Interferon-α for viral hepatitis

Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 93-106

  Jonas, Maureen M ^a,b  

^a BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; ALPHA2A INTERFERON; BETA INTERFERON; CELL SURFACE RECEPTOR; GAMMA INTERFERON; HEPATITIS B(E) ANTIGEN; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; INTERFERON ANTIBODY; RECOMBINANT ALPHA2A INTERFERON; RECOMBINANT ALPHA2B INTERFERON; VIRUS DNA;

ALOPECIA; ANOREXIA; AUTOIMMUNITY; BLOOD TOXICITY; CHILL; CHROMOSOME 11; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DELTA AGENT HEPATITIS; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG COST; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MECHANISM; FATIGUE; FEVER; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; INFECTION; IRRITATION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; META ANALYSIS; NEUROTOXICITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SUBCUTANEOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION;

ANTIBODIES; CHILD; CHRONIC DISEASE; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS D; HEPATITIS, VIRAL, HUMAN; HUMANS; INTERFERON TYPE I, RECOMBINANT; INTERFERON-ALPHA;

HEPATITIS C VIRUS;

EID: 0029758498     PISSN: 02772116     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00005176-199608000-00001     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. Issacs A, Lindenmann J. Virus interferons. I. The interferon. Proc R Soc Lond 1957;147:258-67.
2. Stewart, WE. The inferferon system. 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1979.
3. Blanar MA, Boettger EC, Flavell RA. Transcriptional activation of HLA-DR alpha by interferon gamma requires a transacting protein. Proc Natal Acad Acad Sci USA 1988; 85:4672-6.
4. DeMaeyer E, DeMaeyer-Guignard J. Enhanced phagocytic activity of macrophages against Candida albicans. Interferon effects on cellular and humoral immunity. In: Baron S, Dianzani F, Stanton GJ, Fleischmann WR, eds. The interferon system: a current review to 1987. Austin, TX: Univ. of Texas Medical Branch Series, 1987:327-35.
5. Taniguchi T. Regulation of cytokine gene expression. Annu Rev Immunol 1988;6:439-4.
6. Peters M, Ambrus JL, Zhelenznyak A, et al. Effect of alpha interferon on immunoglobulin synthesis by human B cells. J Immunol 1986;137:3153-7.
7. Snapper CM, Paul WE. Interferon gamma and B cell stimulatory factor-1 reciprocally regulate Ig isotype production. Science 1987;236:944-7.
8. Trotta PP, Narula SK. Interferon genes. In: Baron S, Dianzani F, Stanton GJ, Fleischmann WR, eds. The Interferon system: a current review to 1987. Austin, TX Univ. of Texas Press, 1987:137-47.
9. Benoit P, Maguire D, Plavec I, Kocher H, Tovey M, Meyer F. A monoclonal antibody to recombinant human IFN-alpha receptor inhibits biologic activity of several species of human IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, and IFN-omega. Detection of heterogeneity of the cellular type I IFN receptor. J Immunol 1993;150:707-16.
10. Gray PW, Leung DW, Pennica D, et al. Expression of human immune interferon cDNA in E. coli and monkey cells. Nature 1982;295:503-8.
11. Fitzgerald-Bocarsly P. Human natural interferon-alpha producing cells. Pharmacol Therapeut 1993;60:39-62.
12. Zoon KC, Arnheiter H. Studies of the antigens receptors. Pharmacol Therapeut 1984;24:259-78.
13. Darnell JE, Kerr IM, Stark GR. Jak-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellular signaling proteins. Science 1994;264:1415-21.
14. Peters M. Mechanism of action of interferons. Semin Liv Dis 1989;9:235-9.
15. Baglioni C, Maroney TA, West DK. 2′5′-oligo(A)polymerase activity and inhibition of viral RNA synthesis in interferon treated HeLa cells. Biochemistry 1979;18:1765-70.
16. Samuel CE. The interferon-induced protein P1/eIF-2 alpha kinase. In: Baron S, Dianzani S, Stanton GJ, Fleischmann WR, eds. The interferon system: a current review to 1987. Austin, TX: Univ. of Texas Press, 1987:373-81.
17. Ross C, Hansen MB, Schyberg T, Berg K. Autoantibodies to crude human leucocyte interferon (IFN), native human IFN, recombinant human IFN-alpha 2b and human IFN-gamma in healthy blood donors. Clin Exp Immunol 1990; 82:57-62.
18. Antonelli G, Currenti M, Turrizziani O, et al. Neutralizing antibodies to interferon-alpha: relative frequency in patients treated with different interferon preparations. J Infect Dis 1991;163:882.
19. Porres JC, Carreno V, Ruiz M, et al. Interferon antibodies in patients with chronic HBV infection treated with recombinant interferon. J Hepatol 1989;8:351-7.
20. Lok AS, Lai CL, Leung EK. Interferon antibodies may negate the antiviral effects of recombinant alpha-interferon treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 1990;12:1266-70.
21. Bonetti P, Diodati G, Drago C, et al. Interferon antibodies in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection treated with recombinant interferon alpha-2a. J Hepatol 1994;20: 416-20.
22. Douglas DD, Rakela J, Lin HJ, et al. Randomized controlled trial of recombinant alpha-2a-interferon for chronic hepatitis C. Comparison of alanine aminotransferase normalization versus loss of HCV RNA and anti-HCV IgM. Dig Dis Sci 1993;38:601-7.
23. Thomas HC, Water JM, Waters J, Main J. Virus-host interactions in chronic hepatitis B infection. Semin Liv Dis 1988;8:342-9.
24. Desmet VJ. Immunopathology of chronic viral hepatitis. Hepatogastroenterology 1991;38:14-21.
25. Tolentino P, Dianzani F, Zucca M, Giacchino R. Decreased interferon response by lymphocytes in children with chronic hepatitis. J Infect Dis 1975;132:439-63.
26. Ikeda T, Lever AML, Thomas HC. Evidence for a deficiency of interferon production in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection acquired in adult life. Hepatology 1986;6:962-5.
27. Greenberg HB, Pollard RB, Lutwick LI, et al. Effects of human leucocyte interferon and hepatitis B virus infection in patients with chronic active hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1976;295:517-22.
28. Perillo RP, Schiff ER, Davis GL, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of interferon alfa-2b alone and after prednisone withdrawal for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 1990;323:295-301.
29. Feinman SV, Berris B, Sooknanan R, et al. Effects of interferon-alfa therapy on serum and liver HBV DNA in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Dig Dis Sci 1992;37:1477-82.
30. Fong T-L, DiBisceglie AM, Feinstone SM, et al. Persistent hepatic HBV DNA after clearance of HBsAg from serum of patient with chronic hepatitis B [Abstract]. Hepatology 1991;14:130A.
31. Marcellin P, Martinot-Peignoux M, Lariot MA, et al. Persistence of hepatitis B virus DNA demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction in serum and liver after loss of HBsAg induced by antiviral therapy. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112:227-8.
32. Khuns M, McNamara A, Mason A, et al. Serum and liver hepatitis B virus DNA in chronic hepatitis B after sustained loss of surface antigen. Gastroenterology 1992;103:1649-56.
33. Hoofnagle JH, Peters M, Mullen KD, et al. Randmoized, controlled trial of recombinant human alfa-interferon in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 1988;95: 1318-25.
34. Wong DKH, Cheung AM, O'Rourke K, et al. Effect of alpha-interferon treatment in patients with hepatitis Be antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119:312-23.
35. Lok ASF, Lai CL, Su PC, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis B with interferon: experience in Asian patients. Semin Liv Dis 1989;9:249-53.
36. Perillo RP. Antiviral agents in the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis. In: Boyer JL, Ockner RK, eds. Progress in liver disease; vol X. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1992:283-309.
37. Perrillo RP. Interferon in the management of chronic hepatitis B. Dig Dis Sci 1993;38:577-93.
38. Brook MG, Karayiannis P, Thomas HC. Patients with chronic hepatitis V virus infection will respond to alpha interferon therapy: a statistical analysis of predictive factors. Hepatology 1989;10:761-3.
39. Naoumov NV, Thomas MG, Mason AL, et al. Genomic variations in the hepatitis B core gene: a possible factor influencing response to interferon alfa treatment. Gastroenterohgy 1995;108:505-14.
40. Nevens F, Goubau P, Van Eyken P, et al. Treatment of decompensated viral hepatitis B - induced cirrhosis with low doses of interferon alpha. Liver 1993;13:15-9.
41. Korenman J, Baker B, Waggoner J, et al. Long-term remission of chronic hepatitis B after alpha-interferon therapy. Ann Intern Med 1991;114:629-34.
42. Carreno V, Castillo I, Molina J, et al. Long-term follow-up of hepatitis B chronic carriers who responded to interferon therapy. J Hepatol 1992;15:102-6.
43. Centers for Disease Control. Hepatitis surveillance report no. 54. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control, 1992:11.
44. Hostetter MK, Iverson S, Dole K, Johnson D. Unsuspected infectious diseases and other medical diagnoses in the evaluation of internationally adopted children. Pediatrics 1989;83:559-64.
45. McMahon BJ, Alward WLM, Hall DB, et al. Acute hepatitis B virus infection: relation of age to the clinical expression of disease and subsequent development of the carrier state. J Infect Dis 1985;151:599-603.
46. Lai CL, Lok AS, Lin HJ, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of recombinant alpha2-interferon in Chinese HBsAg-carrier children. Lancet 1987;2:877-80.
47. Tanaka T, Miyamoto H, Hino O, et al. Primary hepatocellular carcinoma with hepatitis B virus - DNA-integration in a 4-year-old boy. Hum Pathol 1986;17:202.
48. Cheah PL, Looi LM, Lin HP, Yap SF. Childhood primary hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus infection. Cancer 1990;65:174-6.
49. Giacchino R, Navone C, Facco F, et al. HBV-DNA-related hepatocellular carcinoma occurring in childhood. Report of three cases. Dig Dis Sci 1991;36:1143-6.
50. Pontisso P, Basso G, Perilongo G, et al. Does hepatitis B virus play a role in primary liver cancer in children of Western countries? Cancer Detect Prev 1991;15:363-8.
51. Utili R, Sagnelli E, Galanti B, et al. Prolonged treatment of children with chronic hepatitis B with recombinant alpha-2a-interferon: a controlled, randomized study. Am J Gastroenterol 1991;86:327-30.
52. Ruiz-Moreno M, Jimenez J, Porres JC, et al. A controlled trial of recombinant interferon-alpha in Caucasian children with chronic hepatitis B. Digestion 1990;45:26-33.
53. Ruiz-Moreno M, Rua MJ, Molina J, et al. Prospective, randomized trial of interferon-alpha in children with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 1991;13:1035-9.
54. Bruguera M, Amat L, Garcia O, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis B in children with recombinant alfa interferon. Different response according to age at infection. J Clin Gastroenterol 1993;17:296-9.
55. Utili R, Sagnelli E, Baeta GB, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis B in children with prednisone followed by alfa-interferon: a controlled randomized study. J Hepatol 1994; 20:163-7.
56. Lok AS. Alpha-interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis B virus infection in children and Oriental patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991;(suppl 1):15-7.
57. Lai CL, Lin HJ, Lau JN, et al. Effect of recombinant alpha2 interferon with or without prednisone in Chinese HBsAg carrier children. Q J Med 1991;78:155-63.
58. Mosnier J-F, Degott C, Marcellin P, et al. The intraportal lymphoid nodule and its environment in chronic active hepatitis C: an immunohistochemical study. Hepatology 1993; 17:366-71.
59. James-Koziel M, Dudley D, Wong JT, et al. Intraphepatic cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for hepatitis C virus in persons with chronic hepatitis. J Immunol 1992;149:3339-44.
60. Pawlotsky JM, Ben Yahia M, Andre C, et al. Immunological disorders in C virus chronic active hepatitis: a prospective case-control study. Hepatology 1994;19:841-8.
61. Mishiro S, Hoshi Y, Takeda K, et al. Non-A, non-B specific antibodies directed at host-derived epitope: implication for an autoimmune process. Lancet 1990;336:1400-3.
62. Hoofnagle JH, Mullen KD, Jones DB, et al. Treatment of chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis with recombinant human alpha interferon. N Engl J Med 1986;315:1575-8.
63. Shindo M, DiBisceglie AM, Cheung L, et al. Decrease in serum hepatitis C viral RNA during alpha-interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Ann Intern Med 1991;11:700-4.
64. DiBisceglie AM, Hoofnagle JH, Krawczynski K. Changes in hepatitis C virus antigen in liver with antiviral therapy. Gastroenterology 1993;105:858-62.
65. Lau JYN, Mizokami M, Chno T, et al. Discrepancy between biochemical and virologic responses to interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Lancet 1993; 342:1208-9.
66. Davis GL, Balart LA, Schiff ER, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with recombinant interferon alfa: a multicenter randomized, controlled trial. N Engl J Med 1989; 321:1501-6.
67. DiBisceglie AM, Martin P, Kassianides C, et al. Recombinant interferon alpha therapy for chronic hepatitis C: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1506-10.
68. Tine F, Magrin S, Craxi A, et al. Interferon for non-A, non-B chronic hepatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Hepatol 1991;13:192-9.
69. Reichard O, Foberg U, Fryden A, et al. High sustained response rate and clearance of viremia in chronic hepatitis C after treatment with interferon-alfa 2b for 60 weeks. Hepatology 1994;19:280-5.
70. Liaw F, Sheen I-S, Lin S-M, et al. Effects of prednisone pretreatment in interferon alfa therapy for patients with chronic non-A, non-B (C) hepatitis. Liver 1993;13:46-60.
71. Yamada G, Takahashi M, Tsuji T, et al. Quantitative hepatitis C virus RNA and liver histology in chronic hepatitis C treated with interferon alfa. Dig Dis Sci 1992;37:1926-7.
72. Kobayashi Y, Natanabe S, Konishi M, et al. Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA by nested polymerase chain reaction in sera of patients with chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis treated with interferon. J Hepatol 1992;16:138-44.
73. Hino K, Sainokami S, Shimoda K, et al. Genotypes and titers of hepatitis C virus for predicting response to interferon in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Med Virol 1994; 42:299-305.
74. Hayashi J, Ohmiya M, Kishihara Y, et al. A statistical analysis of predictive factors of response to human lymphoblastoid interferon in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:2151-6.
75. Yun ZB, Reichard O, Chen M, et al. Serum hepatitis C virus RNA levels in chronic hepatitis C - importance for outcome of interferon alfa-2b treatment. Scand J Infect Dis 1994;26:263-70.
76. Aiyama T, Yoshioka K, Hirofuji H, et al. Changes in serum hepatitis C virus RNA titer and response to interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39:2244-9.
77. Kanai K, Kako M, Okamato H. HCV genotypes in chronic hepatitis C and response to interferon. Lancet 1992;339: 1543.
78. Matsumoto A, Tanaka E, Suzuki T, et al. Viral and host factors that contribute to efficacy of interferon-alpha 2a therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Dig Dis Sci 1994;39:1273-80.
79. Kleter GEM, Brouwer JT, Heijtink RA, et al. Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection during and after therapy with alpha interferon. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993;37:595-7.
80. Dimopoulou M, Fafontis K, Basiliou K, et al. Interferon alfa 2b for decompensated liver disease caused by either chronic hepatitis B or C: preliminary results of a pilot study [Abstract]. Gut 1993;34 (suppl):104-5.
81. Omata M, Yokosuka O, Takano S, et al. Resolution of acute hepatitis C after therapy with natural beta interferon. Lancet 1991;338:914-5.
82. Viladomiu L, Genesca J, Esteban JI, et al. Interferon-alpha in acute posttransfusion hepatitis C: a randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology 1992;15:767-9.
83. Colombo M, Lampertico P, Rumi M. Multicentre randomised controlled trial of recombinant interferon alfa-2b in patients with acute non-A, non-B/type C hepatitis after transfusion. Gut 1993;(suppl):s141.
84. Lampertico P, Rumi M, Romeo R, et al. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of recombinant interferon-alfa 2b in patients with acute transfusion-associated hepatitis C. Hepatology 1994;19:19-22.
85. Resti M, Azzari C, Rossi ME, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibody in beta-thalassemic polytransfused children in a long-term follow-up. Vox Sang 1991;60:246-7.
86. Lai ME, DeVirgilis S, Argiolu F, et al. Evaluation of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in a long-term prospective study of posttransfusion hepatitis among thalassemic children: comparison between first- and second-generation assay. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1993;16:458-64.
87. Troisi CL, Hollinger B, Hoots WK, et al. A multicenter study of viral hepatitis in a United States hemophilic population. Blood 1993;81:412-8.
88. Greco M, Cristiano K, Leozappa G, et al. Hepatitis C infection in children and adolescents on haemodialysis and after renal transplant. Pediatr Nephrol 1993;7:424-7.
89. Jonas MM, Zilleruelo GE, LaRue SI, et al. Hepatitis C in a pediatric dialysis population. Pediatrics 1992;89:707-9.
90. Locasciulli A, Gornati G, Tagger A, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection and chronic liver disease in children with leukemia in long-term remission. Blood 1991;78:1619-22.
91. Rossetti F, Cesaro S, Pizzocchero P, et al. Chronic hepatitis B surface antigen-negative hepatitis after treatment of malignancy. J Pediatr 1992;121:39-43.
92. Tanaka E, Kiyosawa K, Soeyama T, et al. Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus in Japanese schoolchildren: comparison with adult blood donors. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1992;46:460-4.
93. Ngatchu T, Stroffolini T, Rapicetta M, et al. Seroprevalence of anti-HCV in an urban child population: a pilot survey in a developing area, Cameroon. J Trop Med Hyg 1992;95:57-61.
94. Riestra-Menendez S, Rodriguez-Garcia M, Sanchez-SanRoman F, et al. Intrafamilial spread of hepatitis C virus. Infection 1991;19:431-3.
95. Pramoolsinsap C, Kurathong S, Lerdverasirikul P. Prevalence of anti-HCV antibody in family members of anti-HCV-positive patients with acute and chronic liver disease. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Pub Hlth 1992;23:12-6.
96. Al Nasser MN. Intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV): a major mode of spread in the Saudi Arabia population. Ann Trop Pediatr 1992;12:211-5.
97. Hsu S-C, Chang M-H, Chen D-S, et al. Non-A, non-B hepatitis in children: a clinical, histologic, and serologic study. J Med Virol 1991;35:1-6.
98. Bortolotti F, Vajro P, Cadrobbi P, et al. Cryptogenic chronic liver disease and hepatitis C virus infection in children. J Hepatol 1992;15:73-6.
99. Nagata I, Shiraki K, Tanimoto K, et al. Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus. J Pediatr 1992;120:432-4.
100. Kuroki T, Nishiguchi S, Fukuda K, et al. Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) detected by HCV-RNA analysis. Gut 1993;34:s52-3.
101. Inoue Y, Miyamura T, Unayama T, et al. Maternal transfer of HCV. Nature 1991;353:609.
102. Ohto H, Terazawa S, Sasaki N, et al. Transmission of hepatitis C virus from mothers to infants. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:774-50.
103. Nowicki MJ, Balistreri WF. The hepatitis C virus: identification, epidemiology and clinical controversies. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1995;20:248-74.
104. Ruiz-Moreno M, Rua MJ, Castillo I, et al. Treatment of children with chronic hepatitis C with recombinant interferon-alfa: a pilot study. Hepatology 1992;16:882-5.
105. Iono R, Farriello I, Guida S, et al. Alpha lymphobiastoid interferon therapy in 12 children with chronic hepatitis C [Abstract]. Hepatology 1993;18:A237.
106. Gowans EJ, Bonino F. Hepatitis delta virus pathogenicity. Prog Clin Biol Res 1993;382:125-30.
107. Farci P, Mandas A, Coiana A, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis D with interferon alfa-2a. N Engl J Med 1994;330: 88-94.
108. Hadziyannis SJ. Use of alpha-interferon in the treatment of chronic delta hepatitis. J Hepatol 1991;13(suppl):21-6.
109. Madejon A, Cotonat T, Bartolome J, Castillo I, Carreno V. Treatmeht of chronic hepatitis D virus infection with low and high doses of interferon alpha 2a: utility of polymerase chain reaction in monitoring antiviral response. Hepatology 1994;19:1331-6.
110. Kleiner D, DiBisceglie AM, Axiotis CA, Hoofnagle JH. Prolonged alpha interferon therapy for chronic delta hepatitis: effect on liver histopathology. Prog Clin Biol Res 1993;382:365-71.
111. Kay MH, Wyllie R, Deimler C, et al. Alpha interferon therapy in children with chronic active hepatitis B and delta virus infection. J Pediatr 1993;123:1001-4.
112. Craxi A, DiMarco V, Volpes R, et al. Treatment with recombinant alpha2b-interferon of chronic HDV hepatitis in children. Prog Clin Biol Res 1991;364:399-404.
113. Perillo RP, Regenstein FG, Roodman St. Chronic hepatitis B in asymptomatic homosexual men with antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus. Ann Intern Med 1986;105: 382-3.
114. McDonald JA, Karayiannis P, Scully LJ, et al. Diminished responsiveness of male homosexual chronic hepatitis B virus carriers with HIV-III antibodies to recombinant alfa interferon. Hepatology 1987;7:719-23.
115. Wright TL, Hollander H, Pu X, et al. Hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients with and without AIDS: prevalence and relationship to patient survival. Hepatology 1994;20: 1152-5.
116. Boyer N, Marcelin P, Degott C, et al. Recombinant interferon alpha for chronic hepatitis C in patients positive for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis 1992;165:723-6.
117. Vento S, DiPerri G, Cruciani M, et al. Rapid decline in CD4+ cells after IFN alfa treatment in HIV-I infection. Lancet 1993;341:958-9.
118. Chan TM, Lok AS, Cheng IK, Ng IO. Chronic hepatitis C after renal transplantation. Treatment with alpha-interferon. Transplantation 1993;56:1095-8.
119. Ascher NL, Lake JR, Emond J, Roberts J. Liver transplantation for hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis. Hepatology 1994;20:24-7S
120. Hopf U, Neuhaus P, Lobeck H, et al. Follow-up of recurrent hepatitis B and delta infection in liver allograft recipients after treatment with recombinant interferon-alpha. J Hepatol 1991;13:339-46.
121. VanThiel DH, Wright HI, Gavaler JS, Fung J, Starzl TE. Interferon therapy of hepatitis following liver transplantation under FK506 or cyclosporine. Transplant Proc 1991; 23:3052-3.
122. Hirsch MS, Schooley RT, Cosimi AB, et al. Effects of interferon-alpha on cytomegalovirus reactivation syndromes in renal-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 1983;308:1489-93.
123. Sonnenblick M, Rosin A. Cardiotoxicity and interferon. A review of 44 cases. Chest 1991;99:557-61.
124. Mattson K, Niiranen A, Iiavanainen M, et al. Neurotoxicity of interferon. Cancer Treat Rep 1983;67:958-61.
125. Guyer DR, Tiedeman J, Yannuzzi LA, et al. Interferon-associated retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 1993;111:350-6.
126. Kassanides C, DiBisceglie AM, Hoofnagle JH, et al. Alpha interferon therapy in patients with decompensated chronic type B hepatitis. In: Zuckerman AJ, eds. Viral hepatitis and liver diseases. New York: Liss, 1988:840-3.
127. Fattovich G, Betterle C, Brollo L, et al. Autoantibodies during alfa interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis B. Br J Med Virol 1991;34:132-5.
128. Black M, Petrus M. Alpha-interferon treatment of chronic hepatitis C: need for accurate diagnosis in selecting patients. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:86-8.
129. Silva MO, Reddy KJ, Jeffers LJ, et al. Interferon induced chronic active hepatitis. Gastroenlerology 1991;101:840-2.
130. Shindo M, DiBisceglie AM, Hoofnagle JH. Acute exacerbation of liver disease during interferon alfa therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterohgy 1992;102:1406-8.
131. Ruiz-Moreno M, Rua MJ, Carreno V, et al. Autoimmune chronic hepatitis type 2 manifested during interferon therapy in children. J Hepatol 1991;12:265-6.
132. Lisker-Melman M, DiBisceglie AM, Usala SJ, et al. Development of thyroid disease during therapy of chronic viral hepatitis with interferon alfa. Gastroenterology 1992;102: 2155-60.
133. Marcellin P, Ponteau M, Renard P, et al. Sustained hypothyroidism induced by recombinant alfa interferon in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gut 1992;33:855-6.
134. Gisslinger H, Gilly B, Woloszczuk W, et al. Thyroid autoimmunity and hypothyroidism during long-term treatment with recombinant interferon-alpha. Clin Exp Immunol 1992;90:363-7.
135. Watanabe U, Hashimoto E, Hisamitsu T, Obata H, Hayashi N. The risk factor for development of thyroid disease during interferon alfa therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:399-403.
136. Lopez-Morante AJ, Saez-Royuela F, Casanova-Valero F, et al. Immune thrombocytopenia after alpha-interferon therapy in a patient with chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol 1992;87:809-10.
137. Chazerain P, Meyer O, Kahn MF. Rheumatoid arthritis - like disease after alpha-interferon therapy. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:427.
138. Fabris P, Betterle C, Florean A, et al. Development of type I diabetes mellitus during interferon alfa therapy for chronic HCV hepatitis [Letter]. Lancet 1992;340:548.
139. Koivisto VA. Interferon alfa and development of type I diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1992;340:1236.
140. Funk J, Langeland T, Schrumpf E, et al. Psoriasis induced by interferon alpha. Br J Dermatol 1991;125:463-5.
141. Protzer U, Ochsendorf FR, Leopolder-Ochsendorf A, Holtermuller K-H. Exacerbation of lichen planus during interferon alfa 2b therapy for chronic active hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 1993;104:903-5.
142. Renault PF, Hoofnagle JH, Park Y, et al. Psychiatric complications of long-term interferon alpha therapy. Arch Intern Med 1987;147:1577-80.
143. Renault PF, Hoofnagle JH. Side effects of alpha interferon. Semin Liv Dis 1989;9:273-7.
144. Janssen HL, Berk L, Vermeulen M, et al. Seizures associated with low dose of alpha interferon. Lancet 1990;336: 22-9.
145. Miller VS, Zweiner RJ, Fielman BA. Interferon-associated refractory status epilepticus. Pediatrics 1994;93:511-2.
146. Graessie D, Bonacini M, Chen S. Alpha-interferon and reversible hypertriglyceridemia. Ann Intern Med 1993;118: 316-7.
147. Wong JB, Koff RS, Tine F, Pauker SG. Cost-effectiveness of interferon-alpha2b treatment for hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:664-75.
148. Louis-Jacques O, Olson AD. Cost-effectiveness analysis of interferon alpha 2B therapy in children with chronic active hepatitis B. [Abstract]. Gastroenterology 1995;108:A1114.
149. Shiell A, Briggs A, Farrell GC. The cost effectiveness of alpha interferon in the treatment of chronic active hepatitis C. Med J Aust 1994;160:268-72.