Life style as a blood pressure determinant

Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine

Volumn 89, Issue 9, 1996, Pages 484-489

  Staessen, Jan A ^a,b   Bieniaszewski, Leszek ^a   Pardaens, Karel ^a   Petrov, Victor ^a   Thijs, Lutgarde ^a   Fagard, Robert ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS LEUVEN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ALCOHOL ABSTINENCE; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; BELGIUM; BLOOD PRESSURE; ENDURANCE; FEMALE; HUMAN; LIFESTYLE; MALE; OBESITY; SHORT SURVEY; SMOKING; SOCIAL CLASS; SODIUM INTAKE; SODIUM URINE LEVEL; SPORT; TRAINING; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

EID: 0029767019     PISSN: 01410768     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/014107689608900903     Document Type: Short Survey

References (89)

1. Morris BJ. Identification of essential hypertension genes. J Hypertens 1993;11:115-20
2. Cutler JA, Follman D, Elliott P, Suh I. An overview of randomized trials on sodium reduction and blood pressure. Hypertension 1991;17(suppl 1):I-27-I-33
3. Klatsky AL. Blood pressure and alcohol intake. In: Laragh JH, Brenner BM, eds. Hypertension: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management. New York: Raven Press, 1990:277-94
4. Staessen JA, Fagard R, Amery A. Life style as a determinant of blood pressure in the general population. Am J Hypertens 1994;7:685-94
5. Miall WE, Oldham PD. Factors influencing arterial blood pressure in the general population. Clin Sci 1958;17:409-44
6. Montoye HJ, Metzner HL, Keller JB, Johnson BC, Epstein FH. Habitual physical activity and blood pressure. Med Sci Sports 1972;4:175-81
7. Gyntelberg F, Meyer J. Relationship between blood pressure and physical fitness, smoking and alcohol consumption in Copenhagen males aged 40-59. Acta Med Scand 1974;195:375-80
8. Berglund G, Wilhelmsen L. Factors related to blood pressure in a general population sample of Swedish men. Acta Med Scand 1975;198:291-8
9. Hickey N, Mulcahy R, Bourke GJ, Graham I, Wilson-Davis K. Study of coronary risk factors related to physical activity in 15171 men. BMJ 1975;3:507-9
10. Cooper KH, Pollock ML, Martin RP, White SR, Linnerud AC, Jackson A. Physical fitness levels versus selected coronary risk factors. A cross-sectional study. JAMA 1976;236:166-9
11. Erikssen J, Forfang K, Jervell J. Coronary risk factors and physical fitness in healthy middle-aged men. Acta Med Scand 1981;281(suppl 644-8):57-64
12. Holme I, Helgeland A, Hjemann I, Leren P, Lund-Larsen PG. Physical activity at work and at leisure in relation to coronary risk factors and social class. Acta Med Scand 1981;209:277-83
13. Criqui MH, Mehane I, Wallace RB, Heiss G, Holdbrook MJ. Multivariate correlates of adult blood pressure in nine North American populations: The Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study. Prev Med 1982;11:391-402
14. Fraser GE, Phillips RL, Harris R. Physical fitness and blood pressure in school children. Circulation 1983;67:405-12
15. Gibbons LW, Blair SN, Cooper KH, Smith M. Association between coronary heart disease risk factors and physical fitness in healthy adult women. Circulation 1983;67:977-83
16. Folsom AR, Caspersen CJ, Taylor HL, et al. Leisure time physical activity and its relationship to coronary risk factors in a population-based sample of the Minnesota heart survey. Am J Epidemiol 1985;121:570-9
17. Hofman A, Walter HJ, Connelly PA, Vaughan RD. Blood pressure and physical fitness in children. Hypertension 1987;9:188-91
18. Melby CL, Dunn PJ, Hyner GC, Sedlock D, Corrigan DL. Correlates of blood pressure in elementary school children. J School Hlth 1987;57:375-8
19. Panico S, Celentano E, Krogh V, et al. Physical activity and its relationship to blood pressure in school children. J Chron Dis 1987;40:925-30
20. Sallis JF, Patterson TL, Buono MJ, Nader PR. Relation of cardiovascular fitness and physical activity to cardiovascular disease risk factors in children and adults. Am J Epidemiol 1988;127:933-41
21. Strazzullo P, Cappuccio FP, Trevisan M, et al. Leisure time physical activity and blood pressure in school children. Am J Epidemiol 1988;127:726-33
22. Hansen HS, Hyldebrandt N, Froberg K, Nielsen JR. Blood pressure and physical fitness in a population of children - the Odense school child study. J Hum Hypertens 1990;4:615-20
23. Harshfield GA, Dupaul LM, Alpert BS, et al. Aerobic fitness and diurnal rhythm of blood pressure in adolescents. Hypertension 1990; 15: 810-14
24. Melby CL, Goldflies DG, Hyner GC. Blood pressure and anthropometric differences in regularly exercising and nonexercising black adults. Clin Exp Hypertens 1991;A13:1233-48
25. Reaven PD, Barrett-Connor F, Edelstein S. Relation between leisure-time physical activity and blood pressure in older women. Circulation 1991;83:559-65
26. Bovens AM, Van Baak MA, Vrencken JG, Wijnen JA, Saris WH, Verstappen FT. Physical activity, fitness, and selected risk factors for CHD in active men and women. Clin Epidemiol 1992;25:572-6
27. Jenner DA, Vandongen R, Beilin LJ. Relationships between blood pressure and measures of dietary energy intake, physical fitness, and physical activity in Australian children aged 11-12 years. J Epidemiol Commun Hlth 1992;46:108-13
28. World Hypertension League. Physical exercise in the management of hypertension: a consensus statement by the World Hypertension League. J Hypertens 1991;9:283-7
29. Siconolfi SF, Lasater TM, McKinlay S, Boggia P, Carleton RA. Physical fitness and blood pressure: the role of age. Am J Epidemiol 1985;122:452-7
30. Klesges RC, Eck LH, Isbell TR, Fulliton W, Hanson CL. Physical activity, body composition, and blood pressure: a multimethod approach. Med Sci Sports Exercise 1991;23:759-65
31. Hartung GH, Kohl HW, Blair SN, Lawrence SJ, Harrist RB. Exercise tolerance and alcohol intake. Blood pressure relation. Hypertension 1990;16:501-7
32. Snoeckx L, Abeling H, Lambregts J, Schmitz J, Verstappen F, Reneman R. Echocardiographic dimensions in athletes in relation to their training program. Med Sci Sports Exercise 1982;14:428-34
33. Fagard RH. Physical fitness and blood pressure. J Hypertens 1993;11 (suppl 5):S47-S52.
34. Klatsky AL, Friedman GD, Siegelaub AD, Gérard MJ. Alcohol consumplion and blood pressure. Kaiser-Permanente Multiphasic Health Examination Data. N Engl J Med 1977;296:1194-200
35. Yamada Y, Ishizaki M, Kido T, et al. Alcohol, high blood pressure, and serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase level. Hypertension 1991;18:819-26
36. Dyer AR, Stamler J, Oglesby P, et al. Alcohol, cardiovascular risk factors and mortality: the Chicago experience. Circulation 1981;64(suppl III):III-20-III-27
37. Kagan A, Yano K, Rhoads GG, McGee DL. Alcohol and cardiovascular disease: the Hawaiian experience. Circulation 1981;64(suppl III):III-27-III-31
38. Wallace RB, Lynch CF, Pomrehn PR, Criqui MH, Heiss G. Alcohol and hypertension: epidemiologic and experimental considerations. The Lipid Research Clinics Program. Circulation 1981;64(suppl III):III-41-III-47
39. Caims V, Keil U, Kleinbaum D, Doering A, Stieber J. Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for high blood pressure. Munich Blood Pressure Study. Hypertension 1984;6:124-31
40. Coates RA, Corey PN, Ashley MJ, Steele CA. Alcohol consumption and blood pressure: analysis of data from the Canadian Health Survey. Prev Med 1985;14:1-14
41. Klatsky AL, Friedman GD, Armstrong MA. The relationships between alcoholic beverage use and other traits to blood pressure: a new Kaiser-Permanente study. Circulation 1986;73:628-36
42. Bulpitt CJ, Shipley MJ, Semmence A. The contribution of a moderate intake of alcohol to the presence of hypertension. J Hypertens 1987;5:85-91
43. Criqui MH, Langer RD, Reed DM. Dietary alcohol, calcium, and potassium. Independent and combined effects of blood pressure. Circulation 1989;80:609-14
44. Keil U, Chambless L, Remmers A. Alcohol and blood pressure: results from the Luebeck blood pressure study. Prev Med 1989;18:1-10
45. Dyer AR, Cutter GR, Liu K, et al. Alcohol intake and blood pressure in young adults: the CARDIA study. J Clin Epidemiol 1990;43:1-13
46. Moore RD, Levine DM, Southard J, Entwisle G, Shapiro S. Alcohol consumption and blood pressure in the 1982 Maryland Hypertension Survey. Am J Hypertens 1990;3:1-7
47. Holme I, Helgeland A, Hjermann I, Lund-Larsen PG, Leren P. Coronary risk factors and socioeconomic status. The Oslo Study. Lancet 1976;ii:1396-8
48. Tuomilehto J, Puska P, Virtamo J, Neittaanmaki L, Koskela K. Coronary risk factors and socioeconomic status in eastern Finland. Prev Med 1978;7:539-49
49. Haglund JA. Geographical and socioeconomic distribution of high blood pressure and borderline high blood pressure in a Swedish rural county. Scand J Soc Med 1985;13:53-66
50. Kraus JF, Borhani NO, Franti CE. Socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and risk of coronary heart disease. Am J Epidemiol 1980;111:407-14
51. Marmot MG, Rose G, Shipley M, Hamilton PJS. Employment grade and coronary heart disease in British civil servants. J Epidemiol Commun Hlth 1978;32:244-9
52. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys. Classification of Occupations and Coding Index. London: Government Statistical Service, 1980
53. Tyroler HA. Socioeconomic status, age, and sex in the prevalence and prognosis of hypertension in blacks and whites. In: Laragh JH, Brenner BM, eds. Hypertension. Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management. New York: Raven Press, 1990:159-74
54. Liu K, Cooper R, McKeever J, et al. Assessment of the association between habitual salt intake and high blood pressure: methodological problems. Am J Epidemiol 1979;110:219-26
55. Kesteloot H, Park BC, Lee CS, Brems-Heyns E, Claessens J, Joossens JV. A comparative study of blood pressure and sodium intake in Belgium and in Korea. Eur J Cardiol 1980;11:169-82
56. Khaw KT, Barrett-Connor E. The association between blood pressure, age, and dietary sodium and potassium: a population study. Circulation 1988;77:53-61
57. M'Buyamba-Kabangu JR, Fagard R, Lijnen P, Mbuy wa Mbuy R, Staessen J, Amery A. Blood pressure and urinary cations in urban Bantu of Zaire. Am J Epidemiol 1986;124:957-68
58. Kesteloot H, Joossens JV. Relationship of dietary sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium with blood pressure. Belgian Interuniversity Research on Nutrition and Health. Hypertension 1988;12:594-9
59. Staessen J, Bulpitt C, Fagard R, Joossens JV, Lijnen P, Amery A. Four urinary cations and blood pressure. A population study in two Belgian towns. Am J Epidemiol 1983;117:676-87
60. Beevers DG, Hawthorne VM, Padfield PL. Salt and blood pressure in Scotland. BMJ 1980;281:641-2
61. Bulpitt CJ, Broughton PMG, Markowe HLJ, et al. The relationship between both sodium and potassium intake and blood pressure in London civil servants. A report from the Whitehall department of environment study. J Chron Dis 1986;39:211-19
62. Grim CE, Luft FC, Miller JZ, et al. Racial differences in blood pressure in Evans County, Georgia: relationship to sodium and potassium intake and plasma renin activity. J Chron Dis 1981;33:87-94
63. Langford HG, Watson RL, Electrolytes, environment and blood pressure. Clin Sci Mol Med 1973;45:111s-113s
64. Smith WCS, Crombie IK, Tavendale RT, Gulland SK, Tunstall-Pedoe HD. Urinary electrolyte excretion, alcohol consumption, and blood pressure in the Scottish heart health study. BMJ 1988;297:329-30
65. Tuomilehto J, Karppanen H, Tanskanen A, Tikkanen J, Vuori J. Sodium and potassium excretion in a sample of normotensive and hypertensive persons in Eastern Finland. J Epidemiol Commun Hlth 1980;34:174-8
66. Ljungman S, Aurell M, Hartford M, Wikstrand J, Wilhelmsen L, Berglund G. Sodium excretion and blood pressure. Hypertension 1981;3:318-26
67. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group. Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. BMJ 1988;297:319-28
68. Staessen J, Bulpitt CJ, Fagard R, et al. Evidence for a curvilinear relation between blood pressure and urinary sodium in men. J Hum Hypertens 1990;4:19-24
69. Poulter NR, Khaw KT, Hopwood BEC, et al. The Kenyan Luo migration study: observations on the initiation of a rise in blood pressure. BMJ 1990;300:967-72
70. Poulter NR, Khaw K, Hopwood BE, Mugambi M, Peart WS, Sever PS. Determinants of blood pressure changes due to urbanization: a longitudinal study. J Hypertens 1985;3(suppl 3):S375-S377
71. Poulter NR, Shipley MJ, Bulpitt CJ, Markowe HJ, Marmot MG. Pulse rate and twenty-four hour urinary sodium content interact to determine blood pressure levels of male London Civil Servants. J Hypertens 1988;6(suppl 4):S611-S613
72. Staessen J, Bulpitt CJ, Thijs L, et al. Sympathetic tone and relation between sodium intake and blood pressure in the general population. BMJ 1989;299:1502-3
73. Staessen J, Bulpitt CJ, Fagard R, Joossens JV, Lijnen P, Amery A. Contraceptive pill use, urinary sodium and blood pressure. A population study in two Belgian towns. Acta Cardiol 1984;39: 55-64
74. Staessen JA, Poulter NR, Fletcher AE, et al. Psycho-emotional stress and salt intake may interact to raise blood pressure. J Cardiovasc Risk 1994;1:45-51
75. Staessen J, Bulpitt CJ, Thijs L, et al. Pulse rate and sodium intake interact to determine blood pressure: a population study. Am J Hypertens 1991;4:107-12
76. Staessen J, Fagard R, Lijnen P, Amery A, Body weight, sodium intake and blood pressure. J Hypertens 1989;7(suppl 1):S19-S23
77. Block LH, Lütold BE, Bolli P, Kiowski W, Bühler FR. High salt intake blunts plasma catecholamine and renin responses to exercise: less suppressive epinephrine in borderline essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1984;6(suppl 1):S95-S100
78. Kjeldsen SE, Westheim A, Lande K, et al. Sodium depletion increases platelet and plasma catecholamines in hypertensive man. Hypertension 1988;11:477-82
79. Blankestijn PJ, Tulen J, Boosma F, et al. Support for adrenaline-hypertension hypothesis: 18 hour pressor effect after 6 hours adrenaline infusion. Lancet 1988;2:1386-9
80. Patel C, Marmot M. Can general practitioners use training in relaxation and management of stress to reduce mild hypertension? BMJ 1988;296:21-4
81. McGrady A, Higgins JT, Jr. Prediction of response to biofeedback-assisted relaxation in hypertensives: development of a hypertensive predictor profile (HYPP). Psychosomatic Med 1989;51:277-84
82. Schnall PL, Pieper C, Schwartz JE, et al. The relationship between 'job strain', workplace diastolic pressure and left ventricular mass index. JAMA 1990;263:1929-35
83. Staessen J, Fagard R, Amery A. The relationship between body weight and blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens 1988;2:207-17
84. Staessen J, Fagard R, Lijnen P, Amery A, Bulpitt C, Joossens JV. Salt and blood pressure in Belgium. J Epidemiol Commun Hlth 1981;35:256-61
85. Stamler R, Stamler J, Riedlinger WF, Algera G, Roberts RH. Weight and blood pressure. Findings in hypertension screening of 1 million Americans. JAMA 1978;240:1607-10
86. Kannel WB, Brand N, Skinner JJJ, Dawber TR, McNamara PM. The relation of adiposity to blood pressure and development of hypertension. The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med 1967;67:48-59
87. Harlan WR, Cornoni-Huntley J, Leaverton PE. Blood pressure in childhood. The National Health Examination Survey. Hypertension 1979;1:559-65
88. Paffenbarger RSJ, Thorne MC, Wing AL. Chronic disease in former college students. VIII. Characteristics in youth predisposing to hypertension in later years. Am J Epidemiol 1968;88:25-32
89. Floras JS, Sleight P. The lability of blood pressure. In: Amery A, Fagard R, Lijnen P, Staessen J, eds. Hypertensive Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiology and Treatment. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1982:104-17