Immunology of papillomavirus infection

Current Opinion in Immunology

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 484-491

  Frazer, Ian H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANTIGEN PRESENTATION; EPITHELIUM CELL; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; KERATINOCYTE; NONHUMAN; PAPILLOMA VIRUS; REVIEW; SEROLOGY; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS PARTICLE;

EID: 0029762138     PISSN: 09527915     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0952-7915(96)80035-5     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Chan S-Y, Delius H, Halpern AL, Bernard H-U. Analysis of genomic sequences of 95 papillomavirus types: uniting typing, phylogeny, and taxonomy. J Virol. 69:1995;3074-3083.
2. Stewart ACM, Ericksson AM, Manos MM, Munoz N, Bosch FX, Peto J, Wheeler CM. Intratype variation in 12 human papillomavirus types: a worldwide perspective. J Virol. 70:1996;3127-3136.
3. Petry KU, Scheffel D, Bode U, Gabrysiak T, Kochel H, Kupsch E, Glaubitz M, Niesert S, Kuhnle H, Schedel I. Cellular immunodeficiency enhances the progression of human papillomavirus-associated cervical lesions. Int J Cancer. 57:1994;836-840.
4. Wiltz OH, Torregrosa M, Wiltz O. Autogenous vaccine: the best therapy for perianal condyloma acuminata? Dis Colon Rectum. 38:1995;838-841.
5. Garzetti GG, Ciavattini A, Goteri G, De Nictolis M, Menso S, Muzzioli M, Fabris N. HPV DNA positivity and natural killer cell activity in the clinical outcome of mild cervical dysplasia: integration between virus and immune system. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 39:1995;130-135.
6. Zhou J, Sun XY, Stenzel DJ, Frazer IH. Expression of vaccinia recombinant HPV 16 L1 and L2 ORF proteins in epithelial cells is sufficient for assembly of HPV virion-like particles. Virology. 185:1991;251-257.
7. Jarrett WFH, O'Neil BW, Gaukroger JM, Laird HM, Smith KT, Campo MS. Studies on vaccination against papillomaviruses: a comparison of purified virus, tumour extract and transformed cells in prophylactic vaccination. Vet Rec. 126:1990;449-452.
8. Jarrett WFH, O'Neil BW, Gaukroger JM, Smith KT, Laird HM, Campo MS. Studies on vaccination against papillomaviruses: the immunity after infection and vaccination with bovine papillomaviruses of different types. Vet Rec. 126:1990;473-475.
9. Bell JA, Sundberg JP, Ghim S, Newsome J, Jenson AB, Schlegel R. A formalin-inactivated vaccine protects against mucosal papillomavirus infection: a canine model. Pathobiology. 62:1994;194-198.
10. Suzich JA, Ghim SJ, Palmer-Hill FJ, White WI, Tamura JK, Bell JA, Newsome JA, Jenson AB, Schlegel R. Systemic immunization with papillomavirus L1 protein completely prevents the development of viral mucosal papillomas. of outstanding interest Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:1995;11553-11557 This paper extends the findings of [9] to demonstrate efficacy of synthetic recombinant virus like particle vaccines. It demonstrates that L1 alone is sufficient for protection, and shows that antibody raised to native VLPs, but not denatured L1 protein, provides protection.
11. Jansen KU, Rosolowsky M, Schultz LD, Markus HZ, Cook JC, Donnelly JJ, Martinez D, Ellis RW, Shaw AR. Vaccination with yeast-expressed cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) virus-like particles protects rabbits from CRPV-induced papilloma formation. of special interest Vaccine. 13:1995;1509-1514 This paper demonstrates the efficacy of VLP based vaccines for prevention of an animal PV infection associated with cancer development and shows correlation between neutralizing antibodies and protection.
12. Breitburd F, Kirnbauer R, Hubbert NL, Nonnenmacher B, Trin-Dinh-Desmarquet C, Orth G, Schiller JT, Lowy DR. Immunization with virus-like particles from cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) can protect against experimental CRPV infection. of outstanding interest J Virol. 69:1995;3959-3963 Immunization with CRPV virus-like particles protects against papillomas and carcinoma induced by CRPV, and protection can be mediated by specific antibody to L1 conformational epitopes. Addition of L2 to the immunogen provides no additional protection in this system, and protection can be transferred by IgG antibody to a naive animal.
13. Donnelly JJ, Martinez D, Jansen KU, Ellis RW, Montgomery DL, Liu MA. Protection against papillomavirus with a polynucleotide vaccine. of outstanding interest J Infect Dis. 17:1996;314-320 This paper provides proof of the principle that a PV polynucleotide vaccine encoding the L1 protein is protective against PV infection.
14. Christensen ND, Kreider JW, Kan N, DiAngelo SL. The open reading frame L2 of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus contains antibody-inducing neutralising epitopes. Virology. 181:1991;572-579.
15. Christensen ND, Reed CA, Cladel NM, Han R, Kreider JW. Immunization with virus-like particles induces long-term protection of rabbits against challenge with cottontail rabbit papillomavirus. J Virol. 70:1996;960-965.
16. Kirnbauer R, Chandrachud LM, O'Neill BW, Wagner ER, Grindlay GJ, Armstrong AA, McGarvie GM, Schiller JT, Lowy DR, Campo MS. Virus-like particles of bovine papillomavirus type 4 in prophylactic and therapeutic immunisation. Virology. 219:1996;37-44.
17. Chandrachud LM, Grindlay GJ, McGarvie GM, O'Neil BW, Wagner ER, Jarrett WFH, Campo MS. Vaccination of cattle with the N-terminus of L2 is necessary and sufficient for preventing infection by bovine papillomavirus-4. of special interest Virology. 211:1995;204-208 This paper maps the host protective epitope for the L2 protein of BPV 4 to the amino terminus of the protein and shows that protection against at least this mucosal PV infection does not require antibody to conformational epitopes on intact virus capsids.
18. Gaukroger JM, Chandrachud LM, O'Neil BW, Grindlay GJ, Knowles G, Campo MS. Vaccination of cattle with BPV-4 L2 elicits the production of virus neutralising antibodies. in press J Gen Virol. 1996.
19. Roden RBS, Weissinger EM, Henderson DW, Booy F, Kirnbauer R, Mushinski JF, Lowy DR, Schiller JT. Neutralization of bovine papillomavirus by antibodies to L1 and L2 capsid proteins. J Virol. 68:1994;7570-7574.
20. Volpers C, Sapp M, Snijders PJF, Walboomers JMM, Streeck RE. Conformational and linear epitopes on virus-like particles of human papillomavirus type 33 identified by monoclonal antibodies to the minor capsid protein L2. J Gen Virol. 76:1995;2661-2667.
21. Kanda T, Teshima H, Katase K, Umezawa S, Watabe H, Takahashi H, Onda T, Yoshiike K. Occurrence of the antibody against human papillomavirus type 16 virion protein L2 in patients with cervical cancer and dysplasia. Intervirology. 38:1995;187-191.
22. Almeida JD, Goffe AP. Antibody to wart virus in human sera demonstrated by electron microscopy and precipitin tests. Lancet. 2:1965;1205-1207.
23. Christensen ND, Kreider JW. Antibody-mediated neutralization in vivo of infectious papillomaviruses. J Virol. 64:1990;3151-3156.
24. Smith LH, Foster C, Hitchcock ME, Leiserowitz GS, Hall K, Isseroff R, Christensen ND, Kreider JW. Titration of HPV-11 infectivity and antibody neutralization can be measured in vitro. of special interest J Invest Dermatol. 105:1995;438-444 Defines a simpler in vitro assay for HPV-11 neutralizing antibody, on the basis of transcription of PV early genes in a permissive human epithelial cell line.
25. Rose RC, Reichman RC, Bonnez W. Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 11 recombinant virus-like particles induce the formation of neutralizing antibodies and detect HPV-specific antibodies in human sera. J Gen Virol. 75:1994;2075-2079.
26. Christensen ND, Höpfl R, DiAngelo SL, Cladel NM, Patrick SD, Welsh PA, Budgeon LR, Reed CA, Kreider JW. Assembled baculovirus-expressed human papillomavirus type 11 L1 capsid protein virus-like particles are recognized by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and induce high titres of neutralizing antibodies. J Gen Virol. 75:1994;2271-2276.
27. Christensen ND, Kirnbauer R, Schiller JT, Ghim S-J, Schlegel R, Jenson AB, Kreider JW. Human papillomavirus types 6 and 11 have antigenically distinct strongly immunogenic conformationally dependent neutralizing epitopes. Virology. 205:1994;329-335.
28. Hines JF, Ghim S, Christensen ND, Kreider JW, Barnes WA, Schlegel R, Jenson AB. The expressed L1 proteins of HPV-1, HPV-6, and HPV-11 display type-specific epitopes with native conformation and reactivity with neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibodies. Pathobiology. 62:1994;165-171.
29. Heino P, Skyldberg B, Lehtinen M, Rantala I, Hagmar B, Kreider JW, Kirnbauer R, Dillner J. Human papillomavirus type 16 capsids expose multiple type-restricted and type-common antigenic epitopes. J Gen Virol. 76:1995;1141-1153.
30. Volpers C, Unckell F, Schirmacher P, Streeck RE, Sapp M. Binding and internalization of human papillomavirus type 33 virus-like particles by eukaryotic cells. J Virol. 69:1995;3258-3264.
31. Müller M, Gissmann L, Cristiano RJ, Sun X-Y, Frazer IH, Jenson AB, Alonso A, Zentgraf H, Zhou J. Papillomavirus capsid binding and uptake by cells from different tissues and species. J Virol. 69:1995;948-954.
32. Christensen ND, Cladel NM, Reed CA. Postattachment neutralization of papillomaviruses by monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. of special interest Virology. 207:1995;136-142 This paper demonstrates how BPV-1, HPV11 and CRPV are susceptible to neutralization by antibody for several hours after binding to their target epithelial cells, at least in vitro, and has implications for the ability of trauma induced exudate to neutralize PV infection, even although there is no antibody present at the site of infection at the time of viral challenge.
33. Roden RBS, Hubbert NL, Kirnbauer R, Breitburd F, Lowy DR, Schiller JT. Papillomavirus L1 capsids agglutinate mouse erythrocytes through a proteinaceous receptor. J Virol. 69:1995;5147-5151.
34. Roden RBS, Hubbert NL, Kirnbauer R, Christensen ND, Lowy DR, Schiller JT. Assessment of the serological relatedness of genital human papillomaviruses by hemagglutination inhibition. J Virol. 70:1996;3298-3301.
35. Ghim SJ, Young R, Jenson AB. Antigenicity of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) L1 virus-like particles compared with that of intact BPV-1 virions. of special interest J Gen Virol. 77:1996;183-188 This paper casts a cautionary note on the use of PV VLPs as an exact surrogate for PV virions by demonstrating that VLPs express some epitopes not present on native virions and may also lack some present on the native virions.
36. Jenson AB, Sommer S, Payling-Wright C, Pass F, Link CCJ. Human papillomavirus. Frequency and distribution in plantar and common warts. Lab Invest. 47:1982;491-497.
37. Carter JJ, Hagensee MB, Kuang Lee S, McKnight B, Koutsky LA, Galloway DA. Use of HPV 1 capsids produced by recombinant vaccinia viruses in an ELISA to detect serum antibodies in people with foot warts. Virology. 199:1994;284-291.
38. Kirnbauer R, Hubbert NL, Wheeler CM, Becker TM, Lowy DR, Schiller JT. A virus-like particle enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detects serum antibodies in a majority of women infected with human papillomavirus type 16. J Natl Cancer Inst. 86:1994;494-499.
39. Le Cann P, Touze A, Enogat N, Leboulleux D, Mougin C, Legrand MC, Calvet C, Afoutou JM, Coursaget P. Detection of antibodies against human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 virions by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant HPV 16 L1 capsids produced by recombinant baculovirus. J Clin Microbiol. 33:1995;1380-1382.
40. Wikström A, Van Doornum GJJ, Quint WGV, Schiller JT, Dillner J. Identification of human papillomavirus seroconversions. J Gen Virol. 76:1995;529-539.
41. Andersson-Ellström A, Dillner J, Hagmar B, Schiller JT, Sapp M, Forssman L, Milsom I. Comparison of development of serum antibodies to HPV16 and HPV33 and acquisition of cervical HPV DNA among sexually experienced and virginal young girls. in press Sex Transm Dis. 1996.
42. Yamada T, Wheeler CM, Halpern AL, Stewart ACM, Hildesheim A, Jenison SA. Human papillomavirus type 16 variant lineages in United States populations characterized by nucleotide sequence analysis of the E6, L2 and L1 coding segments. J Virol. 69:1995;7743-7753.
43. Cheng G, Icenogle JP, Kirnbauer R, Hubbert NL, ST Louis ME, Han CL, Svare EI, Kjaer SK, Lowy DR, Schiller JT. Divergent human papillomavirus type 16 variants are serologically cross-reactive. of special interest J Infect Dis. 172:1995;1584-1587 Sera from patients infected with one of two divergent strains of HPV16 were reactive with VLPs of both strains - only one of 220 sera reacted with one strain but not the other.
44. Wideroff L, Schiffman MH, Nonnenmacher B, Hubbert N, Kirnbauer R, Greer CE, Lowy D, Lorincz AT, Manos MM, Glass AG, et al. Evaluation of seroreactivity to human papillomavirus type 16 virus-like particles in an incident case-control study of cervical neoplasia. of special interest J Infect Dis. 172:1995;1425-1430 This study demonstrates that amongst a group of women with long-term infection of HPV16, and an HPV associated lesion (HSIL), only half will have antibody to HPV16 VLPs.
45. Nonnemacher B, Hubbert NL, Kirnbauer R, Shah KV, Muñoz N, Bosch FX, De Sanjosé S, Viscidi R, Lowy DR, Schiller JT. Serologic response to human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) virus-like particles in HPV-16 DNA-positive invasive cervical cancer and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III patients and controls from Colombia and Spain. J Infect Dis. 172:1995;19-24.
46. Lehtinen M, Dillner J, Knekt P, Luostarinen T, Aromaa A, Kirnbauer R, Koskela P, Paavonen J, Peto R, Schiller JT, Hakama M. Serologically diagnosed infection with human papillomavirus type 16 and risk for subsequent development of cervical carcinoma: nested case-control study. BMJ. 312:1996;537-539.
47. Carter JJ, Wipf GC, Hagensee ME, McKnight B, Habel LA, Lee S-K, Kuypers J, Kiviat N, Daling JR, Koutsky LA, et al. Use of human papillomavirus type 6 capsids to detect antibodies in people with genital warts. J Infect Dis. 172:1995;11-18.
48. Heim K, Christensen ND, Hoepfl R, Wartusch B, Pinzger G, Zeimet A, Baumgartner P, Kreider JW, Dapunt O. Serum IgG, IgM, and IgA reactivity to human papillomavirus types 11 and 6 virus-like particles in different gynecologic patient groups. J Infect Dis. 172:1995;395-402.
49. Greer CE, Wheeler CM, Ladner MB, Beutner K, Coyne MY, Liang H, Langenberg A, Yen TSB, Ralston R. Human papillomavirus (HPV) type distribution and serological response to HPV type 6 virus-like particles in patients with genital warts. J Clin Microbiol. 33:1995;2058-2063.
50. Wikström A, Van Doornum GJJ, Kirnbauer R, Quint WGV, Dillner J. Prospective study on the development of antibodies against human papillomavirus type 6 among patients with condyloma acuminata or new asymptomatic infection. J Med Virol. 46:1995;368-374.
51. Fredricks BD, Balkin A, Daniel HW, Schonrock J, Ward B, Frazer IH. Transmission of human papillomaviruses from mother to child. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol. 33:1993;30-32.
52. Puranen M, Yliskoski M, Saarikoski S, Syrjänen K, Syrjänen S. Vertical transmission of human papillomavirus from infected mothers to their newborn babies and persistence of the virus in childhood. of outstanding interest AM J Obstet Gynecol. 174:1996;694-699 This study, built on a long-term follow-up study of women with genital PV infections, demonstrates a correlation between PV infection in the genital tract of the mother and PV infection in the mouth of the child several years after birth. It also shows that PVs of the HPV16/ HPV18 group can persist and produce palatal lesions: unequivocal evidence for lesions associated with PV transmission at birth has previously been restricted to lesions associated lesions with HPV6/11 but is now extended to the PV genotypes associated with cervical cancer.
53. Dillner J, Kallings I, Brihmer C, Sikström B, Koskela P, Lehtinen M, Schiller JT, Sapp M, Mårdh PA. Seropositivity to human papillomavirus types 16, 18 or 33 capsids and to Chlamydia Trachomatis are markers of sexual behavior. in press J Infect Dis. 1996.
54. Tindle RW, Frazer IH. Immune response to human papillomaviruses and the prospects for human papillomavirus-specific immunisation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 186:1994;217-253.
55. Nindl I, Benitez-Bribiesca L, Berumen J, Farmanara N, Fisher S, Gross G, Lopez-Carillo L, Müller M, Tommasino M, Vazquez-Curiel A, Gissmann L. Antibodies against linear and conformational epitopes of the human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins in sera of cervical cancer patients. Arch Virol. 137:1994;341-353.
56. Fujii T, Matsushima Y, Yajima M, Sugimura T, Terada M. Serum antibody against unfused recombinant E7 protein of human papillomavirus type 16 in cervical cancer patients. Jpn J Cancer Res. 86:1995;28-34.
57. Baay MFD, Duk JM, Burger MPM, Walboomers J, Ter Schegget J, Groenier KH, De Bruijn HWA, Stolz E, Herbrink P. Antibodies to human papillomavirus type 16 E7 related to clinicopathological data in patients with cervical carcinoma. J Clin Pathol. 48:1995;410-414.
58. Gaarenstroom KN, Kenter GG, Bonfrer JMG, Korse CM, Gallee MPW, Hart AAM, Müller M, Trimbos JB, Helmerhorst TJM. Prognostic significance of serum antibodies to human papillomavirus-16 E4 and E7 peptides in cervical cancer. Cancer. 74:1994;2307-2313.
59. Baay MFD, Duk JM, Burger MPM, Bruijn HWA, Stolz E, Herbrink P. Follow-up of antibody responses to human papillomavirus type 16 E7 in patients treated for cervical carcinoma. J Med Virol. 45:1995;342-347.
60. Lenner P, Dillner J, Wiklund F, Hallmans G, Stendahl U. Serum antibody responses against human papillomavirus in relation to tumor characteristics, response to treatment and survival in carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 40:1995;201-205.
61. Dillner J, Wiklund F, Lenner P, Eklund C, Fredriksson-Shanazarian V, Schiller JT, Hibma M, Hallmans G, Stendahl U. Antibodies against linear and conformational epitopes of human papillomavirus type 16 that independently associate with incident cervical cancer. Int J Cancer. 60:1995;377-382.
62. Dreyfus M, Baldauf J-J, Ritter J, Obert G. Seric and local antibodies against a synthetic peptide of HPV16. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 59:1995;187-191.
63. Selvakumar R, Borenstein LA, Lin Y-L, Ahmed R, Wettstein FO. T-cell response to cottontail rabbit papillomavirus structural proteins in infected rabbits. J Virol. 68:1994;4043-4048.
64. Selvakumar R, Ahmed R, Wettstein FO. Tumor regression is associated with a specific immune response to the E2 protein of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus. of outstanding interest Virology. 208:1995;298-302 See annotation [65].
65. Selvakumar R, Borenstein LA, Lin Y-L, Ahmed R, Wettstein FO. Immunization with nonstructural proteins E1 and E2 of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus stimulates regression of virus-induced papillomas. J Virol. 69:1995;602-605 This paper, along with [64], defines a significant role for immunity to the E2 protein of CRPV in protection against CRPV induced disease, and demonstrates that E2 is presented to the immune system and can induce host protective immunity in the course of natural infection with CRPV.
66. Chambers MA, Wei Z, Coleman N, Nash AA, Stanley MA. `Natural' presentation of human papillomavirus type-16 E7 protein to immunocompetent mice results in antigen-specific sensitization or sustained unresponsiveness. Eur J Immunol. 24:1994;738-745.
67. Frazer IH, Leippe DM, Dunn LA, Liem A, Tindle RW, Fernando GJP, Phelps WC, Lambert PF. Immunological response in human papillomavirus 16 E6/E7-transgenic mice to E7 protein correlate with the presence of skin disease. of special interest Cancer Res. 55:1995;2635-2639 In an animal model, induction of expression of HPV16 E7 protein in the skin can lead to humoral and cell-mediated immunity to E7 without immune-mediated elimination of the E7 producing skin.
68. McGarvie GM, Grindlay GJ, Chandrachud LM, O'Neil BW, Jarrett WFH, Campo MS. T cell responses to BPV-4 E7 during infection and mapping of T cell epitopes. Virology. 206:1995;504-510.
69. Kadish AS, Romney SL, Ledwidge R, Tindle R, Fernando GJP, Zee SY, Van Ranst MA, Burk RD. Cell-mediated immune responses to E7 peptides of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 are dependent on the HPV type infecting the cervix whereas serological reactivity is not type-specific. J Gen Virol. 75:1994;2277-2284.
70. Ressing ME, Van Driel WJ, Celis E, Sette A, Brandt RMP, Hartman M, Anholts JDH, Schreuder GMT, Ter Harmsel WB, Fleuren GJ, et al. Occasional memory cytotoxic T-cell responses of patients with human papillomavirus type 16-positive cervical lesions against a human leukocyte antigen-A0201-restricted E7-encoded epitope. Cancer Res. 56:1996;582-588.
71. Feltkamp MCW, Vreugdenhil GR, Vierboom RPM, Ras E, Van Der Burg SH, Ter Schegget J, Melief CJM, Kast WM. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes raised against a subdominant epitope offered as a synthetic peptide eradicate human papillomavirus type 16-induced tumors. Eur J Immunol. 25:1995;2638-2642.
72. b binding and immunogenic peptides from human papillomavirus tumour antigens E6 and E7. Scand J Immunol. 42:1995;317-323.
73. b-restricted cytotoxic T cell epitope. J Immunol. 155:1995;5519-5526.
74. Bartholomew JS, Stacey SN, Coles B, Burt DJ, Arrand JR, Stern PL. Identification of a naturally processed HLA A0201-restricted viral peptide from cells expressing human papillomavirus type 16 E6 oncoprotein. Eur J Immunol. 24:1994;3175-3179.
75. Ressing ME, Sette A, Brandt RMP, Ruppert J, Wentworth PA, Hartman M, Oseroff C, Grey HM, Melief CJM, Kast WM. Human CTL epitodes encoded by human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and E7 identified through in vivo and in vitro immunogenicity studies of HLA-A0201-binding peptides. J Immunol. 154:1995;5934-5943.
76. Lipford GB, Bauer S, Wagner H, Heeg K. Peptide engineering allows cytotoxic T-cell vaccination against human papilloma virus tumour antigen, E6. Immunology. 84:1995;298-303.
77. Tarpey I, Stacey S, Hickling J, Birley HDL, Renton A, McIndoe A, Davies DH. Human cytotoxic T lymphocytes stimulated by endogenously processed human papillomavirus type 11 E7 recognize a peptide containing a HLA-A2 (A0201) motif. Immunology. 81:1994;222-227.
78. Kast WM, Brandt RMP, Sidney J, Drijfhout J-W, Kubo RT, Grey HM, Melief CJM, Sette A. Role of HLA-A motifs in identification of potential CTL epitopes in human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and E7 proteins. J Immunol. 152:1994;3904-3912.
79. Ossevoort MA, Feltkamp MCW, Van Veen KJH, Melief CJM, Kast WM. Dendritic cells as carriers for a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope-based peptide vaccine in protection against a human papillomavirus type 16-induced tumor. J Immunother. 18:1995;86-94.
80. d mice. Scand J Immunol. 42:1995;557-563.
81. Coleman N, Stanley MA. Analysis of HLA-DR expression on keratinocytes in cervical neoplasia. Int J Cancer. 56:1994;314-319.
82. Coleman N, Birley HDL, Renton AM, Hanna NF, Ryait BK, Byrne M, Taylor-Robinson D, Stanley MA. Immunological events in regressing genital warts. Am J Clin Pathol. 102:1994;768-774.
83. +, and that the mutation removes a B7 restricted CTL epitope from the E6 protein, suggests that the host immune system must be capable of recognizing HPV16 E6 at least in the context of HLA-B7 on the surface of epithelial tumours.
84. Keating PJ, Cromme FV, Duggan-Keen M, Snijders PJF, Walboomers JMM, Hunter RD, Dyer PA, Stern PL. Frequency of down-regulation of individual HLA-A and -B alleles in cervical carcinomas in relation to TAP-1 expression. of special interest Br J Cancer. 72:1995;405-411 Study of a series of 100 cervical cancers showed downregulation of MHC class I molecules, or TAP proteins, or both, in the majority of cancers, suggesting strongly that expression of PV proteins results in immune selection pressure on the cancer, and thus confirming that these proteins are effectively presented to the host immune system in the course of PV infection.
85. Wank R, Thomssen C. High risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix for women with HLA-DQw3. Nature. 352:1991;723-725.
86. Apple RJ, Erlich HA, Klitz W, Manos MM, Becker TM, Wheeler CM. HLA DR-DQ associations with cervical carcinoma show papillomavirus-type specificity. Nat Genet. 6:1994;157-162.
87. Han R, Breitburd F, Marche PN, Orth G. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence variation of the antigen-binding domain of DRa and DQa molecules as related to the evolution of papillomavirus-induced warts in rabbits. J Invest Dermatol. 103:1994;376-380.
88. Straight SW, Herman B, McCance DJ. The E5 oncoprotien of human papillomavirus type 16 inhibits the acidification of endosomes in human keratinocytes. J Virol. 69:1995;3185-3192.
89. Nickoloff BJ, Turka LA, Mitra RS, Nestle FO. Direct and indirect control of T-cell activation by keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 105:1995;25S-29S.