Biosensors for chemical and biological agents of defence interest

Biosensors and Bioelectronics

Volumn 11, Issue 11, 1996, Pages 1079-1113

  Paddle, Brian M ^a  

^a AERO AND MAR RESEARCH LABORATORY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Antibodies; Biomolecules; Biosensors; Enzymes; Nucleotides; Pathogens; Receptors; Toxic chemicals; Toxins

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS; CHEMICAL ELEMENTS; ENZYMES; MICROORGANISMS; MILITARY APPLICATIONS; TOXICITY;

BIOMOLECULES; NUCLEOTIDES; PATHOGENS; RECEPTORS; TOXIC CHEMICALS; TOXINS;

BIOSENSORS;

ANTIBODY; ENZYME; NUCLEOTIDE; RECEPTOR; TOXIN;

BIOLOGY; BIOSENSOR; CHEMISTRY; REVIEW;

ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS);

EID: 0029764615     PISSN: 09565663     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0956-5663(96)82333-5     Document Type: Article

References (157)

1. Ahluwalia, A., De Rossi, D., Ristori, C., Schirone, A. & Serra, G. (1991). A comparative study of protein immobilization techniques for optical immunosensors. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 7, 207-214.
2. Aizawa, M. (1987). Immunosensors. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B316, 121-134.
3. Albery, W. J., Cass, A. E. G. & Shu, Z. X. (1990a). Inhibited enzyme electrodes. Part 2: The kinetics of the cytochrome oxidase system. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 5, 379-395.
4. 2S and HCN. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 5, 397-413.
5. Alvarez-Icaza, M. & Bilitewski, U. (1993). Mass production of biosensors. Anal. Chem., 65, 525A-533A.
6. Amine, A., Alafandy, M., Kauffmann, J. M. & Novak Pekli, M. (1995). Cyanide determination using an amperometric biosensor based on cytochrome oxidase inhibition. Anal. Chem., 67, 2822-2827.
7. Anis, A. N., Wright, J., Rogers, K. R., Thompson, R. G., Valdes, J. J. & Eldefrawi, M. E. (1992). A fiber-optic immunosensor for detecting parathion. Anal. Lett., 25, 627-635.
8. Arnold, M. A. (1990). Fibre-optic biosensors. J. Biotechnol., 15, 219-228.
9. Barendsz, A. W., De Borst, C., Post, A. J. A. & Schimmel, J. (1978). Detection of alkylating compounds. U. S. Patent 4120754.
10. Barker, S. A. (1989). Immobilization of the biological component of biosensors. In: Biosensors - Fundamentals and Applications, A. P. F. Turner, I. Karube & G. S. Wilson (eds.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 85-99.
11. Barnard, S. M. & Walt, D. R. (1992). Optical immunosensors using controlled-release polymers. In: Biosensors and Chemical Sensors. Optimizing Performance Through Polymeric Materials, P. G. Edelman & J. Wang (eds.). American Chemical Society Symposium Series, 487, ACS, Washington, pp. 310-320.
12. Bhatia, S. K., Shriver-Lake, L. C., Prior, K. J., Georger, J. H., Calvert, J. M., Bredehorst, R. & Ligler, F. S. (1989). Use of thio-terminal silanes and heterobifunctional crosslinkers for immobilization of antibodies on silica surfaces. Anal. Biochem., 178, 408-413.
13. Bhatti, A. R., Siddiqui, Y. M. & Micusan, V. V. (1994). Highly sensitive fluorogenic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B. J. Microbiol. Meth., 19, 179-187.
14. Bignami, G. S., Raybould, T. J. G., Sachinvala, N. D., Grothaus, S. B., Simpson, S. B., Lazo, C. B., Byrnes, J. B., Moore, E. & Vann, D. C. (1992). Monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunoassays for the measurement of palytoxin in biological samples. Toxicon, 30, 687-700.
15. Bittner, M. A. & Holz, R. W. (1988). Effects of tetanus toxin on catecholamine release from intact and digitonin-permeabilized chromaffin cells. J. Neurochem., 51, 451-456.
16. Blackburn, G. F., Talley, D. B., Booth, P. M., Durfor, C. N., Martin, M. T., Napper, A. D. & Rees, A. R. (1990). Potentiometric biosensor employing catalytic antibodies as the molecular recognition element. Anal. Chem., 62, 2211-2216.
17. Blanchard, G. C., Taylor, C. G., Busey, B. R. & Williamson, M. L. (1990). Regeneration of immunosorbent surfaces used in clinical, industrial and environmental biosensors. Role of covalent and non-covalent interactions. J. Immunol. Method., 130, 263-275.
18. Blum, L. J., Gautier, S. M. & Coulet, P. R. (1989). Design of luminescence photobiosensors. J. Biolumin. Chemilumin., 4, 543-550.
19. Bluestein, B. I. & Chen, S. Y. (1990). Rapid response fiber optic evanescent wave immunosensors. Immunol. Ser., 53, 145-170.
20. Cao, K. L., Anderson, G. P., Ligler, F. S. & Ezzell, J. (1995). Detection of Yersinia pestis Fraction 1 antigen with a fiber optic biosensor. J. Clin. Microbiol., 33, 336-341.
21. Carter, R. M., Jacobs, M. B., Lubrano, G. J. & Guillbault, G. G. (1995). Piezoelectric detection of ricin and affinity-purified goat anti-ricin antibody. Anal. Lett., 28, 1379-1386.
22. Colston, J. T., Kumar, P., Rael, E. D., Tsin, A. T. C., Valdes, J. J. & Chambers, J. P. (1993). Detection of sub-nanogram quantities of Mojave toxin via enzyme immunoassay with light addressable potentiometric detector. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 8, 117-121.
23. Dambrot, S. M. (1992). Biosensors galore. Bio/Technology, 10, 129.
24. Danielsson, B. (1990). Calorimetric biosensors. J. Biotechnol., 15, 187-200.
25. Darnell, J., Lodish, H. & Baltimore, D. (1990). Molecular Cell Biology, 2nd Edn. Scientific American Books, New York.
26. Davies, M. L., Hamilton, C. J., Murphy, S. M. & Tighe, B. J. (1992). Polymer membranes in clinical sensor applications. 1. An overview of membrane function. Biomaterials, 13, 971-978.
27. DeSilva, M. S., Zhang, Y., Hesketh, P. J., Maclay, G. J., Gendel, S. M. & Stetter, J. R. (1995). Impedance based sensing of the specific binding reaction between Staphylococcus enterotoxin B and its antibody on an ultra-thin platinum film. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 10, 675-682.
28. Dill, K., Blomdahl, J. A., Lydon, S. R. & Olson, J. D. (1994). Improvements in Threshold™ immunoassay technology. In: Proc. 1993 ERDEC Scientific Conference on Chemical Defense Research, 16-19 November 1993, D. A. Berg, J. D. Williams, Jr. & P. J. Reeves (eds.). Report No. ERDEC-SP-024, August 1994, pp. 45-50.
29. Dittmar, A., Pauchard, T. & Delhomme, G. (1992). A thermal conductivity sensor for the measurement of skin blood flow. Sensors & Actuators B, 7, 327-331.
30. Doellgast, G. J., Beard, G. A., Bottoms, J. D., Cheng, T., Roh, B. H., Roman, M. G., Hall, P. A. & Triscott, M. X. (1994). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and enzyme-linked coagulation assay for detection of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins A, B, and E and solution-phase complexes with dual-label antibodies. J. Clin. Microbiol., 32, 105-111.
31. Downs, M. E. A. (1991). Prospects for nucleic acid biosensors. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 19, 39-43.
32. Enzyme Nomenclature 1978. (1979). Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry. Academic Press, New York.
33. Eray, M., Dogan, N. S., Reiken, S. R., Sutisna, H., Van Wie, B. J., Koch, A. R., Moffet, D. F., Silber, M. & Davis, W. C. (1995). A highly stable and selective biosensor using modified nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (n-AChR). BioSystems, 35, 183-188.
34. Erhard, M. H., Kühlmann, R., Szinicz, L. & Lösch, U. (1990). Detection of the organophosphorus nerve agent soman by an ELISA using monoclonal antibodies. Arch. Toxicol., 64, 580-585.
35. Fägerstam, L. G. & O'Shannessy, D. J. (1993). Surface plasmon resonance detection in affinity technologies. In: Handbook of Affinity Chromatography, Chromatogr. Sci. Ser. Vol. 63 pp. 229-252.
36. Fawcett, N. C., Evans, J. A., Chien, L. C. & Flowers, N. (1988). Nucleic acid hybridization detected by piezoelectric resonance. Anal. Lett., 21, 1099-1114.
37. Fernando, J. C., Rogers, K. R., Anis, N. A., Valdes, J. J., Thompson, R. G., Eldefrawi, A. T. & Eldefrawi, M. E. (1993). Rapid detection of anticholine-sterase insecticides by a reusable light addressable potentiometric biosensor. J. Agric. Food Chem., 41, 511-516.
38. Fox, A. P., Hirning, L. D., Kongsamut, S., McCleskey, E. W., Miller, R. J., Olivera, B. M., Perney, T. M., Thayer, S. A. & Tsien, R. W. (1987). The interaction of toxins with calcium channels. In: Neurotoxins and their Pharmacological Implications, P. Jenner (eds.). Raven Press, New York, pp. 115-132.
39. Frew, J. E. & Hill, H. A. O. (1987). Electron transfer biosensors. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B316, 95-106.
40. Gander, T. J. (ed.) (1992). Chemical and biological warfare agents. In: Jane's NBC Protection Equipment, 5th Ed., Jane's Information Group, Dept. DSM 238, Surrey, UK. pp. 3-20.
41. Geckeler, K. E. & Müller, B. (1993). Polymer materials in biosensors. Naturwissenschaften, 80, 18-24.
42. Gennis, R. B. (1989). Biomembranes: Molecular Structure and Function. Springer, New York.
43. Gessler, E. (ed.) (1986). Biological and Toxin Weapons Today. Oxford University Press for SIPRI.
44. Gibson, T. D. & Woodward, J. R. (1992). Protein stabilization in biosensor systems. In: Biosensors and Chemical Sensors. Optimizing Performance Through Polymeric Materials, P. G. Edelman & J. Wang (eds.). American Chemical Society Symposium Series, 487, ACS, New York, pp. 40-55.
45. Gotoh, M., Tamiya, E., Momoi, M., Kagawa, Y. & Karube, I. (1987). Acetylcholine sensor based on ion sensitive field effect transistor and acteylcholine receptor. Anal. Lett., 20, 857-870.
46. Graham, C. R., Leslie, D. & Squirrell, D. J. (1992). Gene probe assays on a fibre-optic evanescent wave biosensor. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 7, 487-493.
47. Grate, J. W., Martin, S. J. & White, R. M. (1993a). Acoustic wave microsensors. Part 2. Anal. Chem., 65, 987A-996A.
48. Griffiths, D. & Hall, G. (1993). Biosensors - What real progress is being made? Trends Biotechnol., 11, 122-130.
49. Guilbault, G. G. & Luong, J. H. (1988). Gas phase biosensors. J. Biotechnol., 9, 1-10.
50. Guilbault, G. G. & Schmid, R. D. (1991). Biosensors for the determination of drug substances. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem., 14, 133-145.
51. Hall, E. A. H. (1991). Biosensors. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Press, New Jersey.
52. Hall, E. A. H. (1992). Overview of biosensors. In: Biosensors and Chemical Sensors. Optimizing Performance Through Polymeric Materials, P. G. Edelman & J. Wang (eds.). American Chemical Society Symposium Series, 487, ACS, New York, pp. 1-14.
53. Hallowell, S. F. & Rechnitz, G. A. (1990). Determination of toxins using enzyme-amplified receptor assay. Anal. Lett., 23, 1635-1645.
54. Hambleton, P., Shone, C. C. & Melling, J. (1987). Botulinum toxin - structure, action and clinical uses. In: Neurotoxins and their Pharmacological Implications, P. Jenner (ed.). Raven Press, New York, pp. 233-260.
55. Harrison, R. O., Goodrow, M. H., Gee, S. J. & Hammock, B. D. (1991). Hapten synthesis for pesticide immunoassay development. In: Immunoassays for Trace Chemical Analysis, M. Vanderlaan, L. H. Stanker, B. E. Watkins & D. W. Roberts (eds.). American Chemical Society Symposium Series, 451, ACS, New York, pp. 14-27.
56. Haynes, M. R., Stura, E. A., Hilvert, D. & Wilson, I. A. (1994). Routes to catalysis: structure of a catalytic antibody and comparison with its natural counterpart. Science, 263, 646-652.
57. Hegde, R., Karande, A. A. & Podder, S. K. (1993). The variants of the protein toxins abrin and ricin. A useful guide to understanding the processing events in the toxin transport. Eur. J. Biochem., 215, 411-419.
58. Hendry, S. P., Higgins, I. J. & Bannister, J. V. (1990). Amperometric biosensors. J. Biotechnol., 15, 229-238.
59. Hokama, Y. (1991). Immunological analysis of low molecualr weight marine toxins. J. Toxicol. Toxin Rev., 10, 1-35.
60. Hu, X. & Leng, Z. (1995). Determination of cyanide using a tyrosinase amperometric biosensor with catechol as substrate. Analyst, 120, 1555-1557.
61. Janata, J. (1989). Principles of Chemical Sensors. Plenum Press, New York.
62. Jones, A. J. (1990). Sensor Technology. I. Materials and Devices. DITAC, Canberra, Australia.
63. Karube, I. (1990). Microbial sensor. J. Biotechnol., 15, 255-266.
64. Karube, I., Nakahara, T., Matsunaga, T. & Suzuki, S. (1982). Salmonella electrode for screening mutagens. Anal. Chem., 54, 1725-1727.
65. Kauffman, J. M. & Guilbault, G. G. (1992). Enzyme electrode biosensors: theory and applications. Bioanal. Appl. Enzymes, 36, 36-113.
66. Kimura, J. & Kuriyama, T. (1990). FET biosensors. J. Biotechnol., 15, 239-254.
67. Klotz, I. M. (1984). Synthetic polymers with enzyme-like activities. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 434, 302-320.
68. König, B. & Grätzel, M. (1993). Detection of viruses and bacteria with piezoelectric immunosensors. Anal. Lett., 26, 1567-1585.
69. Kumar, P., Colston, J. T., Rael, E. D. & Valdes, J. J. (1994). Detection of botulinum toxin using an evanescent wave immunosensor. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 9, 57-63.
70. Kumaran, S. & Morita, M. (1995). Application of a cholinesterase biosensor to screen for organophosphorus pesticides extracted from soil. Talanta, 42, 649-655.
71. Kung, V. T., Panfili, P. R., Sheldon, E. L., King, R. S., Nagainis, P. A., Gomez, B., Ross, D. A., Briggs, J. & Zuk, R. F. (1990). Picogram quantitation of total DNA using DNA-binding proteins in a silicon sensor-based system. Anal. Biochem., 187, 220-227.
72. Lackie, S. J. (1991). Receptor based fiber optic microsensor development. US Army Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center Report. CRDEC-CR-105, pp. 1-61.
73. La Rosa, C., Pariente, F., Hernández, L. & Lorenzo, E. (1995). Amperometric flow-through biosensor for the determination of pesticides. Anal. Chim. Acta, 308, 129-136.
74. Lazdunski, M. (1993). Pharmacologie et pathologies associées aux canaux ioniques. In: Science et Defense 93. Nouvelles Avancées Scientifiques et Techniques. Ministère de la Défense Publication, Gauthier-Villars, France, pp. 295-306.
75. Lazdunski, M., Frelin, C., Barhanin, J., Lombet, A., Meiri, H., Pauron, D., Romey, G., Schmid, A., Schweitz, H., Vigne, P. & Vijverberg, H. P. M. (1987). Polypeptide toxins as tools to study voltage-sensitive Na+ channels. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 479, 204-220.
76. Lee, W. E. & Hall, J. G. (1992). Biosensor-based detection of soman. Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Canada. Suffield Memorandum No. 1380, pp. 1-14.
77. Lee, W. E., Jacobson, T. V. & Thompson, H. G. (1993a). Characteristics of the biochemical detector sensor. Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Canada. Suffield Memorandum No. 1402, p. 1-23.
78. Lee, W. E. & Thompson, H. G. (1993). Fibre optic biosensor assay of Newcastle Disease Virus. Defense Research Establishment Suffield, Canada. Suffield Report No. 580, pp. 1-36.
79. Lee, W. E., Thompson, H. G., Hall, J. G., Fulton, R. F. & Wong, J. P. (1993b). Rapid immunofiltration assay of Newcastle Disease Virus using a silicon sensor. J. Immunol. Meth., 166, 123-131.
80. Lenz, D. E., Yourick, J. J., Dawson, J. S. & Scott, J. (1991). Monoclonal antibodies against soman: characterization and stereospecificity. In: Proc. 1991 Medical Defence Bioscience Review, US Army Medical Research and Development Command, pp. 551-554.
81. Lerner, R. A., Benkovic, S. J. & Schultz, P. G. (1991). At the crossroads of chemistry and immunology: catalytic antibodies. Science, 252, 659-667.
82. Libby, J. M. & Wada, H. G. (1989). Detection of Nesseria meningitidis and Yersinia pestis with a novel silicon-based sensor. J. Clin. Microbiol., 27, 1456-1459.
83. Lieske, C. N., Meyer, H. G., Klopcic, R. S., Gross, C. L., Clark, J. H., Dolzine, T. W. & Logan, T. P. (1991). Development of an antibody that binds sulphur mustard. In: Proc. 1991 Medical Defence Bioscience Review, US Army Medical Research and Development Command, pp. 131-134.
84. Lowe, C. R. (1989). Biosensors. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B324, 487-496.
85. Lowe, C. R., Yon Hin, B. F. Y., Cullen, D. C., Evans, S. E., Gray Stephens, L. D. & Maynard, P. (1990). Biosensors. J. Chromatogr., 510, 347-354.
86. Luong, H. T., Groom, C. A. & Male, K. B. (1991). The potential role of biosensors in the food and drink industries. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 6, 547-554.
87. Madou, M. J. & Morrison, S. R. (1989). Chemical Sensing with Solid State Devices. Academic Press. San Diego.
88. Marcou, R. P., Zulich, A. W., Ong, K. K. & Stopa, P. J. (1993). Evaluation of the use of the sensitive, membrane, antigen rapid test (SMART™) immunoassay device. In Proc. 1992 ERDEC Scientific Conference on Chemical Defense Research, 17-20 November, J. D. Williams Jr., D. A. Berg & P. J. Reeves (eds.). Report No. ERDEC-SP-007, June 1993, pp. 893-899.
89. Marty, J. L., Sode, K. & Karube, I. (1992). Biosensor for detection of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. Electroanalysis, 4, 249-252.
90. Menking, D. G. & Goode, M. T. (1993). Evaluation of cocktailed antibodies for toxin and pathogen assays on the light addressable potentiometric sensor. In: Proc. 1992 ERDEC Scientific Conference on Chemical Defense Research, 17-20 November, J. D. Williams, D. A. Berg & P. J. Reeves (eds.). Report No. ERDEC-SP-007, June 1993, pp. 103-109.
91. Merck Index, 10th Ed. (1983). E. Merck and Co., Inc.
92. Millan, K. M. & Mikkelson, S. R. (1993). Sequence-selective biosensor for DNA based on electroactive hybridization indicators. Anal. Chem., 65, 2317-2323.
93. Moore, R. E. & Bartolini, G. (1981). Structure of palytoxin. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 103, 2491-2494.
94. Mrksich, M. & Whitesides, G. M. (1995). Patterning self-assembled monolayers using microcontact printing: a new technology for biosensors. Trends Biotechnol., 13, 228-235.
95. Namikoshi, M., Sivonen, K., Evans, W. R., Carmichael, W. W., Sun, F., Rouhiainen, L., Luukkainen, R. & Rinehart, K. L. (1992). Two new L-serine variants of microcystins-LR and -RR from Anabaenia sp. strains 202 A1 and 202 A2. Toxicon, 30, 1457-1464.
96. Ngeh-Ngwainbi, J., Foley, P. H., Kuan, S. S. & Guilbault, G. G. (1986). Parathion antibodies on piezoelectric crystals. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 108, 5444-5447.
97. Nielsen, P., Koch, C., Friis, H., Heron, I., Prag, J. & Schmidt, J. (1987). Double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for rapid detection of toxin producing Corynebacterium diphtheriae. J. Clin Microbiol., 25, 1280-1284.
98. North, J. (1985). Immunosensors: antibody based biosensors. Trends Biotechnol., 3, 180-186.
99. Nyamsi Hendji, A. M., Jaffrezic-Renault, N., Martelet, C., Clechet, P., Shul'ga, A. A., Strikha, V. I., Netchiporuk, L. I., Soldatkin, A. P. & Wlodarski, W. B. (1993). Sensitive detection of pesticides using a differential ISFET-based system with immobilized cholinesterases. Anal. Chim. Acta, 281, 3-11.
100. Ogert, R. A., Brown, E. J., Singh, B. R., Shriver-Lake, L. C. & Ligler, F. S. (1992). Detection of Clostridium botulinum toxin A using a fibre optic-based biosensor. Anal. Biochem., 205, 306-312.
101. Ogert, R. A., Burans, J., O'Brien, T. & Ligler, F. S. (1994). Comparative analysis of toxin detection in biological and environmental samples. Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 2068, 151-158.
102. Owicki, J. C., Bousse, L. J., Hafeman, D. G., Kirk, G. L., Olson, J. D., Wada, H. G. & Parce, J. W. (1994). The light-addressable potentiometric sensor. Principles and applications. Ann. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct., 23, 87-113.
103. Palleschi, G., Bernabei, M., Cremisini, C. & Mascini, M. (1992). Determination of organophosphorus insecticides with a choline electrochemical biosensor. Sensors & Actuators B, 7, 513-517.
104. Parce, J. W., Owicki, J. C., Kercso, K. M., Sigal, G. B., Wada, H. G., Muir, V. C., Bousse, L. J., Ross, K. L., Sikic, B. I. & McConnell, H. M. (1989). Detection of cell-affecting agents with a silicon biosensor. Science (Washington, DC), 246, 243-247.
105. Piunno, A. E., Krull, U. J., Hudson, R. H. E., Damha, M. J. & Cohen, H. (1994). Fiber optic biosensor for fluorimetric detection of DNA hybridization. Anal. Chim. Acta 288, 205-214.
106. Poisons and Poisoning (1985). The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th Edn, Vol. 25, pp. 895-910.
107. Poli, M. A., Rivera, V. R., Hewetson, J. F. & Merril, G. A. (1994). Detection of ricin by colorimetric and chemiluminescence ELISA. Toxicon, 32, 1371-1377.
108. Pollard-Knight, D., Hawkins, E., Yeung, D., Pashby, D. P., Simpson, M., McDougall, A., Buckle, P. & Charles, S. A. (1990). Immunoassays and nucleic acid detection with a biosensor based on surface plasmon resonance. Ann. Biol. Clin., 48, 642-646.
109. Prusak-Sochaczewski, E., Luong, J. H. T. & Guilbault, G. G. (1990). Development of a piezoelectric immunosensor for the detection of Salmonella typhimurium. Enzyme Microbiol. Technol., 12, 173-177.
110. Rajakovic, L., Ghaemmaghami, V. & Thompson, M. (1989). Adsorption on film-free and antibody-coated piezoelectric sensors. Anal. Chim. Acta, 217, 111-121.
111. Ramsay, G., Guilbault, G. G. & Ngeh-Ngwainbi, J. (1990). Stabilization of biomaterials - new approaches. US Army Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center Report CRDEC-CR-074, pp. 1-108.
112. Rechnitz, G. A. (1988). Biosensors. Chem. Eng. News, 5 September, pp. 24-36.
113. Rechnitz, G. A. & Ho, M. Y. (1990). Biosensors based on cell and tissue material. J. Biotechnol., 15, 201-218.
114. Roberts, G. (ed.) (1990). Langmuir-Blodgett Films. Plenum Press, New York.
115. Roe, J. N. (1992). Biosensor development. Pharm. Res., 9, 835-844.
116. Rogers, K. R., Cao, C. J., Valdes, J. J., Eldefrawi, A. & Eldefrawi, M. E. (1991a). Acetylcholinesterase fibre-optic biosensor for the detection of anticholinesterase. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 16, 810-820.
117. Rogers, K. R., Foley, M., Alter, S., Koga, P. & Eldefrawi, M. (1991b). Light addressable potentiometric biosensor for the detection of anticholinesterase. Anal. Lett., 24, 191-198.
118. Rogers, K. R., Valdes, J. J. & Eldefrawi, M. E. (1991c). Effects of receptor concentration, media pH, and storage on nicotinic receptor-transmitted signal in a fibre-optic biosensor. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 6, 1-8.
119. Rogers, K. R., Fernando, J. C., Thompson, R. G., Valdes, J. J. & Eldefrawi, M. E. (1992). Detection of nicotinic receptor ligands with a light addressable potentiometric sensor. Anal. Biochem. , 202, 111-116.
120. Rogers, K. R. & Lin, J. N. (1992). Biosensors for environmental monitoring. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 7, 317-321.
121. Rogers, K. R., Valdes, J. J. & Eldefrawi, M. E. (1989). Acetylcholine receptor fibre-optic evanescent fluorosensor. Anal. Biochem., 182, 353-359.
122. Rook, G. (1989). Immunity to viruses, bacteria and fungi. In: Immunology, I. Roitt, J. Brostoff & D. Male (eds.). Gower Medical Publishing, London, pp. 16.1-16.15.
123. Rouillon, R., Mionetto, N. & Marty, J. L. (1992). Acetylcholine biosensor involving entrapment of two enzymes. Optimization of operational storage conditions. Anal. Chim. Acta, 268, 347-350.
124. Rowell, F. J. (1991). Biological receptors in biosensors. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 19, 32-35.
125. Sadik, O. A., John, M. J., Wallace, G. G., Barnett, D., Clarke, C. & Laing, D. G. (1994). Pulsed amperometric detection of thaumatin using antibody-containing poly(pyrrole) electrodes. Analyst, 119, 1997-2000.
126. Saiki, R. K., Scharf, S., Faloona, F., Mullis, K. B., Horn, G. T., Erlich, H. A. & Arnheim, N. (1985). Enzymatic amplification of β-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia. Science, 230, 1350-1354.
127. Scheller, F., Schubert, F., Pfeiffer, D., Hintsche, R., Dransfeld, I., Renneberg, R., Wollenberger, U., Riedel, K., Pavlova, M., Kuhn, M., Müller, H. G., Tan, P. M., Hoffmann, W. & Moritz, W. (1989). Research and development of biosensors. Analyst (Lond.). 114, 653-662.
128. Schultz, J. S. (1987). Sensitivity and dynamics of bioreceptor-based biosensors. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 506, 406-414.
129. Schuhmann, W., Lehn, C. & Schmidt, H. L. (1992). Comparison of native and chemically stabilized enzymes in amperometric enzyme electrodes. Sensors & Actuators B, 7, 393-398.
130. Sellergren, B., Ekberg, B. & Mosbach, K. (1985). Molecular imprinting of amino acid derivatives in macroporous polymers. Demonstration of substrate-and enantio-selectivity by chromatographic resolution of racemic mixtures of amino acid derivatives. J. Chromatogr., 347, 1-10.
131. Skládal, P. (1992). Detection of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides using disposable biosensors based on chemically modified electrodes and immobilized cholinesterase. Anal. Chim. Acta, 269, 281-287.
132. Smit, M. H. & Cass, E. G. (1990). Cyanide detection using a substrate-regenerating, peroxidase-based biosensor. Anal. Chem., 62, 2429-2436.
133. Smit, M. H. & Rechnitz, G. A. (1993). Toxin detection using a tyrosinase-coupled oxygen electrode. Anal. Chem., 65, 380-385.
134. Smith, T. J., Dawson, M. T. & Gannon, F. (1994). The 16S/23S ribosomal RNA spacer region as a target for DNA probes to identify potential biological warfare threats. In: Proc. 1993 ERDEC Scientific Conference on Chemical Defense Research, 16-19 November, D. A. Berg, J. D. Williams Jr. & P. J. Reeves (eds.). Report No. ERDEC-SP-024, August 1994, pp. 603-608.
135. Starodub, N. F., Arenkov, P. Y., Starodub, A. N. & Berezin, V. A. (1994). Construction and biomedical application of immunosensors based on fiber optics and enhanced chemiluminescence. Opt. Eng., 33, 2958-2963.
136. Stein, K. & Schwedt, G. (1993). Comparison of immobilization methods for the development of an acetylcholinesterase biosensor. Anal. Chim. Acta, 272, 73-81.
137. Steward, M. & Male, D. (1989). Immunological techniques. In: Immunology, I. Roitt, J. Brostoff & D. Male (eds.). Gower Medical Publishing, London, pp. 25.1-25.13.
138. Suleiman, A., Pender, M., Ngeh-Ngwainbi, J., Lubrano, G. & Guilbault, G. (1990). A protein coated piezoelectric crystal detector. US Army Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center Report. CRDEC-CR-075, pp. 1-95.
139. Swain, A. (1992). Biosensors: a new realism. Ann. Biol. Clin. (Paris), 50, 175-179.
140. Tedesco, J. L., Krull, U. J. & Thompson, M. (1989). Molecular receptors and their potential for artificial transduction. Biosensors, 4, 135-167.
141. Thompson, K. & Krull, J. (1991). Biosensors and the transduction of molecular recognition. Anal. Chem., 63, 393A-405A.
142. Thompson, H. G. & Lee, W. E. (1992). Rapid immunofiltration assay of Francisella tularensis. Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Canada. Suffield Memorandum No. 1376, pp. 1-17.
143. Tien, T. I., Salamon, Z. & Ottova, A. (1991). Lipid bilayer-based sensors and biomolecular electronics. Biomed. Eng. 18, 323-340.
144. Tor, R. & Freeman, A. (1986). New enzyme membrane for enzyme electrodes. Anal. Chem., 58, 1042-1046.
145. Tran-Minh, C., Pandey, P. C. & Kumaran, S. (1990). Studies on acetylcholine sensor and its analytical application based on the inhibition of cholinesterase. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 5, 461-471.
146. Turner, M. (1989). Molecules which recognize antigen. In: Immunology, I. Roitt, J. Brostoff & D. Male (eds.). Gower Medical Publishing, London, pp. 5.1-5.11.
147. Turner, P. F., Karube, I. & Wilson, G. S. (eds.) (1989). Biosensors, Fundamentals and Applications. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
148. US National Research Council (1983). Protection Against Trichothecene Mycotoxins. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, p. 4.
149. Van Emon, J. M. & Lopez-Avila, V. (1992). Immunochemical methods for environmental analysis. Anal. Chem., 64, 79A-88A.
150. Vlatakis, G., Andersson, L. I., Müller, R. & Mosbach, K. (1993). Drug assay using antibody mimics made by molecular imprinting. Nature (Lond.). 361, 645-647.
151. Wieneke, A. A. & Gilbert, R. J. (1985). The use of a sandwich ELISA for the detection of Staphylococcal enterotoxin A in foods from outbreaks of food poisoning. J. Hygiene, 95, 131-138.
152. Wijesuriya, D. C., Anderson, G. P. & Ligler, F. S. (1994a). A rapid and sensitive immunoassay for bacterial cells. In: Proc. 1993 ERDEC Scientific Conference on Chemical Defense Research, 16-19 November, D. A.Berg, J. D. Williams Jr. & P. J. Reeves (eds.). Report No. ERDEC-SP-024, August 1994, pp. 671-677.
153. Wijesuriya, D., Breslin, K., Anderson, G., Shriver-Lake, L. & Ligler, F. S. (1994b). Regeneration of immobilized antibodies on fiber optic probes. Biosensors of Bioelectronics, 9, 585-592.
154. Wilchek, M. & Bayer, E. A. (1988). The avidin-biotin complex in bioanalytical applications. Anal. Biochem., 171, 1-32.
155. Wingard, L. B. (1990). Biosensor trends. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 613, 44-53.
156. Wonnacott, S. (1987). Neurotoxin probes for neuronal nicotinic receptors. In: Neurotoxins and their Pharmacological Implications. P. Jenner (ed.). Raven Press, New York, pp. 209-231.
157. Zull, J. E., Reed-Mundell, J., Lee, Y. W., Vezenov, D., Ziats, N. P., Anderson, J. M. & Sukenik, C. N. (1994). Problems and approaches in covalent attachment of peptides and proteins to organic surfaces for biosensor applications. J. Indust. Microbiol., 13, 137-143.