The pathogenesis of alopecia areata

Dermatologic Clinics

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 661-670

  McDonagh, A J G ^a   Messenger, A G ^a  

^a ROYAL HALLAMSHIRE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HLA ANTIGEN CLASS 2;

ALOPECIA AREATA; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DOWN SYNDROME; HEREDITY; HLA SYSTEM; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

EID: 0029763973     PISSN: 07338635     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0733-8635(05)70392-2     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. I.R. Allison A.C. Cunis Vitiligo and pernicious anemia Arch Dermatol 72 1955 407
2. I. Anderson Alopecia areata: A clinical study Br Med J 4691 1950 1250
3. E.V. Averbakh L.E. Pospelov HLA antigens of patients with alopecia areata Vestn Dermatol Venereol 24 1986
4. O. Baadsgaard R. Lindskov Circulating lymphocyte subsets in patients with alopecia areata Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 66 1986 266
5. R.W. Bartrop L. Lazarus E. Luckhurst Depressed lymphocyte function after bereavement Lancet i 1977 834
6. C. Betterle A. Peserico Del Prete G. A. Trisotto Autoantibodies in alopecia areata [letter] Arch Dermatol 111 1975 927
7. A.I.F. Blakemore J.K. Tarlow M.J. Cork Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism as a severity factor in systemic lupus erythematosus Arthritis Rheum 37 1994 1380
8. O. Braun-Falco O. Zaun Uber die Beteiligung des gesamten Capillitiums bei Alopecia areata Hautarzt 13 1964 342
9. E.B. Bröcker K. Echternacht-Happle H. Hamm R. Happle Abnormal expression of class I and class II major histocompatibility antigens in alopecia areata: Modulation by topical immunotherapy J Invest Dermatol 88 1987 564
10. A.C. Brown Z.L. Olkowski J.R. McLaren Thymus lymphocytes of the peripheral blood in patients with alopecia areata Arch Dermatol 113 1977 688
11. W.H. Brown The aetiology of alopecia areata and its relationship to vitiligo and possibly scleroderma Br J Dermatol 41 1929 299
12. D.M. Carter B.V. Jegasothy Alopecia areata and Down syndrome Arch Dermatol 112 1976 1397
13. F. Clay M.J. Cork J.K. Tarlow Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism association with lichen sclerosus Hum Genet 94 1994 407
14. R.E. Cochran J. Thomson R.N. MacSween An auto-antibody profile in alopecia totalis and diffuse alopecia Br J Dermatol 95 1976 61
15. G.W. Cole D. Herzhinger Alopecia universalis in identical twins Int J Dermatol 23 1984 283
16. B.W. Colombe V.H. Price E.L. Khoury C.D. Lou Class II alleles in longstanding alopecia totalis/alopecia universalis and long-standing patchy alopecia areata differentiate these two clinical groups J Invest Dermatol 104 1995 4S
17. W.O.C.M. Cookson R.P. Young A.J. Sandford Maternal inheritance of atopic IgE responsiveness on chromosome 11q Lancet 340 1992 381
18. Cotsarelis G. Sun T.-T. R.M. Lavker Label-retaining cells reside in the bulge area of the pilosebaceous unit: Implications for follicular stem cells, hair cycle, and skin carcinogenesis Cell 61 1990 1329
19. W.J. Cunliffe R. Hall D.J. Newell C.J. Stevenson Vitiligo, thyroid disease and autoimmunity Br J Dermatol 80 1968 135
20. W.J. Cunliffe R. Hall C.J. Stevenson D. Weightman Alopecia areata, thyroid disease and autoimmunity Br J Dermatol 81 1969 877
21. R. D'Ovidio G.A. Vena G. Angelini Cell-mediated immunity in alopecia areata Arch Dermatol Res 271 1981 265
22. J.H. Deng HLA antigens in alopecia areata (translated title) Chung-Hua I Hseuh Tsa Chih 69 1989 44
23. De Waard-van der Spek F.B. A.P. Oranje De Raeymaecker D.M. J.D. Peereboom-Wynia Juvenile versus maturity-onset alopecia areata—A comparative retrospective clinical study Clin Exp Dermatol 14 1989 429
24. M. Dugas M.F. LeHeuzey Stress, de´tresse et pelade. E´tude de 60 observations personelles Acta Paedopsychiatrica 49 1983 221
25. M. Duvic M.K. Hordinsky V.C. Fiedler HLA-D locus associations in alopecia areata DRw52a may confer disease resistance Arch Dermatol 127 1991 64
26. M. Duvic M.K. Hordinsky V.C. Fiedler Analysis of HLA-D locus alleles in alopecia areata patients and families Arch Dermatol 104 1995 5S
27. duVivier A. D.D. Munro Alopecia areata, autoimmunity, and Down's syndrome Br Med J i 1975 191
28. J. Eckert R.E. Church F.J. Ebling The pathogenesis of alopecia areata Br J Dermatol 80 1968 203
29. G. Frentz K. Thomsen B.K. Jakobsen A. Svejgaard HLA-DR4 in alopecia areata J Am Acad Dermatol 14 1986 129
30. P.S. Friedmann Decreased lymphocyte reactivity and auto-immunity in alopecia areata Br J Dermatol 105 1981 145
31. P.S. Friedmann Alopecia areata and auto-immunity Br J Dermatol 105 1981 153
32. P.S. Friedmann Response of alopecia areata to DNCB: Influence of auto-antibodies and route of sensitization Br J Dermatol 105 1981 285
33. P.S. Friedmann Clinical and immunologic associations of alopecia areata Semin Dermatol 4 1985 9
34. G.M. Galbraith J.P. Pandey Km1 allotype association with one subgroup of alopecia areata Am J Hum Genet 44 1989 426
35. G.M. Galbraith B.H. Thiers J.P. Pandey Gm allotype associated resistance and susceptibility to alopecia areata Clin Exp Immunol 56 1984 149
36. G.M. Galbraith B.H. Thiers D.B. Vasily H.H. Fudenberg Immunological profiles in alopecia areata Br J Dermatol 110 1984 163
37. G.M.P. Galbraith D. Miller D.L. Emerson Western blot analysis of serum antibody activity with human melanoma cell antigens in alopecia areata and vitiligo Clin Immunol Immunopathol 48 1988 317
38. A.A. Gaspari M.K. Jenkins S.I. Katz Class II MHC-bearing keratinocytes induce antigen-specific unresponsiveness in hapten-specific TH1 clones J Immunol 20 1988 2216
39. Giannetti A. Di Silverio A. A.M. Castellazzi R. Maccario Evidence for defective T cell function in patients with alopecia areata Br J Dermatol 98 1978 361
40. A. Gilhar G.G. Krueger Hair growth in scalp grafts from patients with alopecia areata and alopecia universalis grafted onto nude mice Arch Dermatol 123 1987 44
41. A. Gilhar T. Pillar B. Assay Failure of passive transfer of serum from patients with alopecia areata and alopecia universalis to inhibit hair growth in transplants of human scalp grafted onto nude mice Br J Dermatol 126 1992 166
42. L. Gip A. Lodin L. Molin Alopecia areata: A follow-up investigation of outpatient material Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 49 1969 180
43. H. Gollnick C.E. Orfanos Alopecia areata: Pathogenesis and clinical picture Orfanos C.E. Happle R. Hair and Hair Diseases 1990 Springer-Verlag Berlin 529
44. H Gollnick B Schwerdtfeger R Kirchhof, et al: Decreased levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor and reduced release of gamma-IFN and IL-6 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of alopecia areata patients in vitro. Proceedings of the European Hair Research Society III Meeting, Berlin, 1992, p 79.
45. A.K. Gupta C.N. Ellis K.D. Cooper Oral cyclosporine for the treatment of alopecia areata. A clinical and immunohistochemical analysis J Am Acad Dermatol 22 1990 242
46. S. Hacham-Zadeh C. Brautbar C.A. Cohen T. Cohen HLA and alopecia areata in Jerusalem Tissue Antigens 18 1981 71
47. J.T. Headington A. Mitchell N. Swanson New histopathologic findings in alopecia areata studied in transverse section J Invest Dermatol 76 1981 325
48. O.S. Hendren Identical alopecia areata in identical twins Arch Dermatol 60 1949 793
49. P. Herzer B.M. Czarnetzki H. Holzmann E.M. Lemmel Immunological studies in patients with alopecia areata International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology 58 1979 212
50. T. Heyl Tick bite alopecia Clin Exp Dermatol 7 1982 537
51. M.K. Hordinsky H. Hallgren D. Nelson A.H. Filipovich Suppressor cell number and function in alopecia areata Arch Dermatol 120 1984 188
52. S.M. Hull M. Nutbrown L. Pepall Immunohistologic and ultrastructural comparison of the dermal papilla and hair follicle bulb from “active” and “normal” areas of alopecia areata J Invest Dermatol 96 1991 673
53. T. Ikeda A new classification of alopecia areata Dermatologica 131 1965 421
54. R.S. Kalish K.L. Johnson M.K. Hordinsky Alopecia areata: Autoreactive T cells are variably enriched in scalp lesions relative to peripheral blood Arch Dermatol 128 1992 1072
55. F. Kern Laboratory evaluation of patients with alopecia areata Brown A.C. First Human Hair Symposium 1974 Medecom New York 222
56. F. Kern W.H. Hoffman Hambrick G.W. Jr Alopecia areata: Immunologic studies and treatment with prednisone Arch Dermatol 107 1973 407
57. E.L. Khoury V.H. Price J.S. Greenspan HLA-DR expression by hair follicle keratinocytes in alopecia areata: Evidence that it is secondary to the lymphoid infiltration J Invest Dermatol 90 1988 193
58. U. Kianto T. Reunala J. Karvonen HLA-B12 in alopecia areata Arch Dermatol 113 1977 1716
59. A.M. Kligman Pathologic dynamics of human hair loss Arch Dermatol 83 1961 175
60. A. Kohchiyama A. Hatamochi H. Ueki Increased number of OKT6-positive dendritic cells in the hair follicles of patients with alopecia areata Dermatologica 171 1985 327
61. B.M. Kuntz D. Selzle O. Braun-Falco HLA antigens in alopecia areata Arch Dermatol 113 1977 1717
62. G.N. Ledesma K.K. York Suppressor cell decrease in alopecia areata Arch Dermatol Res 274 1982 1
63. G. Lutz R. Bauer Autoimmunity in alopecia areata. An assessment in 100 patients Hautarzt 39 1988 5
64. G. Lutz H. Niedecken R. Bauer H.W. Kreysel Natural killer cell and cytotoxic/suppressor T cell deficiency in peripheral blood in subjects with alopecia areata Aust J Dermatol 29 1988 29
65. I. MacAlpine Is alopecia areata psychosomatic? A psychiatric study Br J Dermatol 70 1958 117
66. R.A. Main R.B. Robbie E.S. Gray Smooth muscle antibodies and alopecia areata Br J Dermatol 92 1975 389
67. B.B. Majewski M.S. Koh D.R. Taylor Increased ratio of helper to suppressor T cells in alopecia areata Br J Dermatol 110 1984 171
68. J. Marshall Alopecia after tick bite South Afr Med J 40 1966 555
69. A.J.G. McDonagh L. Cawood A.G. Messenger Expression of extracellular matrix in hair follicle mesenchyme in alopecia areata Br J Dermatol 123 1990 717
70. A.J.G. McDonagh J.A. Snowden C. Stierle HLA and ICAM-1 expression in alopecia areata in vivo and in vitro: The role of cytokines Br J Dermatol 129 1993 250
71. A.G. Messenger S.S. Bleehen Alopecia areata: Light and electron microscopic pathology of the regrowing white hair Br J Dermatol 110 1984 155
72. A.G. Messenger S.S. Bleehen Expression of HLA-DR by anagen hair follicles in alopecia areata J Invest Dermatol 85 1985 569
73. A.G. Messenger D.N. Slater S.S. Bleehen Alopecia areata: Alterations in the hair growth cycle and correlation with the follicular pathology Br J Dermatol 114 1986 337
74. H.J. Michie C.A. Jahoda R.F. Oliver The DEBR rat: An animal model of human alopecia areata Br J Dermatol 125 1991 94
75. H.J. Michie C.A. Jahoda R.F. Oliver Immunobiological studies on the alopecic (DEBR) rat Br J Dermatol 123 1990 557
76. J.F. Mikesell W.F. Bergfeld W.E. Braun HLA-DR antigens in alopecia areata. Preliminary report Cleveland Clin Q 53 1986 189
77. A.A. Monjan M.I. Collector Stress-induced modulation of the immune response Science 196 1977 307
78. N. Morling G. Frentz L. Fugger DNA polymorphism of HLA class II genes in alopecia areata Dis Markers 9 1991 35
79. H.K. Muller A.J. Rook R. Kubba Immunohistology and autoantibody studies in alopecia areata Br J Dermatol 102 1980 609
80. S.A. Muller R.K. Winkelmann Alopecia areata Arch Dermatol 88 1963 290
81. D.A. Norris Cytokine regulation of adhesion molecules in the regulation of immunologic cytotoxicity of epidermal targets J Invest Dermatol 95 1990 111S
82. E. Nunzi F. Hamerlinck R.H. Cormane Immunopathological studies on alopecia areata Arch Dermatol Res 269 1980 1
83. M. Nutbrown S. MacDonald-Hull N.S. Calver Abnormalities in hair follicle melanocytes from clinically normal areas of alopecia areata support a role for melanocytes in the aetiology of this disease Br J Dermatol 127 1992 437
84. N. Odum N. Morling J. Georgsen HLA-DP antigens in patients with alopecia areata Tissue Antigens 35 1990 114
85. L. Olivetti D. Bubola Clinical observations on 160 cases of “area celsi.” Giornale Italiano Di Dermatologia - Minerva Dermatologica 106 1965 367
86. D.V. Omens H.D. Omens Alopecia areata in twins Arch Dermatol 53 1946 193
87. G. Orecchia M.C. Belvedere M. Martinetti Human leukocyte antigen region involvement in the genetic predisposition to alopecia areata Dermatologica 175 1987 10
88. G. Orecchia E. Capelli M. Martinetti Decreased in vitro lymphocyte stimulation and reduced sensitivity to IL-2 in patients with alopecia areata Arch Dermatol Res 280 suppl 1988 S47
89. C. Perret L. Wiesner-Menzel R. Happle Immunohistochemical analysis of T-cell subsets in the peribulbar and intrabulbar infiltrates of alopecia areata Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 64 1984 26
90. Pie´rard G.E. de la Brassinne M. Modulation of dermal cell activity during hair growth in the rat J Cutan Pathol 2 1975 35
91. Pie´rard G.E. de la Brassinne M. Cellular activity in the dermis surrounding the hair bulb in alopecia areata J Cutan Pathol 2 1975 240
92. E. Rosen Uveitis with poliosis, vitiligo, alopecia and dysacousia (Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome) Arch Ophthalmol 3 1945 281
93. R. Sabouraud Sur l'e´tiologie de la pelade Archives Dermato-Syphiligraphiques de la Clinique d'Hoˆpital St Louis 1 1929 31
94. A.J. Sandford T. Shirakawa M.F. Moffatt Localisation of atopy and β subunit of high-affinity IgE receptor (FceRI) on chromosome 11q Lancet 341 1993 332
95. D.N. Sauder W.F. Bergfeld R.S. Krakauer Alopecia areata; an inherited autoimmune disease Brown A.C. Crounse A.G. Hair, Trace Elements and Human Disease 1980 Praeger New York 343
96. L. Scerri J.L. Pace Identical twins with identical alopecia areata J Am Acad Dermatol 27 1992 766
97. V.J. Selmanowitz S. Victor D. Warburton Fingerprint arches in alopecia areata Arch Dermatol 110 1974 570
98. W.V. Shellow J.E. Edwards J.Y. Koo Profile of alopecia areata: A questionnaire analysis of patient and family Int J Dermatol 31 1992 186
99. A. Skoutelia R.K. Freinkel D.S. Kaufman Angiogenic activity is defective in monocytes from patients with alopecia universalis J Invest Dermatol 95 1990 139
100. G. Spickett A.G. Prentice T. Wallington Alopecia totalis and vitiligo in common variable immunodeficiency Postgrad Med J 67 1991 291
101. L. Stankler P.D. Bewsher Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, endocrine deficiency and alopecia areata Br J Dermatol 86 1972 238
102. Sundberg J.P. King L.E. Jr An alopecia areata-like disease in aging C3H/HeJ mice Clin Res 40 1992 781
103. R.S. Tan Ulcerative colitis, myasthenia gravis, atypical lichen planus, alopecia areata, vitiligo Proc R Soc Med 67 1974 195
104. J.K. Tarlow F.E. Clay M.J. Cork Severity of alopecia areata is associated with a polymorphism in the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene J Invest Dermatol 103 1994 387
105. C Thein P Strange ER Hansen, et al: T-cells from alopecia areata lesions down regulate epithelial cell proliferation. Proceedings of European Hair Research Society Meeting III, Berlin, 1992, p 73.
106. W. Thies Vergleichende histologische Untersuchungen bei Alopecia areata und narbig-atrophisierenden Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Dermatologie 227 1966 541
107. D.J. Tobin D.A. Fenton M.D. Kendall Cell degeneration in alopecia areata. An ultrastructural study Am J Dermatopathol 13 1991 248
108. D.J. Tobin N. Orentreich D.A. Fenton Antibodies to hair follicles in alopecia areata J Invest Dermatol 102 1994 721
109. R. Valsecchi G. Imberti D. Martino Alopecia areata and interleukin-2 receptor Dermatology 184 1992 126
110. van Baar H.M.J. C.M. Perret van Vlijmen I.M.J.J. Abnormal expression of Ki-67 antigen in hair follicle of alopecia areata Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 72 1992 161
111. van der Steen P. H. Traupe R. Happle The genetic risk for alopecia areata in first degree relatives of severely affected patients Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 72 1992 373
112. van Scott E.J. Morphologic changes in pilosebaceous units and anagen hairs in alopecia areata J Invest Dermatol 31 1958 35
113. van Scott E.J. T.M. Ekel Geometric relationships between the matrix of the hair bulb and its dermal papilla in normal and alopecic scalp J Invest Dermatol 31 1958 281
114. van Scott E.J. T.M. Ekel R. Auerbach Determinants of rate and kinetics of cell division in scalp hair J Invest Dermatol 41 1963 269
115. J. Verbov Clinical significance and genetics of epidermal ridges—A review of dermatoglyphics J Invest Dermatol 54 1970 261
116. Wang S.-J. T. Shohat C. Vadheim Increased risk for type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes in relatives of patients with alopecia areata Am J Med Genet 51 1994 234
117. A.I. Weidmann L.S. Zion A.E. Mamelok Alopecia areata occurring simultaneously in identical twins Arch Dermatol 74 1956 424
118. V.P. Werth W.L. White M.R. Sanchez Incidence of alopecia areata in lupus erythematosus Arch Dermatol 128 1992 368
119. D.A. Whiting The value of horizontal sections of scalp biopsies J Cutan Aging Cosmet Dermatol 1 1990 165
120. DA Whiting Histopathologic findings in horizontal sections of scalp biopsies in alopecia areata. Proceedings of the European Hair Research Society Meeting III, Berlin, 1992, p 59.
121. L. Wiesner-Menzel R. Happle Intrabulbar and peribulbar accumulation of dendritic OKT 6-positive cells in alopecia areata Arch Dermatol Res 276 1984 333
122. N. Williams A.L. Riegert Epidemic alopecia areata. An outbreak in an industrial setting J Occup Med 13 1971 535
123. W.E. Winter M. Obata N.K. Maclaren Clinical and molecular aspects of autoimmune endocrine disease Concepts in Immunopathology 8 1992 189
124. C. Wunderlich O. Braun-Falco Mongolismus und Alopecia areata Med Welt 10 1965 477
125. H. Zaun Asymptomatic increase in the telogen rate Hautarzt 42 1991 192
126. L. Zhang A.P. Weetman P.S. Friedman HLA associations with alopecia areata Tissue Antigens 38 1991 89