Developmental and pathological changes at the node and paranode in human sural nerves

Microscopy Research and Technique

Volumn 34, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 422-435

  Schröder, J Michael ^a  

^a RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Axon; Development; Human; Myelin sheath; Node of Ranvier; Paranodal junction; Sural nerve

Indexed keywords

AXON; AXON DIAMETERS; DEVELOPMENT; DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES; HUMAN; MYELIN SHEATHS; NODE OF RANVIER; PARANODAL JUNCTION; PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES; SURAL NERVE;

CELL MEMBRANES;

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN TISSUE; INFANT; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; MECHANICAL STRESS; MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY; MYELIN SHEATH; NERVE FIBER GROWTH; NERVE GROWTH; NEWBORN; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SURAL NERVE;

EID: 0029759351     PISSN: 1059910X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19960801)34:5<422::AID-JEMT2>3.0.CO;2-O     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Allt, G. (1969) Repair and segmental demyelination in peripheral nerves: An electron microscope study. Brain, 92:639-646.
2. Allt, G. (1975) The node of Ranvier in experimental allergic neuritis: An electron microscope study. J. Neurocytol., 4:63-76.
3. Behse, F. (1990) Morphometric studies on the human sural nerve. Acta Neurol. Scand. (Suppl 132), 82:1-38.
4. Berthold, C.-H. (1968) Ultrastructure of postnatally developing feline peripheral nodes of Ranvier. Acta Soc. Med. Ups., 73:145-166.
5. Berthold, C.-H. (1974) A comparative morphological study of the developing node-paranode region in lumbar spinal roots. I. Electron microscopy. Neurobiology, 4:82-104.
6. Berthold, C.-H. (1978) Morphology of normal peripheral axons. In: Physiology and Pathobiology of Axons. S.G. Waxman, ed. Raven, New York, pp. 3-63.
7. Berthold, C.-H., and Skoglund, S. (1965) Ultrastructure and histochemistry of the developing node of Ranvier in the hindlimb nerves of the cat. Acta Soc. Med. Ups., 70:287-293.
8. Berthold, C.-H., and Skoglund, S. (1967) Histochemical and ultrastructural demonstration of mitochondria in the paranodal region of developing feline spinal roots and nerves. Acta Soc. Med. Ups., 72:37-70.
9. Berthold, C.-H., and Skoglund, S. (1968) Postnatal development of feline paranodal myelin sheath segments. II. Electron microscopy. Acta Soc. Med. Ups., 73:127-144.
10. Bertram, M., and Schröder, J.M. (1993) Developmental changes at the node and paranode in human sural nerves: Morphometric and fine-structural evaluation. Cell Tissue Res., 273:499-509.
11. Binah, O., and Palti, Y. (1981) Potassium channels in the nodal membrane of rat myelinated nerve fibers. Nature, 290:598-599.
12. Boycott, A.E. (1903) On the number of nodes of Ranvier in different stages of the growth of nerve fibres in the frog. J. Physiol., 30:370-380.
13. Chiu, S.Y., and Ritchie, J.M. (1980) Potassium channels in nodal and internodal axonal membrane of mammalian myelinated fibers. Nature, 184:170-171.
14. Chiu, S.Y., and Ritchie, J.M. (1981) Evidence for the presence of potassium channels in the internode of frog myelinated nerve fibers. J. Physiol. London, 322:485-501.
15. Cooper, P.D., and Smith, R.S. (1974) The movement of optically detectable organelles in myelinated axons of Xenopus laevis. J. Physiol. Paris, 142:77-97.
16. Duncan, D. (1934) A relation between axon diameter and myelination determined by measurement of myelinated spinal root fibers. J. Comp. Neurol., 60:437-472.
17. Dunn, J.S. (1970) Developing myelin in human peripheral nerve. Scott. Med. J., 15:108-117.
18. Friede, R.L., and Beuche, W. (1985) Combined scatter diagrams of sheath thickness and fiber caliber in human sural nerves: Changes with age and neuropathy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 48: 749-756.
19. Friede, R.L., and Martinez, A.J. (1970) Analysis of the process of sheath expansion in swollen nerve fibers. Brain Res., 19:165-182.
20. Friede, R.L., and Miyagishi, T. (1971) Adjustment of the myelin sheath to changes in axonal caliber. Anat. Rev., 172:1-14.
21. Gamble, H.J. (1966) Further electron microscopic studies of human foetal peripheral nerves. J. Anat., 100:487-502.
22. Geren-Uzman, B., and Nogueira-Graf, G. (1957) Electron microscope studies of the formation of nodes of Ranvier in mouse sciatic nerves. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol., 3:589-597.
23. Gutrecht, J.A., and Dyck, P.J. (1970) Quantitative teased-fiber and histologic studies of human sural nerve during postnatal development. J. Comp. Neurol., 138:117-130.
24. Hildebrand, C., and Skoglund, S. (1967) Ultrastructural features of the nodal region in lumbar spinal roots of newborn man. A preliminary report. Acta Soc. Med. Ups., 72:71-75.
25. Hildebrand, C., and Waxman, S.G. (1984) Postnatal differentiation of rat optic nerve fibres: Electron microscopic observations on the development of nodes of Ranvier and axoglial relations. J. Comp. Neurol., 224:25-37.
26. Hirano, A., and Zimmerman, H.M. (1971) Some new pathological findings in the central myelinated axon. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 30:325-336.
27. Hirano, A., Cook, S.D., Whitaker, J.N., Dowling, P.C., and Murray, M.R. (1971) Fine structural aspects of demyelination in vitro. The effects of Guillain-Barré serum. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 30: 249-256.
28. Jacobs, J.M., and Love, S. (1985) Qualitative and quantitative morphology of human nerve at different ages. Brain, 108:897-924.
29. Jones, H.B., and Cavanagh, J.B. (1983) Distortions of the nodes of Ranvier from axonal distension by filamentous masses in hexacarbon intoxication. J. Neurocytol., 12:439-458.
30. Koles, Z.J., and Rasminsky, M. (1972) A computer simulation of conduction in demyelinated nerve fibers. J. Physiol. London, 227:351-364.
31. Mueller-Mohnssen, H., Tippe, A., Hillenkamp, F., and Unsoeld, E. (1974) Is the rise of the action potential of the Ranvier node controlled by a paranodal organ? Naturwissenschaften, 61:369-370.
32. Nageotte, J. (1911) Betrachtungen über den tatsächlichen Bau und die künstlich hervorgerufenen Deformationen der markhaltigen Nervenfasern. Arch. Mikrosk. Anat., 77:245-279.
33. Ochoa, J., Fowler, T.J., and Gilliatt, R.W. (1973) Changes produced by a pneumatic tourniquet. In: New Developments in Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 2. J.E. Desmedt, ed. Karger, Basel, p. 147.
34. Origuchi, Y. (1981) Quantitative histological study in the sural nerves of children. Brain Dev., 3:395-402.
35. Peters, A. (1964) Further observations on the structure of myelin sheaths in the central nervous system. J. Cell Biol., 20:281-296.
36. Peters, A., and Muir, A.R. (1959) The relationship between axons and Schwann cells during development in peripheral nerves in the rat. Q. J. Exp. Physiol., 144:117-130.
37. Phillips, D.D., Hibbs, R.G., Ellison, J.P., and Shapiro (1972) An electron microscopic study of central and peripheral nodes of Ranvier. J. Anat., 111:229-238.
38. Ranvier, L. (1871/72) L'histologie et la physiologie des nerfs. Arch. Physiol. Norm. Pathol., 4:427-446.
39. Rasminsky, M., and Sears, T.A. (1972) Internodal conduction in undissected demyelinated nerve fibers. J. Physiol. London, 227:323-350.
40. Robertson, J.D. (1962) The unit membrane of cells and mechanisms of myelin formation. Res. Publ. Assoc. Res. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 40:94-158.
41. Santoro, M., Thomas, F.P., Fink, M.E., Lange, D.J., Uncini, A., Wadia, N.H., Latov, N., and Hays, A.P. (1990) IgM deposits at nodes of Ranvier in a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, anti-GM1 antibodies, and multifocal motor conduction block. Ann. Neurol., 28:373-377.
42. Schröder, J.M., and Himmelmann, F. (1992) Fine structural evaluation of altered Schmidt-Lanterman incisures in human sural nerve biopsies. Acta Neuropathol 83:120-133.
43. Schröder J.M., Bohl, J., and Brodda, K. (1978) Changes of the ratio between myelin thickness and axon diameter in the human developing sural nerve. Acta Neuropathol. Berlin, 43:169-178.
44. Schröder, J.M., Bohl, J., and Bardeleben, U. von (1988) Changes of the ratio between myelin thickness and axon diameter in human developing sural, femoral, ulnar, facial and trochlear nerves. Acta Neuropathol. Berlin, 74:471-483.
45. Shahani, B., and Sumner, A. (1981) Electrophysical studies in peripheral neuropathy: Early detection and monitoring. In: Clinical Neurophysiology. E. Staalberg, R.R. Young, eds. Butterworth, London, p. 117.
46. Sims, T.J., Gilmore, S.A., and Waxman, S.G. (1988) Temporary adhesions between axons and myelin forming processes. Dev. Brain Res., 40:223-232.
47. Sladky, J.T., Tschoepe, R.L., Greenberg, J.H., and Brown, M. (1991) Peripheral neuropathy after chronic endoneurial ischemia. Ann. Neurol., 29:272-278.
48. Smith, K.J., Bostock, H., and Hall, S.M. (1982) Saltatory conduction precedes remyelination in axons demyelinated with lysophosphatidal choline. J. Neurol. Sci., 54:13-31.
49. Speidel, C.C. (1964) In vivo studies of myelinated nerve fibres. Int. Rev. Cytol., 16:173-231.
50. Stanley, E.F., Long, R.R., Griffin, J.W., and Price, D.L. (1980) Experimental axonal atrophy reduces nerve conduction velocity. Neurology, 30:370.
51. Tao-Cheng, J.H., and Rosenbluth, J. (1980a) Developing nodes of Ranvier in frog and rat peripheral and central axons. Neurosci. Abstr., 6:732.
52. Tao-Cheng, J.H., and Rosenbluth, J. (1980b) Membrane specializations in developing nodes of Ranvier. In: Proc. 38th EMSA Meeting. G.W. Bailey, ed. Claitor's, Baton Rouge.
53. Tao-Cheng, J.H., and Rosenbluth, J. (1982) Development of nodal and paranodal membrane specializations in amphibian peripheral nerves. Dev. Brain Res., 3:577-594.
54. Thomas, P.K., Berthold, C.-H., and Ochoa, J. (1993) Microscopic anatomy of the peripheral nervous system. Nerve trunks and spinal roots. In: Peripheral Neuropathy. Third Edition. P. J. Dyck, P.K. Thomas, J.W. Griffin, P.A. Low, J.F. Poduslo, eds. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 28-50.
55. Vizoso, A.D., and Young, J.Z. (1948) Internode length and fibre diameter in developing and regenerating nerves. J. Anat., 82:110-134.
56. Waxman, S.G., and Foster, R.E. (1980) Development of the axon membrane differentiation of myelinated fibers in spinal nerve roots. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. [Biol], 209:241-246.
57. Wiley-Livingston, C.A., and Ellisman, M.H. (1980) Development of axonal membrane specializations defines nodes of Ranvier and precedes Schwann cell myelin elaboration. Dev. Biol., 79:334-355.
58. Yoshikawa, H., Dyck, P.J., Poduslo, J.F., and Giannini, C. (1990) Polyglucosan body axonal enlargement increases myelin spiral length but not lamellar number. J. Neurol. Sci., 98:107-117.
59. Yu, R.C.-P., and Bunge, R.P. (1975) Damage and repair of the peripheral myelin sheath and node of Ranvier after treatment with trypsin. J. Cell Biol., 64:1-14.