Advances in the understanding of neuroendocrine function in rheumatic disease

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 543-551

  Morand, E F ^a   Cooley, H ^a   Leechf, M ^a   Little John, G O ^a  

^a MONASH MEDICAL CENTRE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CORTICOSTERONE; CORTICOTROPIN; CYTOKINE; DEXAMETHASONE; GLUCOCORTICOID; MIFEPRISTONE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT;

CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNITY; INFLAMMATION; NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; RHEUMATIC DISEASE;

EID: 0029758867     PISSN: 00048291     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1996.tb00602.x     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Arend WP, Dayer J-M. Inhibition of the production and effects of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor a in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1995;'38: 151-60.
2. Arvidson NG, Gudbjornsson B, Elfman L, Rydén A-C, Tötterman TH, Hällgren R. Circadian rhythm of serum interleukin-6 in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1994; 53: 521-4.
3. Watanobe H, Takebe K. Intrahypothalamic perfusion with interleukin-1-beta stimulates the local release of corticotropin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin and the plasma adrencorticotropin in freely moving rats: A comparative perfusion of the paraventricular nucleus and the median eminence. Neuroendocrinology 1993; 57: 593-9.
4. Buckingham JC, Loxley HD, Taylor AD, Flower RJ. Cytokines, glucocorticoids and neuroendocrine function. Pharmacol Res 1994; 30: 35-42.
5. Uehara A, Gottschall PE, Dahl RR, Animura A. Interleukin-1 stimulates ACTH release via an indirect action which requires endogenous corticotropin releasing factor. Endocrinology 1987; 121: 1580-2.
6. Lyson K, McCann SM. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone abolishes IL-1- and IL-6-induced corticotropinreleasing factor release from the hypothalamus in vitro. Neuroendocrinology 1993; 58: 191-5.
7. Sapolsky R, Rivier C, Yamamoto G, Plotsky P, Vale W. Interleukin-1 stimulates the secretion of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor. Science 1987; 238 (4826): 522-4.
8. Fukata J, Usui T, Naitoh Y, Nakai Y, Imura H. Effects of recombinant human interleukin-la, -I, 2 and 6 on ACTH synthesis and release in the mouse pituitary tumour cell line AtT-20. J Neuroendocrinol 1989; 122: 33-9.
9. Naitoh Y, Fukata J, Tominaga T, Nakai Y, Tamai S, Mori K, Imura H. Interleukin-6 stimulates the secretion of adrenocorticotrophic hormone in conscious, freely moving rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 155: 1459-63.
10. Perlstein RS, Whitnall MH, Abrams JS, Mougey EH, Neta R. Synergistic roles of interleukin-6, interleukin-1, and tumour necrosis factor in adrenocorticotropin response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide H vivo. Endocrinology 1993; 132: 946-52.
11. Loxley HD, Cowell A-M, Flower RJ, Buckingham JC. Modulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical responses to cytokines in the rat by lipocortin 1 and glucocorticoids: A role for lipocortin 1 in the feedback inhibition of CRF-41 release? Neuroendocrinology 1993; 57: 801-14.
12. Mastorakos G, Chrousos GP, Weber JS. Recombinant interleukin-6 activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77: 1690. 4.
13. Chrousos GP. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune-mediated inflammation. N EngI J Med 1995; 332: 1351-62.
14. McCoy JG, Malta SG, Sharp BM. Prostaglandins mediate the ACTH response to interleukin-1 beta instilled into the hypothalamic median eminence. Neuroendocrinology 1994; 60: 426-35.
15. Navarra P, Pozzoli G, Becherucci C, Preziosi P, Grossman AB, Parente L. Prostaglandin E2 and bacterial lipopolysaccharide stimulate bioactive interleukin-1 release from rat hypothalamic expiants. Neuroendocrinology 1993; 57: 257-61.
16. Spangelo BL, Judd AM, Isakson PC, MacLeod RM. Interleukin-1 stimulates interleukin-6 release from rat anterior pituitary cells. Endocrinology 1991; 128: 2685-92.
17. 17.\Vatanabe T, Morimoto A, Murakami N. ACTH responses in rats during biphasic fever induced by interleukin-1. Am J Physiol 1991; 261: Rl 104-8.
18. Milenkovic L, Rettori V, Snyder GD, Beutler B, McCann SM. Cachectin alters anterior pituitary hormone release by a direct action i vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 1989; 86: 2418-22.
19. Navarra P, Tsagarakis S, Faria MS, Rees LH, Besser GM, Grossman AB. Interleukins-1 and -6 stimulate the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone-41 from rat hypothalamus in vitro via the eicosanoid cyclooxygenase pathway. Endocrinology 1991; 128: 37-44.
20. Yasin SA, Costa A, Forsling ML, Grossman A. Interleukin-lb and interluekin-6 stimulate neurohypophysial hormone release in vitro. J Neuroendocrinol 1994; 6: 179-84.
21. Szczepanski A, Moatter T, Carley WW, Gerritsen ME. Induction of cyclooxygenase II in human synoval microvessel endothelial cells by interleukin-1. Inhibition by glucocorticoids. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37: 495-503.
22. Morand EF, Goulding NJ. Glucocorticoids in rheumatoid arthritis -mediators and mechanisms. Br J Rheumatol 1993; 32: 816-9.
23. Morrow LE, McClellan JL, Conn CA, Kluger MJ. Glucocorticoids alter fever and IL-6 responses to psychological stress and to lipopolysaccharide. Am J Physiol 1993; 264: R1010-6.
24. Stephanou A, Sarlis NJ, Knight RA, Lightman SL, Chowdrey HS. Glucocorticoid-mediated responses of plasma ACTH and anterior pituitary pro-opiomelanocortin, growth hormone and prolactin mRNAs during adjuvant-induced arthritis in the rat. J Mol Endocrinol 1992; 9: 273-81.
25. Harbuz MS, Leonard JP, Lightman SL, Cuzner ML. Changes in hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing factor and anterior pituitary pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA during the course of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 1993; 45: 127-32.
26. Sternberg EM, Hill JM, Chrousos GP, Kamilaris T, Listwak SJ, Gold PW, Wilder RL. Inflammatory mediator-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation is defective in streptococcal cell wall arthrius susceptible Lewis rats. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 1989; 86: 2374-8.
27. Sauer J, Stalla GK, Müller O-A, Arzt E. Inhibition of interleukin-2-mediated lymphocyte activation in patients with Cushing's syndrome: A comparison with hypocortisolemic patients. Neuroendocrinology 1994; 59: 144-51.
28. Graham S, Tucker WS. Opportunistic infections in endogenous Cushing's syndrome. Ann Intern Aled 1984; 101: 334-8.
29. Saldanha C, Tougas G, Grace E. Evidence for antiinflammatory effect of normal circulating plasma Cortisol. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1986; 4: 365-6.
30. Harkness JAL, Richter MB, Panayi GS, van de Pette K, Unger A, Pownall R, Geddawi M. Circadian variation in disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Br Med J 1982; 284: 551-4.
31. Loxley HD, Cowell A-M, Flower RJ, Buckingham JC. Effects of lipocortin 1 and dexamethasone on the secretion of corticotrophin-releasing factors in the rat: in vitro and in vivo studies. J Neuroendocrinol 1993; 5: 51-61.
32. Hench P, Kendall EC, Slocumb CH, Policy HF. The effects of a hormone of the adrenal cortex and of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone on rheumatoid arthritis. Proc Mayo Clin 1949; 24: 181-97.
33. Sternberg EM, Young III WS, Bernardini R, Calogero AE, Chrousos GP, Gold P\V, Wilder RL. A central nervous system defect in biosynthesis of corticotropinreleasing hormone is associated with susceptibility to streptococcal cell wall-induced arthritis in Lewis rats. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 1989; 86: 4771-5.
34. Neeck G, Federlin K, Graef V, Rusch D, Schmidt KL. Adrenal secretion of cortisol in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1990; 17: 24-9.
35. Sarlis NJ, Stephanou A, Knight RA, Lightman SL, Chowdrey HS. Effects of glucocorticoids and chronic inflammatory stress upon anterior pituitary interleukin-6 mRNA expression in the rat. Br J Rheumatol 1993; 32: 653-7.
36. Cash JM, Crofford LJ, Galluci \VT, Sternberg EM, Gold P\V, Chrousos GP, Wilder RL. Pituitary-adrenal axis responsiveness to ovine corticotropin releasing hormone in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with low dose prednisolone. J Rheumatol 1992; 19: 1692-6.
37. Hall J, Morand EF, Medbak S, Zaman M, Perry L, Goulding NJ, Maddison PJ, O'Hare JP. Abnormal hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis function in human rheumatoid arthritis: effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and water immersion. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37: 1132-7.
38. Gudbjornsson BB, Skogseid BK, Oberg K, Wide L, Hallgren R. ACTH secretion but impaired cortisol response in patients with active RA. Effect of glucocorticoids. J Rheumatol 1996; 23: 596-602.
39. Morand EF, Jefferiss CM, Dixey J, Mitra D, Goulding NJ. Impaired glucocorticoid induction of mononuclear leukocyte lipcortin 1 in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37: 207-11.
40. Podgorski MR, Goulding NJ, Hall ND, Flower RJ, Maddison PJ. Autoantibodies to lipocortin 1 are associated with impaired corticosteroid responsiveness in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1992; 19: 1668-71.
41. Schlaghecke R, Beuscher D, Kornely E, Specker C. Effects of glucocorticoids in rheumatoid arthritis: Diminished glucocorticoid receptors do not result in glucocorticoid resistance. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37: 1127-31.
42. Morand EF, Rickard D, Goulding NJ. GMCSF effects on human monocyte activation are resistant to suppression by glucocorticoids. Arthritis Rheum 1993; 36 (Suppl.): SI 10 (Abstract).
43. Sadeghi R, Hawrylowicz CM, Chernajovsky Y, Feldmann M. Synergism of glucocorticoids with granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) but not interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) or interIeukin-4 (IL-4) on induction of HLA class II expression on human monocytes. Cytokine 1992; 4: 287-97.
44. Mori H, Sawairi M, Itoh N, Hanabayashi T, Tamaya T. Effects of sex steroids on cell differentiation and interleukin-1 beta production in the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60. J Reprod Med 1992; 37: 871-8.
45. van den Brink HR, van Wijk MJ, Bijlsma JW. Influence of steroid hormones on proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1992; 31: 663-7.
46. Jansson L, Holmdahl R. Oestrogen-induced suppression of collagen arthritis; 17 beta-oestradiol is therapeutically active in normal and castrated Fl hybrid mice of both sexes. Clin Exp Immunol 1992; 89: 446-51.
47. Pacifici R, Brown C, Puschek E, Friedrich E, Slatopolsky E, Maggio D, McCracken R, Avioli LV. Effect of surgical menopause and estrogen replacement on cytokine release from human blood mononuclear cells. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 1991; 88: 5134-8.
48. Hall GM, Daniels M, Huskisson EC, Spector TD. A randomised controlled trial of the effect of hormone replacement therapy on disease activity in postmenopausal rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1994; 53: 112-6.
49. Spector TD, Brennan P, Harris P, Studd JW, Silman AJ. Does estrogen replacement therapy protect against rheumatoid arthritis? J Rheumatol 1991; 18: 1473-6.
50. Athreya BH, Pletcher J, Zulian F, Weiner DB, Williams WV. Subset-specific effects of sex hormones and pituitary gonadotropins on human lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1993; 66: 201-11.
51. Berczi I, Nagy E, de Toledo SM, Matusik RJ, Friesen HG. Pituitary hormones regulate c-myc and DNA synthesis in lymphoid tissue. J Immunol 1991; 146: 2201-6.
52. Spangelo BL, Judd AM, Isakson PC, MacLeod RM. Interleukin-6 stimulates anterior pituitary hormone release in vitro. Endocrinology 1989; 125: 575-7.
53. Chikanza 1C, Panayi GS. Hypothalamic-pituitary mediated modulation of immune function: prolactin as a neuroimmune peptide. Br J Rheum 1991; 30: 203-7.
54. Chikanza 1C, Petrou P, Chrousos G, Kingsley G, Panayi GS. Excessive and dysregulated secretion of prolactin in rheumatoid arthritis: immunopathogenetic and therapeutic implications. BrJ Rheumatol 1993; 32: 445-8.
55. Crofford LJ, Sano H, Karalis K, Friedman TC et al. Corticotropin-releasing hormone in synovial fluids and tissues of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. J Immunol 1993; 151: 1587-96.
56. Crofford LJ, Sano H, Karalis K et a!. Local secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone in the joints of Lewis rats with inflammatory arthritis. J Clin Invest 1992; 90: 255564.
57. Webster EL, Tracey DE Jutila MA, Wolfe Jnr SA, De Souza EB. Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in mouse spleen: identification of receptor bearing cells as resident macrophages. Endocrinology 1990; 127: 440-52.
58. Karalis K, Sano H, Redwine J, Listwak S, Wilder RL, Chrousos GP. Autocrine or paracrine inflammatory actions of corticotropin-releasing hormone in vivo. Science 1991; 254: 421-3.
59. Jain R, Zwickler D, Hollander CS et al. Corticotropinreleasing factor modulates the immune response to stress in the rat. Endocrinology 1991; 128: 1329-36.
60. Singh VK. Stimulatory effect of corticotropin-releasing neurohormone on human lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin-2 receptor expression. J Neuroimmunol 1989; 23: 257-62.
61. Clarke BL, Gebhardt BM, Blalock JE. Mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes release biologically active corticotropin. Endocrinology 1993; 132: 983-8.
62. Maier CC, Marchetti B, LeBoeuf RD, Blalock JE. Thymocytes express a mRNA that is identical to hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone mRNA. Cell Moll Neurobiol 1992; 12: 447-54.
63. Ekman R, Servenius B, Castro MG et al. Biosynthesis of corticotropin-releasing hormone in human T-lymphocytes. J Neuroimmunol 1993; 44: 7-14.
64. McCain GA, Tube KS. Diurnal hormone variation in fibromyalgia syndrome: a comparison with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1989; 16 (Suppl. 19): 154-7.
65. Ferraccioli G, Cavalieri F, Salaffi F et al. Neuroendocrinologie findings in primary fibromyalgia (soft tissue chronic pain syndrome) and in other chronic rheumatic conditions (rheumatoid arthritis, low back pain). J Rheumatol 1990; 17: 869-73.
66. Griep EN, Boersma JW, De Kloet ER. Altered reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the primary fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol 1993; 20: 469-74.
67. Griep EN, Boersma JW, De Kloet ER. Pituitary-adrenal and sympathetic-adrenal responses to physical exercise in patients with primary fibromyalgia syndrome. Unknown 1994 (Abstract).
68. Crofford LJ, Pillemer SR, Kalogeras KT et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis perturbations in patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37: 1583-92.
69. Disdier P, Harle J-R, Brue T et al. Severe fibromyalgia after hypophysectomy for Cushing's disease. Arthritis Rheum 1991; 34: 493-5.
70. Angel J, Audubert F, Bismuth G, Fournier G. IL-1 beta amplifies bradykinin-induced prostaglandin E2 production via a phospholipase D-linked mechanism. J Immunol 1994; 152: 5032-40.
71. Russell IJ, Vaeroy H, Javors M, Nyberg F. Cerebrospinal fluid biogenic amine metabolites in fibromyalgia/fibrositis syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis (see comments). Arthritis Rheum 1992; 35: 550-6.
72. Kling MA, Roy A, Doran AR et al Cerebrospinal fluid immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing hormone and adrenocorticotropin secretion in Cushing's disease and major depression: potential clinical implications (see comments). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 72: 260-71.
73. Boissevain MD, McCain GA. Toward an integrated understanding of fibromyalgia syndrome. I. Medical and pathophysiological aspects. Pain 1991; 45: 227-38.
74. Griep EN, Boersma J\V, De Kloet ER. Pituitary release of growth hormone and prolactin in the primary fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol 1994; 21: 2125-30.
75. Bennett RM, Clark SR, Campbell SM, Burckhardt CS. Low levels of somatomedin C in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1992; 35: 1113-6.
76. Bodnar RJ, Kelly DD, Brutus M, Glusman M. Stressinduced analgesia: neural and hormonal determinants. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1980; 4: 87-100.
77. Clark S, Campbell SM, Forehand ME, Tindall EA, Bennett RM. Clinical characteristics of fibrositis. A 'blended' controlled study using standard psychological tests. Arthritis Rheum 1985; 28: 132-7.
78. Hales TA, Yunus MB, Masi AT. Is chronic pain a variant of depressive disease? Pain 1987; 29: 105-11.
79. Hudson JL, Hudson MS, Pliner LF, Goldenberg DL, Pope G Jnr. Fibromyalgia and major affective disorders: a controlled phenomenology and family history study. Am J Psychiatr 1985; 142: 441-6.
80. Ahles TA, Yunus MB, Riley SD, Bradley JM, Masi AT. Psychological factors associated with primary fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1984; 27: 1101-6.
81. Whitnall MH, Kiss A, Aguilera G. Contrasting effects of central alpha-1-adrenoreceptor activation on stressresponsive and stress-nonresponsive subpopulations of corticotropin-releasing hormone neurosecretory cells in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 1993; 58: 42-8.
82. Hall S, Littlejohn GO, Jetkwa J, Copolov D. Plasma beta-endorphin levels in fibrositis. Arthritis Rheum 1983; 26: 39 (Abstract).
83. Holmes GP, Kapla JE, Gantz NM. Chronic fatigue syndrome: a working case definition. Ann Intern Med 1988; 108: 387-9.
84. Sternberg EM. Hypoimmune fatigue syndromes. Diseases of the stress response. J Rheumatol 1993; 20: 418-21.
85. Zeiger MA, Fraker DL, Pass HI et al. Effective reversibility of the signs and symptoms of hypercortisolism by bilateral adrenalectomy. Surgery 1993; 114: 1138-43.
86. Demitrack MA, Dale JK, Straus SE et al. Evidence for impaired activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 73: 1224-34.
87. Vaeroy H, Helle R, Forre O et al. Elevated CSF levels of substance P and high incidence of Raynaud's phenome-non in patients with fibromyalgia: new features for diagnosis. Pain 1988; 32: 21-6.
88. Uttlejohn GO, \veinstein C, Helme RD. Increased neurogenic inflammation in fibrositis sj-ndrome. J Rheumatol 1987; 14: 1022.
89. Larsen PJ, Jessop D, Patel H, Lightman SL, Chowdrey HS. Substance P inhibits the release of anterior pituitary adrenocorticotrophin via a central mechanism involving corticotrophin-releasing factor-containing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. J Neuroendocrinol 1993; 5: 99-105.
90. Goldenberg DL. Fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue, and myofascial pain syndromes. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1992; 4: 247-57.
91. Kirwan JR. The effect of glucocorticoids on joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 142-6.