Treatment development strategies for Alzheimer's disease

CNS Drug Reviews

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 238-255

  Wülfert, Ernst ^a  

^a UCB PHARMA   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Acetylcholine; Alzheimer's disease; Apolipoprotein E; Free radicals; Glucocorticoids; Glutamate; Neuroprotection; Neurotoxici ty; Neurotrophin s; amyloid

Indexed keywords

BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; DONEPEZIL; INTERLEUKIN 1ALPHA; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ACETYLCHOLINE RELEASE; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; REVIEW; STRESS;

EID: 0029761688     PISSN: 1080563X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3458.1996.tb00300.x     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. 2+ accumulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:9328-9332.
2. Barinaga M. New Alzheimer's gene found. Science 1995;268:1845-1846.
3. Bartus RT, Dean RL, Pontecorvo MJ, Flicker C. The cholinergic hypothesis: A historical overview, current perspective, and future directions. Ann NY Acad Sci 1985;444:332-358.
4. Bengzon J, Söderström S, Kokaia Z, et al. Widespread increase of nerve growth factor protein in the rat forebrain after kindling-induced seizures. Brain Res 1992;587:338-342.
5. Biernat J, Gustke N, Drewes G, Mandelkow EM, Mandelkow E. Phosphorylation of Ser-262 strongly reduces binding of tau to microtubles: Distinction between PHF-like immunoreactivity and microtubule binding. Neuron 1993;11:153-163.
6. Bowen DM, Francis PT, Pangalos MN, Stephens PH, Procter AW, Chessell IP. "Traditional" pharmacotherapy may succeed in Alzheimer's disease. Trends Neurosci 1992;15:84-85.
7. Bowen DM, Francis PT, Proctor AW, Young AB. Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992;55:328.
8. Breitner JCS, Gau BA, Welsh KA, et al. Inverse association of anti-inflammatory treatments and Alzheimer's disease: Initial results of a co-twin control study. Neurology 1994;44:227-232.
9. Buxbaum JD, Oishi M, Chen HI, et al. Cholinergic agonists and interleukin 1 regulate processing and secretion of the Alzheimer β/a4 amyloid protein precursor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:10075-10078.
10. Bygrave FL, Roberts HR. Regulation of cellular calcium through signaling cross-talk involves an intricate interplay between the actions of receptors, G-proteins, and second messengers. Faseb J 1995;9: 1297-1303.
11. Caporaso GL, Gandy SE, Buxbaum JD, Ramabhadran TV, Greengard P. Protein phosphorylation regulates secretion of Alzheimer β/A4 amyloid precursor protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:3055-3059.
12. Carman-Krzan M, Wise BC. Arachidonic acid lipoxygentation may mediate interleukin-1 stimulation of nerve growth factor secretion in astroglial cultures. J Neurosci Res 1993;34:225-232.
13. Carswell S. The potential for treating neurodegenerative disorders with NGF-inducing compounds. Exp Neurol 1993;124:36-42.
14. Chao CC, Hu S, Close K, et al. Cytokine release from microglia: Differential inhibition by pentoxifylline and dexamethasone. J Infect Dis 1992;166:847-853.
15. Chartier-Harlin M-C, Crawford F, Houlden H, et al. Early-onset Alzheimer's disease caused by mutations at codon 717 of the β-amyloid precursor protein gene. Nature 1991;353:844-846.
16. 3 receptors. J Neurochem 1994;62:2254-2261.
17. Corder EH, Saunders AM, Risch NJ, et al. Protective effect of apolipoprotein E type 2 allele for late onset Alzheimer disease. Nat Genet 1994;7:180-184.
18. Corder E, Saunders A, Strittmatter W, et al. Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science 1993;261:921-923.
19. Crook T, Lakin M. Effects of ondansetron in age-associated memory impairment. Biol Psychiatry 1991;2: 888-890.
20. da-Penha Berzaghi M, Cooper J, Castren E, et al. Cholinergic regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth (NGF) but not neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) mRNA levels in the developing rat hippocampus. J Neurosci 1993;13:3818-3826.
21. Davis BM, Mohs RC, Greenwald BS, et al. Clinical studies of the cholinergic deficit in Alzheimer's disease. I. Neurochemical and neuroendocrine studies. J Am Geriatr Soc 1985;33:741-748.
22. Davis-Salinas J, Saporito-Irwin SM, Cotman CW, Van Nostrand WE. Amyloid β-protein induces its own production in cultured degenerating cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells. J Neurochem 1995;65: 931-934.
23. Deshmukh V, Deshmukh SV. Stress-adaptation failure hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease. Medical Hypotheses 1990;32:293-295.
24. Dickson DW, Lee SC, Mattiace LA, Yen SH, Brosnan C. Microglia and cytokines in neurological disease, with special reference to AIDS and Alzheimer's disease. Glia 1993;7:75-83.
25. Dong LM, Wilson C, Wardell MR, et al. Human apolipoprotein E. J Biol Chem 1994;269:22358-22365.
26. mark). J Biol Chem 1995;270:7679-7688.
27. Eagger SA, Levy R, Sahakian B. Tacrine in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 1991;337:989-992.
28. Ebendal T. Function and evolution in the NGF family and its receptors. J Neurosci Res 1992;32:461-470.
29. 1-Antichymotrypsin regulates Alzheimer β-amyloid peptide fibril formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:2313-2317.
30. Ernfors P, Bengzon J, Kokaia Z, Persson H, Lindvall O. Increased levels of messenger RNAs for neurotrophic factors in the brain during kindling epileptogenesis. Neuron 1991;7:165-176.
31. Evans DA, Funkenstein H, Albert M, et al. Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in a community population of older persons. J Am Med Assoc 1989;262:2551-2556.
32. Fibiger H. Cholinergic mechanisms in learning, memory and dementia: A review of recent evidence. Trends Neurosci 1991;14:220-223.
33. 1 agonists for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Novel properties and clinical update. Proceedings of the Eighth Meeting of the International Study Group on the Pharmacology of Memory Disorders Associated with aging, Zürich, 1995:215-222.
34. Flynn DD, Ferrari-DiLeo G, Mash DC, Levey AI. Differential regulation of molecular subtypes of muscarinic receptors in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 1995;64:1888-1891.
35. 1-Antichymotrypsin binding to Alzheimer Aβ peptides is sequence specific and induces fibril disaggregation in vitro. J Neurochem 1993;61:298-305.
36. Fukushima D, Konishi M, Maruyama K, Miyamoto T, Ishiura S, Suzuki K. Activation of the secretory pathway leads to a decrease in the intracellular amyloidogenic fragments generated from the amyloid protein precursor. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1993;194:202-207.
37. Gall CM, Isackson PJ. Limbic seizures increase neuronal production of messenger RNA for nerve growth factor. Science 1989;245:758-761.
38. Giulian D, Corpuz M. Microglial secretion products and their impact on the nervous system. Adv Neurol 1993;59:315-320.
39. Goate A, Chartier-Harlin M-C, Mullan M, et al. Segregation of a missense mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene with familial Alzheimer's disease. Nature 1991;349:704-706.
40. Goedert M, Fine A, Hunt S, Ullrich A. Nerve growth factor mRNA in peripheral and central rat tissues and in the human central nervous system: Lesion effects in the rat brain and levels in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Brain Res 1986;1:85-92.
41. Goldgaber D, Harris HW, Hla T, et al. Interleukin 1 regulates synthesis of amyloid β-protein precursor mRNA in human endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989;86:7606-7610.
42. Greenamyre JT, Young AB. Excitatory amino acids and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 1989;10: 593-602.
43. Griffin WST, Stanley LC, Ling C, et al. Brain interleukin 1 and S-100 immunoreactivity are elevated in Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 198;86:7611-7615.
44. Gurtwitz D, Haring R, Heldman E, Fraser C, Manor D, Fisher A. Discrete activation of transduction pathways associated with acetylcholine m1 receptor by several muscarinic ligands. Eur J Pharmacol 1994;267:1-31.
45. Gwag BJ, Springer JE. Activation of NMDA receptors increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA expression in the hippocampal formation. Neuroreport 1993;5:125-128.
46. Haring R, Gurwitz D, Barg J, et al. NGF promotes amyloid precursor protein secretion via muscarinic receptor activation. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1995;213:15-23.
47. Hasegawa M, Morishima-Kawashima M, Tokio K, Suzuki M, Titani K, Ihara Y. Protein sequence and mass spectrometric analyses of tau in the Alzheimer's disease brain. J Biol Chem 1992;267:17047-17054.
48. Hensley K, Carney JM, Mattson MP, et al. A model for β-amyloid aggregation and neurotoxicity based on free radical generation by the peptide: Relevance to Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:3270-3274.
49. Hyman BT. Studying the Alzheimer's disease brain: Insights, puzzles, and opportunities. Neurobiol Aging 1994;15:S79-S83.
50. Isaacson JS, Nicoll RA. Aniracetam reduces glutamate receptor desensitization and slows the decay of fast excitatory synaptic currents in the hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:10936-10940.
51. Isackson PJ, Hunstman MM, Murray KD, Gall CM. BDNF mRNA expression is increased in adult rat forebrain after limbic seizures: Temporal patterns of induction distinct from NGF. Neuron 1991;6:937-948.
52. Iwamoto N, Kobayashi K, Kosaka K. The formation of prostaglandins in the postmortem cerebral cortex of Alzheimer-type dementia patients. J Neurol 1989;236:80-84.
53. Karlinksy H, Vaula G, Haines JL, et al. Molecular and prospective phenotypic characterization of a pedigree with familial Alzheimer's disease and a missense mutation in codon 717 of the beta-amyloid precursor protein gene. Neurology 1992;42:1445-1453.
54. Katzman R. Medical progress - Alzheimer's disease. New Engl J Med 1986;314:964-973.
55. Katzman R, Brown T, Fuld P, Thai L, Davies P, Terry R. Significance of neurotransmitter abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 1986;64:279-286.
56. Kenakin TP, Morgan PH. Theoretical effects of single and multiple transducer receptor coupling proteins on estimates of the relative potency of agonists. Mol Pharmacol 1989;35:214-222.
57. Kinouchi T, Ono Y, Sorimachi H, Ishiura S, Suzuki K. Arachidonate metabolites affect the secretion of an N-terminal fragment of Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1995;209:841-849.
58. Kisilevsky R, Lemieux LJ, Fraser PE, Kong X, Hultin PG, Szarek WA. Arresting amyloidosis in vivo using small-molecule anionic sulphonates or sulphates: Implications for Alzheimer's disease. Nature Medicine 1995;1:143-148.
59. Knüsel B, Hefti F. K-252 compounds: Modulators of neurotrophin signal transduction. J Neurochem 1992;59:1987-1996.
60. Koh JY, Palmer E, Cotman CW. Activation of the metabotropic glutamate receptor attenuates N-methyl-D-aspartate neurotoxicity in cortical cultures. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:9431-9435.
61. Kokmen E, Beard CM, O'Brien PC, Offord KP, Kurland LT. Is the incidence of dementing illness changing? A 25-year time trend study in Rochester, Minnesota (1960-1984). Neurology 1993;43:1887-1892.
62. 3H]methylcarbamylcholine binding sites in the rat brain. J Neurochem 1989;52: 483-491.
63. Lee RKK, Wurtman RJ, Cox AJ, Nitsch RM. Amyloid precursor protein processing is stimulated by metabotropic glutamate receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:8083-8087.
64. Levine ES, Dreyfus CF, Black IB, Plummer MR. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor rapidly enhances synaptic transmission in hippocampal neurons via postynaptic tyrosine kinase receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:8074-8077.
65. Levy-Lahad E, Wijsman EM, Nemens E, et al. A familial Alzheimer's disease locus on chromosome I. Science 1995;269:970-973.
66. Lorenzo A, Yankner BE. β-Amyloid neurotoxicity requires fibril formation and is inhibited by Congo red. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:12243-12247.
67. Lynch MA, Voss KL. Arachidonic acid increases inositol phospholipid metabolism and glutamate release in synaptosomes prepared from hippocampal tissue. J Neurochem 1990;55:215-221.
68. 2+ homeostasis in Alzheimer's disease. Trends Neurosci 1993;16:409-414.
69. McGeer PL, McGeer E, Rogers J, Sibley J. Anti-inflammatory drugs and Alzheimer disease. Lancet 1990;335:1037.
70. McGeer PL, Rogers J. Anti-inflammatory agents as a therapeutic approach to Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1992;42:447-449.
71. Mohs R, Davis B, Johns C, et al. Oral physostigmine treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1985;142:28-33.
72. Mor H, Nakagawa M, Itoh N, Wada K, Tamaya T. Danazol suppresses the production of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor by human monocytes. Amer J Reprod Immunol Microb 1990;24:45-50.
73. Mrak RE, Sheng JG, Griffin WS. Glial cytokines in Alzheimer's disease: Review and pathogenic implications. Human Pathol 1995;26:816-823.
74. Murray KD, Gall Cm, Jones EG, Isackson PJ. Differential regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and type II calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase messenger RNA expression in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 1994;60:37-48.
75. Murrell J, Farlow M, Ghetti B, Benson MD. A mutation in the amyloid precursor protein associated with hereditary Alzheimer's disease. Science 1991;254:97-99.
76. Nathan BP, Chang KC, Bellosta S, et al. The inhibitory effect of apolipoprotein E4 on neunte outgrowth is associated with microtubule depolymerization. J Biol Chem 1995;270:19791-19799.
77. Nicoll JAR, Roberts GW, Graham DI. Apolipoprotein E ε4 allele is associated with deposition of amyloid β-protein following head injury. Nature Medicine 1995;1:135-137.
78. Nilsson L, Adem A, Hardy J, Winblad B, Nordberg A. Do tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) and physostigmine restore acetylcholine release in Alzheimer brains via nicotinic receptors? J Neural Transm 1987;70:357-368.
79. Nitsch RM, Slack BE, Wurtman RJ, Growdon JH, Release of Alzheimer amyloid precursor derivatives stimulated by activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Science 1992;258:304-307.
80. Ohnishi A, Mihara M, Kamakura H, et al. Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of E2020, a new compound for Alzheimer's disease, in healthy young and elderly subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 1993;33:1086-1091.
81. Phillips HS, Hains JM, Armanini M, Laramee GR, Johnson SA, Winslow JW. BDNF mRNA is decreased in the hippocampus of individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Neuron 1991;7:695-702.
82. Pizzi M, Fallacara C, Arrighi V, Memo M, Spano PF. Attenuation of excitatory amino acid toxicity by metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists and aniracetam in primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells. J Neurochem 1993;61:683-689.
83. Rich JB, Rasmusson DX, Folstein MF, Carson KA, Kawas C, Brandt J. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1995;45:51-55.
84. Roch JM, Jin LW, Ninomiya H, Schubert D, Saitoh T. Biologically active domain of the secreted form of the amyloid beta/A4 protein precursor. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993;695:149-157.
85. Rogers J, Kirby LC, Hempelman SR, et al. Clinical trial of indomethacin in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1993;43:1609-1911.
86. Rosenthal GJ, Corsini E, Craig WA, Comment CE, Luster MI. Pentamidine: An inhibitor of interleukin-1 that acts via a post-translational event. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1991;107:555-561.
87. Rother M, Kittner B, Rudolphi K, Röbner M. HWA 285 (Propentofylline): A new compound for the treatment of both vascular dementia and dementia of the Alzheimer type. Proceedings of the Eight Meeting of the International Study Group on the Pharmacology of Memory Disorders Associated with aging, Zürich, 1995;477-481.
88. Roush W. Protein studies try to puzzle out Alzheimer's tangles. Science 1995;267:793-794.
89. Sahakian B, Jones G, Levy R, Gray J, Warburton D. The effects of nicotine on attention, information processing, and short-term memory in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Br J Psychiatry 1989;154:797-800.
90. Sapolsky R. A mechanism for glucocorticoid toxicity in the hippocampus: Increased neuronal vulnerability to metabolic insults. J Neurosci 1985;5:1228-1232.
91. Sapolsky R, Krey L, McEwen B. Glucocorticoid-sensitive hippocampal neurons are involved in terminating the adrenocortical stress response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984;81:6174-6177.
92. Sarter M. Taking stock of cognition enhancers. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1991;12:456-461.
93. Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, Schmechel D, et al. Association of apolipoprotein E allele epsilon 4 with late-onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1993;43:1467-1472.
94. Schacter F, Faure-Delanef L, Guenot F, et al. Genetic associations with human longevity at the APOE and ACE loci. Nat Genet 1994;6:29-32.
95. Schellenberg GD, Bird TD, Wijsman EM, et al. Genetic linkage evidence for a familial Alzheimer's disease locus on chromosome 14. Science 1992;258:668-670.
96. Schnabel J. New Alzheimer's therapy suggested. Science 1993;260:1719-1720.
97. Screck R, Alberman K, Baeurle PA. Nuclear factor kappa B: An oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor of eukaryotic cells (a review). Free Rad Res Commun 1992;17:221-237.
98. Selkoe DJ. The molecular pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Neuron 1991;6:487-498.
99. Selkoe DJ. Physiological production of the β-amyloid protein and the mechanism of Alzheimer's disease. Trends Neurosci 1993;16:403-409.
100. Shade FU, Schudt C. The specific type III and IV phosphodiesterase inhibitor zardaverine suppresses formation of tumor necrosis factor by macrophages. Eur J Pharmacol 1993;230:9-14.
101. Shanahan F, Niederlehner A, Carramanzana N, Anton P. Sulfasalazine inhibits the binding of TNF alpha to its receptor. Immunopharmacology 1990;20:217-224.
102. 3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. J Biol Chem 1995;270:8337-8344.
103. Snow AD, Sekiguchi R, Nochlin D, et al. An important role of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (perlecan) in a model system for the deposition and persistence of fibrillar Aβ-amyloid in rat brain. Neuron 1994;12: 219-234.
104. Soncrant TT, Raffaele KC, Asthana S, Berardi A, Morris P, Haxby JV. Memory improvement without toxicity during chronic, low dose intravenous arecoline in Alzheimer's disease. Psychopharmacology 1993;112:421-427.
105. St. George-Hyslop P, Haines J, et al. Genetic evidence for a novel familial Alzheimer's disease locus on chromosome 14. Nat Genet 1992;2:330-334.
106. Strittmatter WJ, Saunders AM, Schmechel D, et al. Apoliprotein E: High-avidity binding to β-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:1977-1981.
107. Strittmatter WJ, Weisgraber KH, Huang DY, et al. Binding of human apolipoprotein E to synthetic amyloid β peptide: Isoform-specific effects and implications for late-onset Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:8098-8102.
108. Talafous J, Marcinowski KJ, Klopman G, Zagorski MG. Solution structure of residues 1-28 of the amyloid β-peptide Biochemistry 1994;33:7788-7796.
109. Talbot C, Lendon C, Craddock, Shears S, Morris JC, Goate A. Protection against Alzheimer's disease with apoE ε2. Lancet 1994;343:1432-1433.
110. Tanaka M, Chiba K. Okita M. 3-(5- Alkyl-4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-1-naphatlenyl)-2-methyl-2 propenoic acids as orally active inhibitors of IL-1 generation. J Med Chem 1991;34:2647-2649.
111. Van Broeckhoven C, Backhovens H, Cruts M, et al. Mapping of a gene predisposing to early-onset Alzheimer's disease to chromosome 14q24.3. Nat Genet 1992;2:335-339.
112. Vigo-Pelfrey C, Seubert P, Barbour R, et al. Elevation of microtubule-associated protein tau in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1995;45:788-793.
113. Virgin CE, Ha TP, Packan DR, et al. Glucocorticoids inhibit glucose transport and glutamate uptake in hippocampal astrocytes: Implications for glucocorticoid neurotoxicity. J Neurochem 1991;57:1422-1428.
114. Wetmore C, Olson L, Bean AJ. Regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and release from hippocampal neurons is mediated by non-NMDA type glutamate receptors. J Neurosci 1994;14:1688-1700.
115. Wisniewski KE, Wisniewski HM, Wen GY. Occurrence of neuropathological changes and dementia of Alzheimer's disease in Down's syndrome. Ann Neurol 1985;17:278-282.
116. Wisniewski T, Frangione B. Apolipoprotein E: A pathological chaperone protein in patients with cerebral and systemic amyloid. Neurosci Lett 1992;135:235-238.
117. Yamasaki Y, Suzuki T, Yamaya H, Matsuura N, Onodera H, Hogure K. Possible involvement of interleukin-1 in ischemic brain edema formation. Neurosci Lett 1992;142:45-47.
118. Yang F, Jansen L, Friedrichs WF, Buchanan JM, Bowman BH. IL-1β decreases expression of amyloid precursor protein gene in human glioma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993;191:1014-1019.
119. Zafra F, Hengerer B, Leibrock J, Thoenen H, Lindholm D. Activity dependent regulation of BDNF and NGF mRNAs in the rat hippocampus is mediated by non-NMDA glutamate receptors. Embo J 1990;9: 3545-3550.
120. Zafra F, Lindholm D, Castern E, Hartikka J, Thoenen H. Regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor mRNA in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons and astrocytes. J Neurosci 1992;12:4793-4799.