmann, "The Plight of the Invisible Fanner: The Effect of National Agricultural Policy on Women," in Women and Technological Change in Developing Countries, ed. R. Dauber and M. Cain (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), pp. 205-14, and "Women's Work in a Communal Setting: The Tanzanian Policy of Ujama," in Women and Work in Africa, ed. E. Bay (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982); Peter Moock, "The Efficiency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 58 (1976): 831-35; Achola Pala Okeyo, "Daughters of the Lakes and Rivers," in Women and Colonization, ed. M. Etienne and E. Leacock (New York: Praeger, 1980); and Anita Spring, "Men and Women Participants in a Stallfeeder Livestock Program in Malawi," Human Organization 45, no. 1 (1986): 154-62.
36. See Irene Tinker, "The Adverse Impact of Development on Women," in Women and World Development, ed. I. Tinker and M. Bramsen (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1976); Kathleen A. Staudt, "Women Farmers and Inequities in Agricultural Services," Rural Africana 29 (Winter 1975): 81-93, and "Agricultural Productivity Gaps: A Case Study of Male Preference in Government Policy Implementations," Development and Change 9, no. 3 (1978): 439-58; Kathleen Cloud, "Women Farmers and AID Agricultural Projects: How Efficient Are We?" in Women Creating Wealth, ed. R. Gallin and A. Spring (Washington, D.C.: Association for Women in Development, 1985), pp. 163-72; Jean Due, "Update on Financing Smallholders in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Tanzania," Savings and Development 3 (1983): 261-77, and "Women Made Visible: Their Contributions to Farming Systems and Household Incomes in Zambia and Tanzania," Culture and Agriculture 26 (Spring 1985): 16-19; Jane Guyer, "Household and Community in African Studies," African Studies Review 24, no. 2 (1981): 87-137; Angelique Haugerud, "The Limits of Household Analysis in the Study of Agricultural Production: A Central Kenyan Case" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Daisy H. Dwyer, "Women and Income in the Third World: Implications for Policy," International Programs Working Paper no. 18 (Population Council, New York); Dolores Koenig, "Household Behavior in the Region of Kita, and Its Relationship to Agricultural Change" (Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, West Lafayette, Ind., 1980, mimeographed), and "Women's Work and Social Stratification in the Rural Malian Household" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Della McMillan, "Monitoring Household Change in Farming Systems Research," Development and Change 18, no. 2 (1987): 295-314, and "Social Impacts of Planned Settlement in Burkina Faso," in Drought and Famine in Africa, ed. M. H. Glantz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 297-322; Christine Okali and J. E. Sumberg, "Sheep and Goats, Men and Women: Household Relations and Small Ruminant Production in Southwest Nigeria," in Understanding Africa's Rural Households and Farming Systems, ed. Joyce Moock (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1986), pp. 166-81; Jean Ensminger, "Economic and Political Differentiation among Galole Orma Women," Ethnos ("Women in Pastoral Production," ed. G. Dahl) 51, nos. 1-2 (July 1987): 28-49; Jean Due, Timothy Mudenda, and Patricia Miller, "How Do Rural Women Perceive Development? A Case Study in Zambia," Report no. 83-E-265 (University of Illinois, Department of Agricultural Economics, 1983); Jacqueline Ashby, "New Models for Agricultural Research and Extension: The Need to Integrate Women," in Invisible Farmers: Women and the Crisis in Agriculture, ed. G. Dahl (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1981); Jette Bukh, Village Women in Ghana (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1979); Jean Due and Rebecca Summary, "Constraints to Women and Development in Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 20, no. 1 (1982): 155-66; Louise Fortmann, "The Plight of the Invisible Fanner: The Effect of National Agricultural Policy on Women," in Women and Technological Change in Developing Countries, ed. R. Dauber and M. Cain (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), pp. 205-14, and "Women's Work in a Communal Setting: The Tanzanian Policy of Ujama," in Women and Work in Africa, ed. E. Bay (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982); Peter Moock, "The Efficiency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 58 (1976): 831-35; Achola Pala Okeyo, "Daughters of the Lakes and Rivers," in Women and Colonization, ed. M. Etienne and E. Leacock (New York: Praeger, 1980); and Anita Spring, "Men and Women Participants in a Stallfeeder Livestock Program in Malawi," Human Organization 45, no. 1 (1986): 154-62.
37. See Irene Tinker, "The Adverse Impact of Development on Women," in Women and World Development, ed. I. Tinker and M. Bramsen (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1976); Kathleen A. Staudt, "Women Farmers and Inequities in Agricultural Services," Rural Africana 29 (Winter 1975): 81-93, and "Agricultural Productivity Gaps: A Case Study of Male Preference in Government Policy Implementations," Development and Change 9, no. 3 (1978): 439-58; Kathleen Cloud, "Women Farmers and AID Agricultural Projects: How Efficient Are We?" in Women Creating Wealth, ed. R. Gallin and A. Spring (Washington, D.C.: Association for Women in Development, 1985), pp. 163-72; Jean Due, "Update on Financing Smallholders in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Tanzania," Savings and Development 3 (1983): 261-77, and "Women Made Visible: Their Contributions to Farming Systems and Household Incomes in Zambia and Tanzania," Culture and Agriculture 26 (Spring 1985): 16-19; Jane Guyer, "Household and Community in African Studies," African Studies Review 24, no. 2 (1981): 87-137; Angelique Haugerud, "The Limits of Household Analysis in the Study of Agricultural Production: A Central Kenyan Case" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Daisy H. Dwyer, "Women and Income in the Third World: Implications for Policy," International Programs Working Paper no. 18 (Population Council, New York); Dolores Koenig, "Household Behavior in the Region of Kita, and Its Relationship to Agricultural Change" (Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, West Lafayette, Ind., 1980, mimeographed), and "Women's Work and Social Stratification in the Rural Malian Household" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Della McMillan, "Monitoring Household Change in Farming Systems Research," Development and Change 18, no. 2 (1987): 295-314, and "Social Impacts of Planned Settlement in Burkina Faso," in Drought and Famine in Africa, ed. M. H. Glantz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 297-322; Christine Okali and J. E. Sumberg, "Sheep and Goats, Men and Women: Household Relations and Small Ruminant Production in Southwest Nigeria," in Understanding Africa's Rural Households and Farming Systems, ed. Joyce Moock (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1986), pp. 166-81; Jean Ensminger, "Economic and Political Differentiation among Galole Orma Women," Ethnos ("Women in Pastoral Production," ed. G. Dahl) 51, nos. 1-2 (July 1987): 28-49; Jean Due, Timothy Mudenda, and Patricia Miller, "How Do Rural Women Perceive Development? A Case Study in Zambia," Report no. 83-E-265 (University of Illinois, Department of Agricultural Economics, 1983); Jacqueline Ashby, "New Models for Agricultural Research and Extension: The Need to Integrate Women," in Invisible Farmers: Women and the Crisis in Agriculture, ed. G. Dahl (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1981); Jette Bukh, Village Women in Ghana (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1979); Jean Due and Rebecca Summary, "Constraints to Women and Development in Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 20, no. 1 (1982): 155-66; Louise Fortmann, "The Plight of the Invisible Fanner: The Effect of National Agricultural Policy on Women," in Women and Technological Change in Developing Countries, ed. R. Dauber and M. Cain (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), pp. 205-14, and "Women's Work in a Communal Setting: The Tanzanian Policy of Ujama," in Women and Work in Africa, ed. E. Bay (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982); Peter Moock, "The Efficiency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 58 (1976): 831-35; Achola Pala Okeyo, "Daughters of the Lakes and Rivers," in Women and Colonization, ed. M. Etienne and E. Leacock (New York: Praeger, 1980); and Anita Spring, "Men and Women Participants in a Stallfeeder Livestock Program in Malawi," Human Organization 45, no. 1 (1986): 154-62.
38. See Irene Tinker, "The Adverse Impact of Development on Women," in Women and World Development, ed. I. Tinker and M. Bramsen (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1976); Kathleen A. Staudt, "Women Farmers and Inequities in Agricultural Services," Rural Africana 29 (Winter 1975): 81-93, and "Agricultural Productivity Gaps: A Case Study of Male Preference in Government Policy Implementations," Development and Change 9, no. 3 (1978): 439-58; Kathleen Cloud, "Women Farmers and AID Agricultural Projects: How Efficient Are We?" in Women Creating Wealth, ed. R. Gallin and A. Spring (Washington, D.C.: Association for Women in Development, 1985), pp. 163-72; Jean Due, "Update on Financing Smallholders in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Tanzania," Savings and Development 3 (1983): 261-77, and "Women Made Visible: Their Contributions to Farming Systems and Household Incomes in Zambia and Tanzania," Culture and Agriculture 26 (Spring 1985): 16-19; Jane Guyer, "Household and Community in African Studies," African Studies Review 24, no. 2 (1981): 87-137; Angelique Haugerud, "The Limits of Household Analysis in the Study of Agricultural Production: A Central Kenyan Case" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Daisy H. Dwyer, "Women and Income in the Third World: Implications for Policy," International Programs Working Paper no. 18 (Population Council, New York); Dolores Koenig, "Household Behavior in the Region of Kita, and Its Relationship to Agricultural Change" (Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, West Lafayette, Ind., 1980, mimeographed), and "Women's Work and Social Stratification in the Rural Malian Household" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Della McMillan, "Monitoring Household Change in Farming Systems Research," Development and Change 18, no. 2 (1987): 295-314, and "Social Impacts of Planned Settlement in Burkina Faso," in Drought and Famine in Africa, ed. M. H. Glantz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 297-322; Christine Okali and J. E. Sumberg, "Sheep and Goats, Men and Women: Household Relations and Small Ruminant Production in Southwest Nigeria," in Understanding Africa's Rural Households and Farming Systems, ed. Joyce Moock (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1986), pp. 166-81; Jean Ensminger, "Economic and Political Differentiation among Galole Orma Women," Ethnos ("Women in Pastoral Production," ed. G. Dahl) 51, nos. 1-2 (July 1987): 28-49; Jean Due, Timothy Mudenda, and Patricia Miller, "How Do Rural Women Perceive Development? A Case Study in Zambia," Report no. 83-E-265 (University of Illinois, Department of Agricultural Economics, 1983); Jacqueline Ashby, "New Models for Agricultural Research and Extension: The Need to Integrate Women," in Invisible Farmers: Women and the Crisis in Agriculture, ed. G. Dahl (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1981); Jette Bukh, Village Women in Ghana (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1979); Jean Due and Rebecca Summary, "Constraints to Women and Development in Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 20, no. 1 (1982): 155-66; Louise Fortmann, "The Plight of the Invisible Fanner: The Effect of National Agricultural Policy on Women," in Women and Technological Change in Developing Countries, ed. R. Dauber and M. Cain (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), pp. 205-14, and "Women's Work in a Communal Setting: The Tanzanian Policy of Ujama," in Women and Work in Africa, ed. E. Bay (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982); Peter Moock, "The Efficiency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 58 (1976): 831-35; Achola Pala Okeyo, "Daughters of the Lakes and Rivers," in Women and Colonization, ed. M. Etienne and E. Leacock (New York: Praeger, 1980); and Anita Spring, "Men and Women Participants in a Stallfeeder Livestock Program in Malawi," Human Organization 45, no. 1 (1986): 154-62.
39. See Irene Tinker, "The Adverse Impact of Development on Women," in Women and World Development, ed. I. Tinker and M. Bramsen (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1976); Kathleen A. Staudt, "Women Farmers and Inequities in Agricultural Services," Rural Africana 29 (Winter 1975): 81-93, and "Agricultural Productivity Gaps: A Case Study of Male Preference in Government Policy Implementations," Development and Change 9, no. 3 (1978): 439-58; Kathleen Cloud, "Women Farmers and AID Agricultural Projects: How Efficient Are We?" in Women Creating Wealth, ed. R. Gallin and A. Spring (Washington, D.C.: Association for Women in Development, 1985), pp. 163-72; Jean Due, "Update on Financing Smallholders in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Tanzania," Savings and Development 3 (1983): 261-77, and "Women Made Visible: Their Contributions to Farming Systems and Household Incomes in Zambia and Tanzania," Culture and Agriculture 26 (Spring 1985): 16-19; Jane Guyer, "Household and Community in African Studies," African Studies Review 24, no. 2 (1981): 87-137; Angelique Haugerud, "The Limits of Household Analysis in the Study of Agricultural Production: A Central Kenyan Case" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Daisy H. Dwyer, "Women and Income in the Third World: Implications for Policy," International Programs Working Paper no. 18 (Population Council, New York); Dolores Koenig, "Household Behavior in the Region of Kita, and Its Relationship to Agricultural Change" (Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, West Lafayette, Ind., 1980, mimeographed), and "Women's Work and Social Stratification in the Rural Malian Household" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Della McMillan, "Monitoring Household Change in Farming Systems Research," Development and Change 18, no. 2 (1987): 295-314, and "Social Impacts of Planned Settlement in Burkina Faso," in Drought and Famine in Africa, ed. M. H. Glantz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 297-322; Christine Okali and J. E. Sumberg, "Sheep and Goats, Men and Women: Household Relations and Small Ruminant Production in Southwest Nigeria," in Understanding Africa's Rural Households and Farming Systems, ed. Joyce Moock (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1986), pp. 166-81; Jean Ensminger, "Economic and Political Differentiation among Galole Orma Women," Ethnos ("Women in Pastoral Production," ed. G. Dahl) 51, nos. 1-2 (July 1987): 28-49; Jean Due, Timothy Mudenda, and Patricia Miller, "How Do Rural Women Perceive Development? A Case Study in Zambia," Report no. 83-E-265 (University of Illinois, Department of Agricultural Economics, 1983); Jacqueline Ashby, "New Models for Agricultural Research and Extension: The Need to Integrate Women," in Invisible Farmers: Women and the Crisis in Agriculture, ed. G. Dahl (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1981); Jette Bukh, Village Women in Ghana (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1979); Jean Due and Rebecca Summary, "Constraints to Women and Development in Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 20, no. 1 (1982): 155-66; Louise Fortmann, "The Plight of the Invisible Fanner: The Effect of National Agricultural Policy on Women," in Women and Technological Change in Developing Countries, ed. R. Dauber and M. Cain (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), pp. 205-14, and "Women's Work in a Communal Setting: The Tanzanian Policy of Ujama," in Women and Work in Africa, ed. E. Bay (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982); Peter Moock, "The Efficiency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 58 (1976): 831-35; Achola Pala Okeyo, "Daughters of the Lakes and Rivers," in Women and Colonization, ed. M. Etienne and E. Leacock (New York: Praeger, 1980); and Anita Spring, "Men and Women Participants in a Stallfeeder Livestock Program in Malawi," Human Organization 45, no. 1 (1986): 154-62.
40. See Irene Tinker, "The Adverse Impact of Development on Women," in Women and World Development, ed. I. Tinker and M. Bramsen (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1976); Kathleen A. Staudt, "Women Farmers and Inequities in Agricultural Services," Rural Africana 29 (Winter 1975): 81-93, and "Agricultural Productivity Gaps: A Case Study of Male Preference in Government Policy Implementations," Development and Change 9, no. 3 (1978): 439-58; Kathleen Cloud, "Women Farmers and AID Agricultural Projects: How Efficient Are We?" in Women Creating Wealth, ed. R. Gallin and A. Spring (Washington, D.C.: Association for Women in Development, 1985), pp. 163-72; Jean Due, "Update on Financing Smallholders in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Tanzania," Savings and Development 3 (1983): 261-77, and "Women Made Visible: Their Contributions to Farming Systems and Household Incomes in Zambia and Tanzania," Culture and Agriculture 26 (Spring 1985): 16-19; Jane Guyer, "Household and Community in African Studies," African Studies Review 24, no. 2 (1981): 87-137; Angelique Haugerud, "The Limits of Household Analysis in the Study of Agricultural Production: A Central Kenyan Case" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Daisy H. Dwyer, "Women and Income in the Third World: Implications for Policy," International Programs Working Paper no. 18 (Population Council, New York); Dolores Koenig, "Household Behavior in the Region of Kita, and Its Relationship to Agricultural Change" (Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, West Lafayette, Ind., 1980, mimeographed), and "Women's Work and Social Stratification in the Rural Malian Household" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Della McMillan, "Monitoring Household Change in Farming Systems Research," Development and Change 18, no. 2 (1987): 295-314, and "Social Impacts of Planned Settlement in Burkina Faso," in Drought and Famine in Africa, ed. M. H. Glantz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 297-322; Christine Okali and J. E. Sumberg, "Sheep and Goats, Men and Women: Household Relations and Small Ruminant Production in Southwest Nigeria," in Understanding Africa's Rural Households and Farming Systems, ed. Joyce Moock (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1986), pp. 166-81; Jean Ensminger, "Economic and Political Differentiation among Galole Orma Women," Ethnos ("Women in Pastoral Production," ed. G. Dahl) 51, nos. 1-2 (July 1987): 28-49; Jean Due, Timothy Mudenda, and Patricia Miller, "How Do Rural Women Perceive Development? A Case Study in Zambia," Report no. 83-E-265 (University of Illinois, Department of Agricultural Economics, 1983); Jacqueline Ashby, "New Models for Agricultural Research and Extension: The Need to Integrate Women," in Invisible Farmers: Women and the Crisis in Agriculture, ed. G. Dahl (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1981); Jette Bukh, Village Women in Ghana (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1979); Jean Due and Rebecca Summary, "Constraints to Women and Development in Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 20, no. 1 (1982): 155-66; Louise Fortmann, "The Plight of the Invisible Fanner: The Effect of National Agricultural Policy on Women," in Women and Technological Change in Developing Countries, ed. R. Dauber and M. Cain (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), pp. 205-14, and "Women's Work in a Communal Setting: The Tanzanian Policy of Ujama," in Women and Work in Africa, ed. E. Bay (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982); Peter Moock, "The Efficiency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 58 (1976): 831-35; Achola Pala Okeyo, "Daughters of the Lakes and Rivers," in Women and Colonization, ed. M. Etienne and E. Leacock (New York: Praeger, 1980); and Anita Spring, "Men and Women Participants in a Stallfeeder Livestock Program in Malawi," Human Organization 45, no. 1 (1986): 154-62.
41. See Irene Tinker, "The Adverse Impact of Development on Women," in Women and World Development, ed. I. Tinker and M. Bramsen (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1976); Kathleen A. Staudt, "Women Farmers and Inequities in Agricultural Services," Rural Africana 29 (Winter 1975): 81-93, and "Agricultural Productivity Gaps: A Case Study of Male Preference in Government Policy Implementations," Development and Change 9, no. 3 (1978): 439-58; Kathleen Cloud, "Women Farmers and AID Agricultural Projects: How Efficient Are We?" in Women Creating Wealth, ed. R. Gallin and A. Spring (Washington, D.C.: Association for Women in Development, 1985), pp. 163-72; Jean Due, "Update on Financing Smallholders in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Tanzania," Savings and Development 3 (1983): 261-77, and "Women Made Visible: Their Contributions to Farming Systems and Household Incomes in Zambia and Tanzania," Culture and Agriculture 26 (Spring 1985): 16-19; Jane Guyer, "Household and Community in African Studies," African Studies Review 24, no. 2 (1981): 87-137; Angelique Haugerud, "The Limits of Household Analysis in the Study of Agricultural Production: A Central Kenyan Case" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Daisy H. Dwyer, "Women and Income in the Third World: Implications for Policy," International Programs Working Paper no. 18 (Population Council, New York); Dolores Koenig, "Household Behavior in the Region of Kita, and Its Relationship to Agricultural Change" (Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics, West Lafayette, Ind., 1980, mimeographed), and "Women's Work and Social Stratification in the Rural Malian Household" (paper presented at the eighty-first annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., 1982); Della McMillan, "Monitoring Household Change in Farming Systems Research," Development and Change 18, no. 2 (1987): 295-314, and "Social Impacts of Planned Settlement in Burkina Faso," in Drought and Famine in Africa, ed. M. H. Glantz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 297-322; Christine Okali and J. E. Sumberg, "Sheep and Goats, Men and Women: Household Relations and Small Ruminant Production in Southwest Nigeria," in Understanding Africa's Rural Households and Farming Systems, ed. Joyce Moock (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1986), pp. 166-81; Jean Ensminger, "Economic and Political Differentiation among Galole Orma Women," Ethnos ("Women in Pastoral Production," ed. G. Dahl) 51, nos. 1-2 (July 1987): 28-49; Jean Due, Timothy Mudenda, and Patricia Miller, "How Do Rural Women Perceive Development? A Case Study in Zambia," Report no. 83-E-265 (University of Illinois, Department of Agricultural Economics, 1983); Jacqueline Ashby, "New Models for Agricultural Research and Extension: The Need to Integrate Women," in Invisible Farmers: Women and the Crisis in Agriculture, ed. G. Dahl (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1981); Jette Bukh, Village Women in Ghana (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1979); Jean Due and Rebecca Summary, "Constraints to Women and Development in Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 20, no. 1 (1982): 155-66; Louise Fortmann, "The Plight of the Invisible Fanner: The Effect of National Agricultural Policy on Women," in Women and Technological Change in Developing Countries, ed. R. Dauber and M. Cain (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981), pp. 205-14, and "Women's Work in a Communal Setting: The Tanzanian Policy of Ujama," in Women and Work in Africa, ed. E. Bay (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982); Peter Moock, "The Efficiency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 58 (1976): 831-35; Achola Pala Okeyo, "Daughters of the Lakes and Rivers," in Women and Colonization, ed. M. Etienne and E. Leacock (New York: Praeger, 1980); and Anita Spring, "Men and Women Participants in a Stallfeeder Livestock Program in Malawi," Human Organization 45, no. 1 (1986): 154-62.
42. Christina H. Gladwin and Della McMillan, "Is a Turnaround in Africa Possible without Helping African Women to Farm?" Economic Development and Cultural Change 37, no. 2 (1989): 345-69.
43. Tinker.
44. Jean M. Due and Christina H. Gladwin, "Impacts of Structural Adjustment Programs on African Women Farmers and Female-Headed Households," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 73, no. 5 (1991): 1431-39; Christina H. Gladwin, "Fertilizer Subsidy Removal Programs and Their Potential Impacts on Women Farmers in Malawi and Cameroon," in Gladwin, ed., pp. 191-216, "Gendered Impacts of Fertilizer Subsidy Removal Programs in Malawi and Cameroon," Agricultural Economics 7 (1992): 141-53, and "Women and Structural Adjustment in a Global Economy," in Women and International Development Annual Review, vol. 3 (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1992).
45. Jean M. Due and Christina H. Gladwin, "Impacts of Structural Adjustment Programs on African Women Farmers and Female-Headed Households," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 73, no. 5 (1991): 1431-39; Christina H. Gladwin, "Fertilizer Subsidy Removal Programs and Their Potential Impacts on Women Farmers in Malawi and Cameroon," in Gladwin, ed., pp. 191-216, "Gendered Impacts of Fertilizer Subsidy Removal Programs in Malawi and Cameroon," Agricultural Economics 7 (1992): 141-53, and "Women and Structural Adjustment in a Global Economy," in Women and International Development Annual Review, vol. 3 (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1992).
46. Jean M. Due and Christina H. Gladwin, "Impacts of Structural Adjustment Programs on African Women Farmers and Female-Headed Households," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 73, no. 5 (1991): 1431-39; Christina H. Gladwin, "Fertilizer Subsidy Removal Programs and Their Potential Impacts on Women Farmers in Malawi and Cameroon," in Gladwin, ed., pp. 191-216, "Gendered Impacts of Fertilizer Subsidy Removal Programs in Malawi and Cameroon," Agricultural Economics 7 (1992): 141-53, and "Women and Structural Adjustment in a Global Economy," in Women and International Development Annual Review, vol. 3 (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1992).
47. Jean M. Due and Christina H. Gladwin, "Impacts of Structural Adjustment Programs on African Women Farmers and Female-Headed Households," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 73, no. 5 (1991): 1431-39; Christina H. Gladwin, "Fertilizer Subsidy Removal Programs and Their Potential Impacts on Women Farmers in Malawi and Cameroon," in Gladwin, ed., pp. 191-216, "Gendered Impacts of Fertilizer Subsidy Removal Programs in Malawi and Cameroon," Agricultural Economics 7 (1992): 141-53, and "Women and Structural Adjustment in a Global Economy," in Women and International Development Annual Review, vol. 3 (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1992).
48. Kuznets, "Economic Growth and Income Inequality," p. 7.
49. Ibid., pp. 17-18; Kuznets, Modern Economic Growth, pp. 214-17.
50. Ibid., pp. 17-18; Kuznets, Modern Economic Growth, pp. 214-17.
51. Bruce F. Johnston, "Getting Priorities Right: Structural Transformation and Strategic Notions," in Gladwin, ed., pp. 81-102.
52. Johnston and Kilby (n. 3 above).
53. Albert Hirschman, The Strategy of Economic Development (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1958); Steve Haggblade, Peter Hazell, and James Brown, Farm/Non-Farm Linkages in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa: Empirical Evidence and Policy Implications (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1987).
54. Albert Hirschman, The Strategy of Economic Development (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1958); Steve Haggblade, Peter Hazell, and James Brown, Farm/Non-Farm Linkages in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa: Empirical Evidence and Policy Implications (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1987).
55. DeJanvry (n. 1 above), pp. 26-32.
56. Ibid., pp. 32-45.
57. Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment (n. 1 above), and "Development of Underdevelopment" (n. 1 above).
58. Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment (n. 1 above), and "Development of Underdevelopment" (n. 1 above).
59. Carmen Diana Deere and Alain deJanvry, "A Conceptual Framework for the Empirical Analysis of Peasants," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 61, no. 4 (1979): 601-11.
60. Emmanuel (n. 1 above).
61. Rita S. Gallin and Anne Ferguson, "Introduction," in The Women and International Development Annual, ed. Rita S. Gallin, Anne Ferguson, and Janice Harper (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1993), 3:1-20.
62. Ester Boserup, Women's Role in Economic Development (New York: St. Martin's, 1970); Robert E. Evenson, "The Allocation of Women's Time: An International Comparison," Behavior Science Research 17, nos. 3, 4 (Spring-Summer 1983): 196-215; Uma Lele, "Women and Structural Transformation," Economic Development and Cultural Change 34, no. 2 (1986): 195-221, and "Women, Structural Adjustment, and Transformation: Some Lessons and Questions from the African Experience," in Gladwin, ed. (n. 3 above), pp. 46-80.
63. Ester Boserup, Women's Role in Economic Development (New York: St. Martin's, 1970); Robert E. Evenson, "The Allocation of Women's Time: An International Comparison," Behavior Science Research 17, nos. 3, 4 (Spring-Summer 1983): 196-215; Uma Lele, "Women and Structural Transformation," Economic Development and Cultural Change 34, no. 2 (1986): 195-221, and "Women, Structural Adjustment, and Transformation: Some Lessons and Questions from the African Experience," in Gladwin, ed. (n. 3 above), pp. 46-80.
64. Ester Boserup, Women's Role in Economic Development (New York: St. Martin's, 1970); Robert E. Evenson, "The Allocation of Women's Time: An International Comparison," Behavior Science Research 17, nos. 3, 4 (Spring-Summer 1983): 196-215; Uma Lele, "Women and Structural Transformation," Economic Development and Cultural Change 34, no. 2 (1986): 195-221, and "Women, Structural Adjustment, and Transformation: Some Lessons and Questions from the African Experience," in Gladwin, ed. (n. 3 above), pp. 46-80.
65. Ester Boserup, Women's Role in Economic Development (New York: St. Martin's, 1970); Robert E. Evenson, "The Allocation of Women's Time: An International Comparison," Behavior Science Research 17, nos. 3, 4 (Spring-Summer 1983): 196-215; Uma Lele, "Women and Structural Transformation," Economic Development and Cultural Change 34, no. 2 (1986): 195-221, and "Women, Structural Adjustment, and Transformation: Some Lessons and Questions from the African Experience," in Gladwin, ed. (n. 3 above), pp. 46-80.
66. Heidi Hartmann, "Capitalism, Patriarchy, and Job Segregation by Sex," Signs 1, no. 3 (1976): 137-69, and "The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism: Towards a More Progressive Union," in Women and Revolution, ed. Lydia Sargent (London: Pluto, 1981); Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1988); Karen Sacks, Sisters and Wives (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979); Helen Safa, "Gender Inequality and Women's Wage Labor: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis" (paper presented at the United Nations/World Institute of Development Economics Research Conference on Trajectories of Patriarchy and Development, Helsinki, July 1992); Sylvia Walby, Theorizing Patriarchy (London: Blackwell, 1990).
67. Heidi Hartmann, "Capitalism, Patriarchy, and Job Segregation by Sex," Signs 1, no. 3 (1976): 137-69, and "The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism: Towards a More Progressive Union," in Women and Revolution, ed. Lydia Sargent (London: Pluto, 1981); Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1988); Karen Sacks, Sisters and Wives (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979); Helen Safa, "Gender Inequality and Women's Wage Labor: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis" (paper presented at the United Nations/World Institute of Development Economics Research Conference on Trajectories of Patriarchy and Development, Helsinki, July 1992); Sylvia Walby, Theorizing Patriarchy (London: Blackwell, 1990).
68. Heidi Hartmann, "Capitalism, Patriarchy, and Job Segregation by Sex," Signs 1, no. 3 (1976): 137-69, and "The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism: Towards a More Progressive Union," in Women and Revolution, ed. Lydia Sargent (London: Pluto, 1981); Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1988); Karen Sacks, Sisters and Wives (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979); Helen Safa, "Gender Inequality and Women's Wage Labor: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis" (paper presented at the United Nations/World Institute of Development Economics Research Conference on Trajectories of Patriarchy and Development, Helsinki, July 1992); Sylvia Walby, Theorizing Patriarchy (London: Blackwell, 1990).
69. Heidi Hartmann, "Capitalism, Patriarchy, and Job Segregation by Sex," Signs 1, no. 3 (1976): 137-69, and "The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism: Towards a More Progressive Union," in Women and Revolution, ed. Lydia Sargent (London: Pluto, 1981); Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1988); Karen Sacks, Sisters and Wives (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979); Helen Safa, "Gender Inequality and Women's Wage Labor: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis" (paper presented at the United Nations/World Institute of Development Economics Research Conference on Trajectories of Patriarchy and Development, Helsinki, July 1992); Sylvia Walby, Theorizing Patriarchy (London: Blackwell, 1990).
70. Heidi Hartmann, "Capitalism, Patriarchy, and Job Segregation by Sex," Signs 1, no. 3 (1976): 137-69, and "The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism: Towards a More Progressive Union," in Women and Revolution, ed. Lydia Sargent (London: Pluto, 1981); Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1988); Karen Sacks, Sisters and Wives (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979); Helen Safa, "Gender Inequality and Women's Wage Labor: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis" (paper presented at the United Nations/World Institute of Development Economics Research Conference on Trajectories of Patriarchy and Development, Helsinki, July 1992); Sylvia Walby, Theorizing Patriarchy (London: Blackwell, 1990).
71. Heidi Hartmann, "Capitalism, Patriarchy, and Job Segregation by Sex," Signs 1, no. 3 (1976): 137-69, and "The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism: Towards a More Progressive Union," in Women and Revolution, ed. Lydia Sargent (London: Pluto, 1981); Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1988); Karen Sacks, Sisters and Wives (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979); Helen Safa, "Gender Inequality and Women's Wage Labor: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis" (paper presented at the United Nations/World Institute of Development Economics Research Conference on Trajectories of Patriarchy and Development, Helsinki, July 1992); Sylvia Walby, Theorizing Patriarchy (London: Blackwell, 1990).
72. Susan Tiano, "The Public-Private Dichotomy: Theoretical Perspectives on 'Women in Development,' " Social Science Journal 21, no. 4 (1984): 13-28.
73. Lele, "Women, Structural Adjustment, and Transformation," p. 62.
74. Evenson, pp. 213-14.
75. Hartmann, "Capitalism, Patriarchy, and Job Segregation," p. 138.
76. Pateman, pp. 19-38.
77. Hartmann, "Unhappy Marriage."
78. Walby, p. 5.
79. Zillah R. Eisenstein, The Radical Future of Liberal Feminism (New York: Longman, 1981).
80. Pateman (n. 20 above), p. 23.
81. Ibid., pp. 3, 2.
82. Ibid., p. 29.
83. Sacks, Sisters and Wives (n. 20 above), p. 6.
84. Karen Sacks, "Engels Revisited: Women, the Organization of Production, and Private Property," in Women, Culture, and Society, ed. M. Zimbalist Rosaldo and L. Lamphere (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1974).
85. Why are some sub-Saharan African women still in "companies" of women producing their own products for exchange, as some of our own research on Ghana shows? According to Sacks, Sisters and Wives, and in agreement with Hyden's "economy of affection" (Goran Hyden, Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania [Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1980]), this process is still going on in Africa because the rise of states was not a single event but a process, and kin corporations were not destroyed overnight.
86. Why are some sub-Saharan African women still in "companies" of women producing their own products for exchange, as some of our own research on Ghana shows? According to Sacks, Sisters and Wives, and in agreement with Hyden's "economy of affection" (Goran Hyden, Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania [Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1980]), this process is still going on in Africa because the rise of states was not a single event but a process, and kin corporations were not destroyed overnight.
87. Walby (n. 20 above), p. 24.
88. Christine Delphy, The Main Enemy (London: Women's Research and Resources Centre, 1977).
89. Zillah Eisenstein, ed., Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case of Socialist Feminism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979).
90. Carol A. Brown, "The New Patriarchy," in Hidden Aspects of Women's Work, ed. Christine Bose, Roslyn Feldberg, and Natalie Sokoloff (New York: Praeger, 1987), pp. 137-60.
91. Hartmann, "Capitalism, Patriarchy, and Job Segregation" (n. 20 above), p. 21.
92. Helen Safa, Myth of the Male Breadwinner (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1995).
93. Montek S. Ahluwalia, "Income Distribution and Development: Some Stylized Facts," American Economic Review 66, no. 2 (1976): 128-35.
94. For explicit formulation of these statistical tests, see G. S. Maddala, Econometrics (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1977), pp. 322-26; and James L. Seale, Jr., "Fixed Effect Cobb-Douglas Production Functions for Floor Tile Firms, Fayoum and Kalyubiya, Egypt, 1981-1983" (Ph.D. diss., Michigan State University, 1985), pp. 130-34.
95. For explicit formulation of these statistical tests, see G. S. Maddala, Econometrics (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1977), pp. 322-26; and James L. Seale, Jr., "Fixed Effect Cobb-Douglas Production Functions for Floor Tile Firms, Fayoum and Kalyubiya, Egypt, 1981-1983" (Ph.D. diss., Michigan State University, 1985), pp. 130-34.
96. A]) should be in the same equation, when the structural variables might be causally related to the per capita income variables. This is a good question, since changing sectoral composition drives both rising per capita income and income inequalities. In reply to this concern, we note that historically Johnston and Kilby (see n. 3) have treated per capita income as just another indicator of structural transformation. Nevertheless, the point was so well taken that we added another set of F-tests to test the explanatory power of the structural variables, over and above that of the income variables, on the various measures of inequality.
97. The income and education data for South Korea and the Philippines were gathered from official statistical yearbooks from 1960 to 1980 (Economic Planning Board, Korea Statistical Yearbook [Seoul: Economic Planning Board]; National Economic and Development Authority, Philippine Statistical Yearbook [Manila: National Economic and Development Authority]). The Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics served as the source of income data for Bangladesh (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Survey of Household Income and Expenditures [Dacca: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 1972-73 and 1981-82]); data on education were gathered from the various statistical yearbooks (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Bangladesh Statistical Yearbook [Dacca: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]). The majority of enrollment and employment data disaggregated by gender were obtained from ILO and UNESCO (ILO, Yearbook of Labor Statistics [Geneva: ILO]; UNESCO, Statistical Yearbook [Paris: UNESCO]). Additional enrollment and employment data were collected from the statistical yearbooks of the three countries. It should be noted that Bangladesh gained its independence only in 1970 and has limited data, particularly on female employment. Data concerning the level of structural transformation such as per capita GNP, contributions to GDP from industry, and proportion of labor in the agricultural sector were obtained from the World Bank (World Bank, World Tables [Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1987 and 1989]). The data were sufficient for all variables in the regression on primary education (table 3) for every year for Bangladesh for the period 1972-85, and for South Korea for the period 1961-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the years 1966-75, 1977, and 1979-86. For the regression on high school education (table 3), data were sufficient for every year for Bangladesh for the period 1968-85, and for South Korea for the period 1961-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the years 1960-63, 1965, 1970, 1971, and 1980-86. For the regression on college education (table 3), data were sufficient for every year for Bangladesh for the period 1968-85, and for South Korea for the period 1961-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the years 1961-70, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1978-81, and 1983-86. For the regressions on agricultural and manufacturing employment (table 4), data were not sufficient for Bangladesh, which was therefore dropped, but were sufficient for South Korea for the period 1964-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the years 1960-63, 1965-68, and 1971-86. Observations were excluded for the years when data were missing.
98. The income and education data for South Korea and the Philippines were gathered from official statistical yearbooks from 1960 to 1980 (Economic Planning Board, Korea Statistical Yearbook [Seoul: Economic Planning Board]; National Economic and Development Authority, Philippine Statistical Yearbook [Manila: National Economic and Development Authority]). The Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics served as the source of income data for Bangladesh (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Survey of Household Income and Expenditures [Dacca: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 1972-73 and 1981-82]); data on education were gathered from the various statistical yearbooks (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Bangladesh Statistical Yearbook [Dacca: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]). The majority of enrollment and employment data disaggregated by gender were obtained from ILO and UNESCO (ILO, Yearbook of Labor Statistics [Geneva: ILO]; UNESCO, Statistical Yearbook [Paris: UNESCO]). Additional enrollment and employment data were collected from the statistical yearbooks of the three countries. It should be noted that Bangladesh gained its independence only in 1970 and has limited data, particularly on female employment. Data concerning the level of structural transformation such as per capita GNP, contributions to GDP from industry, and proportion of labor in the agricultural sector were obtained from the World Bank (World Bank, World Tables [Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1987 and 1989]). The data were sufficient for all variables in the regression on primary education (table 3) for every year for Bangladesh for the period 1972-85, and for South Korea for the period 1961-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the years 1966-75, 1977, and 1979-86. For the regression on high school education (table 3), data were sufficient for every year for Bangladesh for the period 1968-85, and for South Korea for the period 1961-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the years 1960-63, 1965, 1970, 1971, and 1980-86. For the regression on college education (table 3), data were sufficient for every year for Bangladesh for the period 1968-85, and for South Korea for the period 1961-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the years 1961-70, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1978-81, and 1983-86. For the regressions on agricultural and manufacturing employment (table 4), data were not sufficient for Bangladesh, which was therefore dropped, but were sufficient for South Korea for the period 1964-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the years 1960-63, 1965-68, and 1971-86. Observations were excluded for the years when data were missing.
99. The income and education data for South Korea and the Philippines were gathered from official statistical yearbooks from 1960 to 1980 (Economic Planning Board, Korea Statistical Yearbook [Seoul: Economic Planning Board]; National Economic and Development Authority, Philippine Statistical Yearbook [Manila: National Economic and Development Authority]). The Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics served as the source of income data for Bangladesh (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Survey of Household Income and Expenditures [Dacca: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 1972-73 and 1981-82]); data on education were gathered from the various statistical yearbooks (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Bangladesh Statistical Yearbook [Dacca: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]). The majority of enrollment and employment data disaggregated by gender were obtained from ILO and UNESCO (ILO, Yearbook of Labor Statistics [Geneva: ILO]; UNESCO, Statistical Yearbook [Paris: UNESCO]). Additional enrollment and employment data were collected from the statistical yearbooks of the three countries. It should be noted that Bangladesh gained its independence only in 1970 and has limited data, particularly on female employment. Data concerning the level of structural transformation such as per capita GNP, contributions to GDP from industry, and proportion of labor in the agricultural sector were obtained from the World Bank (World Bank, World Tables [Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1987 and 1989]). The data were sufficient for all variables in the regression on primary education (table 3) for every year for Bangladesh for the period 1972-85, and for South Korea for the period 1961-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the years 1966-75, 1977, and 1979-86. For the regression on high school education (table 3), data were sufficient for every year for Bangladesh for the period 1968-85, and for South Korea for the period 1961-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the years 1960-63, 1965, 1970, 1971, and 1980-86. For the regression on college education (table 3), data were sufficient for every year for Bangladesh for the period 1968-85, and for South Korea for the period 1961-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the years 1961-70, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1978-81, and 1983-86. For the regressions on agricultural and manufacturing employment (table 4), data were not sufficient for Bangladesh, which was therefore dropped, but were sufficient for South Korea for the period 1964-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the years 1960-63, 1965-68, and 1971-86. Observations were excluded for the years when data were missing.
100. The income and education data for South Korea and the Philippines were gathered from official statistical yearbooks from 1960 to 1980 (Economic Planning Board, Korea Statistical Yearbook [Seoul: Economic Planning Board]; National Economic and Development Authority, Philippine Statistical Yearbook [Manila: National Economic and Development Authority]). The Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics served as the source of income data for Bangladesh (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Survey of Household Income and Expenditures [Dacca: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 1972-73 and 1981-82]); data on education were gathered from the various statistical yearbooks (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Bangladesh Statistical Yearbook [Dacca: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]). The majority of enrollment and employment data disaggregated by gender were obtained from ILO and UNESCO (ILO, Yearbook of Labor Statistics [Geneva: ILO]; UNESCO, Statistical Yearbook [Paris: UNESCO]). Additional enrollment and employment data were collected from the statistical yearbooks of the three countries. It should be noted that Bangladesh gained its independence only in 1970 and has limited data, particularly on female employment. Data concerning the level of structural transformation such as per capita GNP, contributions to GDP from industry, and proportion of labor in the agricultural sector were obtained from the World Bank (World Bank, World Tables [Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1987 and 1989]). The data were sufficient for all variables in the regression on primary education (table 3) for every year for Bangladesh for the period 1972-85, and for South Korea for the period 1961-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the years 1966-75, 1977, and 1979-86. For the regression on high school education (table 3), data were sufficient for every year for Bangladesh for the period 1968-85, and for South Korea for the period 1961-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the years 1960-63, 1965, 1970, 1971, and 1980-86. For the regression on college education (table 3), data were sufficient for every year for Bangladesh for the period 1968-85, and for South Korea for the period 1961-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the years 1961-70, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1978-81, and 1983-86. For the regressions on agricultural and manufacturing employment (table 4), data were not sufficient for Bangladesh, which was therefore dropped, but were sufficient for South Korea for the period 1964-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the years 1960-63, 1965-68, and 1971-86. Observations were excluded for the years when data were missing.
101. The income and education data for South Korea and the Philippines were gathered from official statistical yearbooks from 1960 to 1980 (Economic Planning Board, Korea Statistical Yearbook [Seoul: Economic Planning Board]; National Economic and Development Authority, Philippine Statistical Yearbook [Manila: National Economic and Development Authority]). The Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics served as the source of income data for Bangladesh (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Survey of Household Income and Expenditures [Dacca: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 1972-73 and 1981-82]); data on education were gathered from the various statistical yearbooks (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Bangladesh Statistical Yearbook [Dacca: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]). The majority of enrollment and employment data disaggregated by gender were obtained from ILO and UNESCO (ILO, Yearbook of Labor Statistics [Geneva: ILO]; UNESCO, Statistical Yearbook [Paris: UNESCO]). Additional enrollment and employment data were collected from the statistical yearbooks of the three countries. It should be noted that Bangladesh gained its independence only in 1970 and has limited data, particularly on female employment. Data concerning the level of structural transformation such as per capita GNP, contributions to GDP from industry, and proportion of labor in the agricultural sector were obtained from the World Bank (World Bank, World Tables [Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1987 and 1989]). The data were sufficient for all variables in the regression on primary education (table 3) for every year for Bangladesh for the period 1972-85, and for South Korea for the period 1961-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the years 1966-75, 1977, and 1979-86. For the regression on high school education (table 3), data were sufficient for every year for Bangladesh for the period 1968-85, and for South Korea for the period 1961-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the years 1960-63, 1965, 1970, 1971, and 1980-86. For the regression on college education (table 3), data were sufficient for every year for Bangladesh for the period 1968-85, and for South Korea for the period 1961-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the years 1961-70, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1978-81, and 1983-86. For the regressions on agricultural and manufacturing employment (table 4), data were not sufficient for Bangladesh, which was therefore dropped, but were sufficient for South Korea for the period 1964-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the years 1960-63, 1965-68, and 1971-86. Observations were excluded for the years when data were missing.
102. The income and education data for South Korea and the Philippines were gathered from official statistical yearbooks from 1960 to 1980 (Economic Planning Board, Korea Statistical Yearbook [Seoul: Economic Planning Board]; National Economic and Development Authority, Philippine Statistical Yearbook [Manila: National Economic and Development Authority]). The Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics served as the source of income data for Bangladesh (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Survey of Household Income and Expenditures [Dacca: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 1972-73 and 1981-82]); data on education were gathered from the various statistical yearbooks (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Bangladesh Statistical Yearbook [Dacca: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]). The majority of enrollment and employment data disaggregated by gender were obtained from ILO and UNESCO (ILO, Yearbook of Labor Statistics [Geneva: ILO]; UNESCO, Statistical Yearbook [Paris: UNESCO]). Additional enrollment and employment data were collected from the statistical yearbooks of the three countries. It should be noted that Bangladesh gained its independence only in 1970 and has limited data, particularly on female employment. Data concerning the level of structural transformation such as per capita GNP, contributions to GDP from industry, and proportion of labor in the agricultural sector were obtained from the World Bank (World Bank, World Tables [Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1987 and 1989]). The data were sufficient for all variables in the regression on primary education (table 3) for every year for Bangladesh for the period 1972-85, and for South Korea for the period 1961-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the years 1966-75, 1977, and 1979-86. For the regression on high school education (table 3), data were sufficient for every year for Bangladesh for the period 1968-85, and for South Korea for the period 1961-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the years 1960-63, 1965, 1970, 1971, and 1980-86. For the regression on college education (table 3), data were sufficient for every year for Bangladesh for the period 1968-85, and for South Korea for the period 1961-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the years 1961-70, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1978-81, and 1983-86. For the regressions on agricultural and manufacturing employment (table 4), data were not sufficient for Bangladesh, which was therefore dropped, but were sufficient for South Korea for the period 1964-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the years 1960-63, 1965-68, and 1971-86. Observations were excluded for the years when data were missing.
103. The income and education data for South Korea and the Philippines were gathered from official statistical yearbooks from 1960 to 1980 (Economic Planning Board, Korea Statistical Yearbook [Seoul: Economic Planning Board]; National Economic and Development Authority, Philippine Statistical Yearbook [Manila: National Economic and Development Authority]). The Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics served as the source of income data for Bangladesh (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Survey of Household Income and Expenditures [Dacca: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 1972-73 and 1981-82]); data on education were gathered from the various statistical yearbooks (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Bangladesh Statistical Yearbook [Dacca: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]). The majority of enrollment and employment data disaggregated by gender were obtained from ILO and UNESCO (ILO, Yearbook of Labor Statistics [Geneva: ILO]; UNESCO, Statistical Yearbook [Paris: UNESCO]). Additional enrollment and employment data were collected from the statistical yearbooks of the three countries. It should be noted that Bangladesh gained its independence only in 1970 and has limited data, particularly on female employment. Data concerning the level of structural transformation such as per capita GNP, contributions to GDP from industry, and proportion of labor in the agricultural sector were obtained from the World Bank (World Bank, World Tables [Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1987 and 1989]). The data were sufficient for all variables in the regression on primary education (table 3) for every year for Bangladesh for the period 1972-85, and for South Korea for the period 1961-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the years 1966-75, 1977, and 1979-86. For the regression on high school education (table 3), data were sufficient for every year for Bangladesh for the period 1968-85, and for South Korea for the period 1961-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the years 1960-63, 1965, 1970, 1971, and 1980-86. For the regression on college education (table 3), data were sufficient for every year for Bangladesh for the period 1968-85, and for South Korea for the period 1961-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the years 1961-70, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1978-81, and 1983-86. For the regressions on agricultural and manufacturing employment (table 4), data were not sufficient for Bangladesh, which was therefore dropped, but were sufficient for South Korea for the period 1964-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the years 1960-63, 1965-68, and 1971-86. Observations were excluded for the years when data were missing.
104. The Gini coefficient is one of the most common measures of inequality of income distribution (Stephen Jenkins, "The Measurement of Income Inequality," in Economic Inequality and Poverty, ed. Lars Osberg [Armonk, N.Y.: Sharpe, 1991], pp. 3-38). It is based on the Lorenz curve and equals twice the area between the Lorenz curve and the diagonal line of perfect equality. Since the area has a possible range of 0-0.50, the coefficient can vary between 0 and 1. The data were sufficient to calculate a Gini coefficient for every year for Bangladesh for the period 1974-85, and for South Korea for the period 1962-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the odd years from 1961 to 1983; observations were excluded for the even years, for which data were missing (Clarita Lantican, "Rural Development and Inequality in Asia" [Ph.D. diss., Purdue University, 1988]).
105. The Gini coefficient is one of the most common measures of inequality of income distribution (Stephen Jenkins, "The Measurement of Income Inequality," in Economic Inequality and Poverty, ed. Lars Osberg [Armonk, N.Y.: Sharpe, 1991], pp. 3-38). It is based on the Lorenz curve and equals twice the area between the Lorenz curve and the diagonal line of perfect equality. Since the area has a possible range of 0-0.50, the coefficient can vary between 0 and 1. The data were sufficient to calculate a Gini coefficient for every year for Bangladesh for the period 1974-85, and for South Korea for the period 1962-85. For the Philippines, data were sufficient for the odd years from 1961 to 1983; observations were excluded for the even years, for which data were missing (Clarita Lantican, "Rural Development and Inequality in Asia" [Ph.D. diss., Purdue University, 1988]).
106. What data there are indicate glaring disparities in wages between males and females employed in the manufacturing sector. A study by Heyzer indicates that the earnings of Filipino women in the manufacturing sector in 1980 were 62% of men's earnings, equal to those for Singapore in 1983 but higher than those for South Korea (46%) in the same year (Noeleen Heyzer, "Asian Women Wage-Earners: Their Situation and Possibilities for Donor Intervention," World Development 12, no. 2 [1989]: 1109-23). Reports are inconclusive, however, about whether wage differentials are widening or decreasing. In South Korea, e.g., male-female wage ratios showed a considerable widening of the wage gap from 2.1 in 1975 to 2.4 in 1990. But in the Philippines, a study of women workers claims that wage differentials have decreased from 1974 to 1983 (National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women, Women Workers in the Philippines [Manila: NCRFW, 1985]).
107. What data there are indicate glaring disparities in wages between males and females employed in the manufacturing sector. A study by Heyzer indicates that the earnings of Filipino women in the manufacturing sector in 1980 were 62% of men's earnings, equal to those for Singapore in 1983 but higher than those for South Korea (46%) in the same year (Noeleen Heyzer, "Asian Women Wage-Earners: Their Situation and Possibilities for Donor Intervention," World Development 12, no. 2 [1989]: 1109-23). Reports are inconclusive, however, about whether wage differentials are widening or decreasing. In South Korea, e.g., male-female wage ratios showed a considerable widening of the wage gap from 2.1 in 1975 to 2.4 in 1990. But in the Philippines, a study of women workers claims that wage differentials have decreased from 1974 to 1983 (National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women, Women Workers in the Philippines [Manila: NCRFW, 1985]).
108. Lester R. Brown, Seeds of Change: The Green Revolution and Development in the 1970s (New York and London: Praeger, 1970); Keith Griffin, The Political Economy of Agrarian Change: An Essay on the Green Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974); Walden Bello, David Kelly, and Elaine Swanson, Development Debacle: The World Bank in the Philippines (San Francisco: Institute for Food and Development Policy, 1982); and Lantican.
109. Lester R. Brown, Seeds of Change: The Green Revolution and Development in the 1970s (New York and London: Praeger, 1970); Keith Griffin, The Political Economy of Agrarian Change: An Essay on the Green Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974); Walden Bello, David Kelly, and Elaine Swanson, Development Debacle: The World Bank in the Philippines (San Francisco: Institute for Food and Development Policy, 1982); and Lantican.
110. Lester R. Brown, Seeds of Change: The Green Revolution and Development in the 1970s (New York and London: Praeger, 1970); Keith Griffin, The Political Economy of Agrarian Change: An Essay on the Green Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974); Walden Bello, David Kelly, and Elaine Swanson, Development Debacle: The World Bank in the Philippines (San Francisco: Institute for Food and Development Policy, 1982); and Lantican.
111. In South Korea, there was a considerable income gap between rural and urban households during the 1960s and 1970s. To correct this imbalance through massive rehabilitation of farmers, the New Community Movement (Saemial Undong) was launched nationwide in 1971 (Vincent S. R. Brandt, "Community Development in the Republic of Korea," in Community Development, ed. Ronald Dore and Zoe Mars [Paris: UNESCO, 1980], pp. 49-131). Some claim the income gap was totally eliminated (Edward Mason, The Economic and Social Modernization of the Republic of Korea [Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980]).
112. In South Korea, there was a considerable income gap between rural and urban households during the 1960s and 1970s. To correct this imbalance through massive rehabilitation of farmers, the New Community Movement (Saemial Undong) was launched nationwide in 1971 (Vincent S. R. Brandt, "Community Development in the Republic of Korea," in Community Development, ed. Ronald Dore and Zoe Mars [Paris: UNESCO, 1980], pp. 49-131). Some claim the income gap was totally eliminated (Edward Mason, The Economic and Social Modernization of the Republic of Korea [Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980]).
113. Elizabeth V. Eviota and Peter C. Smith, "The Migration of Women in the Philippines," in Women in the Cities of Asia, ed. James Fawcett, Sieu-Ean Khoo, and Peter C. Smith (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1984), pp. 165-90;