Evidence for an earthquake-triggered basin collapse in Saguenay Fjord, Canada

Sedimentary Geology

Volumn 104, Issue 1-4, 1996, Pages 127-153

  Syvitski, James P M ^a,b   Schafer, Charles T ^a  

^a GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LANDSLIDE; PROVENANCE; SEDIMENT SUPPLY; SEISMIC TRIGGERING; SLOPE STABILITY; TURBIDITY CURRENT;

CANADA, QUEBEC, SAGUENAY FJORD;

EID: 0029752575     PISSN: 00370738     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0037-0738(95)00125-5     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Aarseth, I., Lønne, Ø. and Giskeødegaard, Ø., 1989. Submarine slides in glaciomarine sediments from some western Norwegian fjords. Mar. Geol., 88: 1-21.
2. Andresen, A. and Bjerrum, L., 1967. Slides in subaqueous slopes in loose sand and silt. In: A.F. Richards (Editor), Marine Geotechnique. University Illinois Press, Urbana, pp. 221-239.
3. Basham, P.W., Weichen, D.H., Anglin, F.M. and Berry, M.J., 1985. New probabilistic strong seismic ground motion maps of Canada. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., pp. 563-595.
4. Bergeron, R., 1985. Introduction historique au phénomène des coulees argileuses Québécoises. Ministère de l'Environement, Gouvernement du Québec, 25 pp.
5. Bowen, A.J., Normark, W.R. and Piper, D.J.W., 1984. Modelling of turbidity currents on Navy Submarine Fan, California Continental Borderland. Sedimentology, 31: 169-185.
6. Coakley, J.P. and Syvitski, J.P.M., 1991. SediGraph technique. In: J.P. Syvitski (Editor), Principles, Methods and Application of Particle Size Analysis. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 129-142.
7. De l'Incarnation, M., 1663. Marshall, J. (transl. and ed.), Word from New France - The selected letters of Marie de l'Incarnation. Oxford University Press, Toronto, pp. 278-295.
8. Dionne, J.C., 1968. Fossiles marins Pleistocenes dans la partie nord du lac Saint-jean. Naturaliste Canadien, 95: 1401-1408.
9. Doig, R., 1986. A method for determining the past frequency of large magnitude earthquakes using lake sediments. Can. J. Earth Sci., 7: 930-937.
10. Drainville, G., 1970. Le fiord du Saguenay: II. La faune ichtyologique et les conditions écologiques. Naturaliste Canadien, 97: 623-666.
11. Hiscott, R.N. and Middleton, G.V., 1979. Depositional mechanics of thick-bedded sandstones at the base of a submarine slope, Tourelle Formation (lower Ordovician), Quebec, Canada. SEPM Spec. Publ., 27: 307-326.
12. Hoskin, K.S., Syvitski, J.P.M., Asprey, K.W. and Connolly, P., 1984. Expedition report No. 84-025, Louis M. Lauzier, Centre Champlain des Sciences de la Mer, October 19-21, 1984. Geological Survey of Canada, unpublished report.
13. Jiang, L. and LeBlond, P.H., 1992 The coupling of a submarine slide and the surface waves which it generates. J. Geophys. Res., 97: 12731-12744.
14. Komar, P.D., 1985. The hydraulic interpretation of turbidites from their grain sizes and sedimentary structures. Sedimentology, 32: 395-408.
15. Kostaschuk, R.A., Luternauer, J.L., McKenna, G.T. and Moslow, T.F., 1992. Sediment transport in a submarine channel system: Fraser River delta, Canada. J. Sediment. Petrol., 62: 273-282.
16. Lamontagne, M., Wetmiller, R.J. and Du Berger, R., 1990. Some results from the 25 November, 1988 Saguenay, Quebec, earthquake. Proceedings of the 43rd Canadian Geotechnical Conference, 1, Prediction and Performance in Geotechnique, Quebec City, Quebec, pp. 177-183.
17. La Rochelle, P., 1973. Rapport de synthèse des études de la coulée d'argile de Saint-Jean Vianney. Report S-151, Ministère des Richesses Naturelles du Québec, 75 pp.
18. LaSalle, P., 1984. Quaternary stratigraphy of Québec: a review. In: R.J. Fulton (Editor), Quaternary Stratigraphy of Canada - A Canadian Contribution to IGCP Project 24. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 84-10, pp. 155-171.
19. LaSalle, P. and Chagnon, J.Y., 1968. An ancient landslide along the Saguenay River, Quebec. Can. J. Earth Sci., 5: 548-549.
20. LaSalle, P. and Tremblay, G., 1978. Depots meubles Saguenay lac Saint-Jean. Report 191, Ministère des Richesses Naturelles du Québec, 61 pp.
21. Laverdiere, C. and Mailloux, A., 1956. Etat de nos connaissances d' une transgression marine post-glaciaire dans les regions du haut Saguenay et du lac Saint-Jean. Rev. Can. Geogr., 10: 201-220.
22. Legget, R.F., 1945. Pleistocene deposits of the Shipshaw area, Quebec. Trans. R. Soc. Can., Sect. 4, Ser. 3, 39: 27-39.
23. Legget, R.F. and LaSalle, P., 1978. Soil studies at Shipshaw, Quebec: 1941 and 1969. Can. Geotech. J., 15: 556-564.
24. Lisitzin, A.P., 1991. Characteristics of global sediment formation in regions of high and superhigh accumulation rates. In: Shoreline to Abyss. Soc. Sediment. Geol. (SEPM) Spec. Publ., 46: 79-97.
25. Locat, J. and Bergeron, M., 1988. Etude a rebours de glissements Sous-Marines-Fjord du Saguenay, Quebec. 41st Canadian Geotechnical Conference Preprint Volume, Oct. 5-7, 1988, Kitchener, Ontario, pp. 336-353.
26. Locat, J., Lefebvre, G. and Ballivy, G., 1984. Mineralogy, chemistry, and physical properties interrelationships of some sensitive clays from Eastern Canada. Can. Geotech. J., 21: 530-540.
27. Locat, J., Perret, D., Pelletier, M., Couture, R., Hammouche, K., Tremblay, H. and Vaunat, J., 1991. Expedition oceanographique 90-028 à bord du CSS HUDSON: Les volets geotechnique et geophysique section fjord du Saguenay. Rapport GREGI-91-20, Dept. de Géologie, Université Laval, 100 pp.
28. Loring, D.H. and Nota, D.J., 1973. Morphology and sediments of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Bull. Fisheries Res. Board Can., 182, 147 pp.
29. Luternauer, J.L. and Swan, D., 1978. Kitimat submarine slump deposit(s) a preliminary report. Current Research Part A, Geol. Surv. Can. Pap., 78-1A: 327-332.
30. Mandl, G. and Crans, W., 1981. Gravitational gliding in deltas. In: Thrust and Nappe Tectonics. Geol. Soc. London, pp. 41-54.
31. Middleton, G.V., 1966. Experiments on density and turbidity currents, II. Uniform flow of density currents. Can. J. Earth Sci., 3: 627-637.
32. Nardin, T.R., Hein, F.J., Gorsline, D.S. and Edwards, B.D., 1979. A review of mass movement processes, sediment and acoustic characteristics, and contrasts in slope and base-of-slope systems versus canyon-fan-basin floor systems. SEPM Spec. Publ., 27: 61-73.
33. Normark, W.R. and Piper, D.J.W., 1991. Initiation processes and flow evolution of turbidity currents: implications for the depositional record. In: Shoreline to Abyss. SEPM Spec. Publ., 46: 207-230.
34. Oehmig, R., 1993. Entrainment of planktonic foraminifera: effect of bulk density. Sedimentology, 40: 869-877.
35. Parker, G., Fukushima, Y. and Pantin, H.M., 1986. Self-accelerating turbidity currents. J. Fluid Mech., 171: 145-181.
36. Perret, D., Locat, J. and Leroueil, S., 1993. Strength development with burial during early diagenesis in fine-grained sediments from the Saguenay fjord, Quebec. 4th Annual Canadian Conference on Marine Geotechnique, St. John's, Newfoundland.
37. Praeg, D.B. and Syvitski, J.P.M., 1991. Marine geology of Saguenay Fjord. Geol. Surv. Can., Open File Rep., 2395, 14 sheets.
38. Praeg, D.B., Syvitski, J.P.M., Schafer, C.T., Johnston, B.L and Hackett, D.W., 1987. CSS Dawson 86-016 cruise report. Geol. Surv. Can., Open File Rep., 1412, 45 pp.
39. Prior, D.B., Wiseman, W.J., Jr. and Gilbert, R., 1981. Submarine slope processes on a fan delta, Howe Sound, British Columbia. Geo-Mar. Lett., 1: 85-90.
40. Prior, D.B., Bornhold, B.D. and Coleman, J.M. and Bryant, W.R., 1982a. Morphology of a submarine slide, Kitimat Arm, British Columbia. Geology, 10: 588-592.
41. Prior, D.B., Coleman, J.M. and Bornhold, B.D., 1982b. Results of a known sea floor instability event. Geo-Mar. Lett., 2: 117-122.
42. Russell, H.A.J., 1992. The stratigraphie evolution of the Quaternary sedimentary sequence at Anse Saint-Jean, Saguenay Fjord, Quebec. M.Sc. Thesis, Université Lavai, Québec, 92 pp.
43. Schafer, C.T. and Cole, F.E., 1986. Reconnaissance survey of benthic foraminifera from Baffin Island fiord environments. Arctic, 39: 232-239.
44. Schafer, C.T. and Smith, J.N., 1987. Hypothesis for a submarine landslide and cohesionless sediment flows resulting from a 17th century earthquake-triggered landslide in Quebec, Canada. Geo-Mar. Lett., 7: 31-37.
45. Schafer, C.T. and Smith, J.N., 1988. Evidence of the occurrence and magnitude of terrestrial landslides in recent Saguenay fjord sediments. In: M.I. El-Sabh and T.S. Murty (Editors), Natural and Man-Made Hazards, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, pp. 137-145.
46. Schafer, C.T., Smith, J.N. and Loring, D.H., 1980. Recent sedimentation events at the head of Saguenay Fjord, Canada. Environ. Geol., 3: 139-150.
47. Schafer, C.T., Smith, J.N. and Seibert, G., 1983. Significance of natural and anthropogenic sediment inputs to the Saguenay Fjord, Quebec. Sediment. Geol., 36: 177-194.
48. Schafer, C.T., Cole, F.E. and Syvitski, J.P.M., 1989. Bio and Lithofacies of modern sediments in Knight and Bute Inlets, British Columbia. Palaios, 8: 107-126.
49. Schafer, C.T., Smith, J.N. and Côte, R., 1990. The Saguenay Fiord: A major tributary to the St. Lawrence Estuary. In: M.I. El-Sabh and N. Silverberg (Editors), Coastal and Estuarine Studies, 39. Oceanography of a Large-Scale Estuarine System the St. Lawrence. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 378-420.
50. Slaczka, A. and Walton, E.K., 1992. Flow characteristics of Metresa: an Oligocene seismoturbidite in the Dukla Unit, Polish Carpathians. Sedimentology, 39: 383-392.
51. Smith, J.N. and Schafer, C.T., 1987. A 20th-century record of climatologically modulated sediment accumulation rates in a Canadian Fiord. Quat. Res., 27: 232-247.
52. Smith, J.N. and Walton, A., 1980. Sediment accumulation rates and geochronologies measured in the Saguenay Fjord using Pb-210 dating method. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 44: 225-240.
53. Smith, W.E.T., 1962. Earthquakes of eastern Canada and adjacent areas: 1534-1927. Publications of the Dominion Observatory, Ottawa, 26: 271-301.
54. Syvitski, J.P.M., 1986. Estuaries, Deltas and Fjords of Eastern Canada. Geosci. Can., 13: 91-100.
55. Syvitski, J.P.M. and Farrow, G.E., 1989. Fjord sedimentation as an analogue for small hydrocarbon-bearing submarine fans. In: M.K.G. Whateley and K.T. Pickering (eds.) Deltas: Sites and Traps for Fossil Fuels. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 41: 21-43.
56. Syvitski, J.P.M. and Hein, F.J., 1991. Sedimentology of an Arctic basin: Itirbilung Fiord, Baffin Island, Northwest Territories. Geol. Surv. Can. Pap., 91-11, 66 pp.
57. Syvitski, J.P.M. and Praeg, D.B., 1989. Quaternary Sedimentation in the St. Lawrence Estuary and Adjoining Areas, Eastern Canada: an overview based on high-resolution seismo-stratigraphy. Géogr. Phys. Quat., 43: 291-310.
58. Syvitski, J.P.M., Burrell, D.C. and Skei, J.M., 1987. FJORDS: Processes and Products. Springer-Verlag, New York, 379 pp.
59. Syvitski, J.P.M., Smith, J.N., Boudreau, B. and Calabrese, E.A., 1988. Basin sedimentation and the growth of prograding deltas. J. Geophys. Res., 93: 6895-6908.
60. Syvitski, J.P.M., LeBlanc, K.W.G. and Cranston, R.E., 1990. The flux and preservation of organic carbon in Baffin Island fjords. In: J.A. Dowdeswell and J.D. Scourse (Editors), Glaciomarine Environments: Processes and Sediments. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., 53: 217-239.
61. Syvitski, J.P.M., Asprey, K.W. and Clattenburg, D.A., 1991. Principles, design and calibration of settling tubes. In: J.P.M. Syvitski (Editor), Principles, Methods and Application of Particle Size Analysis. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 45-63.
62. Tavenas, F., Chagnon, J.Y. and La Rochelle, P., 1971. The Saint-Jean Vianney landslide: observations and eye witnesses accounts. Can. Geotech. J., 8: 463-478.
63. Taylor, G.B., 1975. Saguenay River sections from fifteen cruises 1961-1974. Unpublished manuscript, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Data Series BI-D-75-2, 38 pp.
64. Terzaghi, K., 1956. Varieties of submarine slope failures. Proceeding of the Eighth Texas Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 41 pp.
65. Tsutsui, B., Campbell, J.F. and Coulbourn, W.T., 1987. Storm-generated, episodic sediment movements off Kahe Point, Oahu, Hawaii. Mar. Geol., 76: 281-299.
66. Turner, J.S., 1973. Buoyancy Effects in Fluids. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 368 pp.
67. Tuttle, M., Law, K.T., Seeber, L. and Jacob, K., 1990. Liquefaction and ground failure induced by the 1988 Saguenay, Quebec, earthquake. Can. Geotech. J., 27: 580-589.
68. van Tassel, J., 1986. Discussion - the hydraulic interpretation of turbidites from their grain sizes and sedimentary structures. Sedimentology, 33: 437-438.
69. Zeng, J., Lowe, D.R., Prior, D.B., Wiseman, W.J., Jr. and Bornhold, B.D., 1991 Flow properties of turbidity currents in Bute Inlet, British Columbia. Sedimentology, 38: 975-996.
70. Faunal references Adercotryma glomerata (Brady): Lituola glomerata Brady, 1878, p. 433, pl. 20, figs. 1a-c.
71. Adercotryma glomerata (Brady): Loeblich and Tappan, 1952, p. 141, figs. 1-4.
72. Cassidulina reniforme Nørvang: Cassidulina crassa d'Orbigny var. reniforme Nørvang, 1945, p. 41, text figures 6e-h.
73. Cassidulina reniforme Nørvang: Rodriguez, Hooper and Jones, 1980, p. 58, pl. 2, figs. 2, 4, 6; pl. 3, figs. 3, 6, 9, 11, 12; pl. 5, figs. 10-12.
74. Cribroelphidium excavatum (Terquem): Polystomella excavata Terquem, 1875, p. 25, pl. 2, fig. 2.
75. C. excavatum (Terquem): Loeblich and Tappan, 1964, C635. See also Miller et al., 1982, for phenotypes.
76. Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (Ehrenberg): Aristerospira pachyderma Ehrenberg, 1861, p. 303.
77. N. pachyderma pachyderma (Ehrenberg): Rögl and Bolli, 1973, p. 571, pl. 11, figs. 2-6; pl. 16, fig. 12.
78. Spiroplectammina biformis (Parker and Jones): Textularia agglutinans var. biformis Parker and Jones, 1865, p. 370, pl. 15, figs. 23, 24.
79. Spiroplectammina biformis (Parker and Jones) Cushman, 1927, p. 23, pl. 5, fig. 1.
80. Textularia gracillima Höglund: Textularia earlandi Phleger, 1952, p. 86, pl. 13, figs. 22, 23 (homonym).
81. T. gracillima: Höglund, 1947, p. 182, pl. 13, fig. 2, tf. 156.
82. Centropyxis aculeata (Ehrenberg): Arcella aculeata Ehrenberg, 1832, p. 91.
83. C. aculeata (Ehrenberg) Stein, 1859, p. 43.
84. BRADY, H.B., 1878. On the reticularian and radiolarian Rhizopoda (foraminifera and polycystina) of the North-Polar Expedition of 1875-1876. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Ser. 5, 1: 425-440.
85. CUSHMAN, J.A., 1927. An outline of a re-classification of the foraminifera. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 3, pt. 1: 1-105.
86. EHRENBERG, C.G., 1832. Über die Entwicklung und Lebensdauer der Infusionsthiere, nebst ferneren Beitragen zu einer Vergleichung ihren organischen Systeme. Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin Abhandlungen, 1831, Physikalische Abhandlungen: 1-154.
87. EHRENBERG, C.G., 1861. Element des tiefen Meeresgrundes im Mexikanischen Golfstrome bei Florida: uber die Tiefgrund-Verhaltnisse des Oceans am Eingange der Davisstrasse und bei Island. Monatsbericht der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, pp. 275-315.
88. HÖGLUND, H., 1947. Foraminifera in the Gullmar Fjord and the Skagerak. Zoologiske Bidrag fran Uppsala, 26: 1-328.
89. LOEBLICH, A.J. and TAPPAN, H., 1952. Adercotryma, a new Recent foraminiferal genus from the Arctic. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 42(5): 141-142.
90. LOEBLICH, A.J. and TAPPAN, H., 1964. Sarcodina (Chiefly 'Thecamoebians' and Foraminiferida). In: Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part C, Protista 2, vols. 2 (1) and 2 (2), 900 pp., Geol. Soc. America and University of Kansas Press, New York.
91. MILLER, A.L., SCOTT, D.B. and MEDIOLI, F.S., 1982. Elphidium excavatum (Terquem): Ecophenotypic versus subspecific variation. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 12(2): 116-144.
92. NORVANG, A., 1945. The Zoology of Iceland, Foraminifera, 2, pt. 2, 1-79, Ejnar Munksgaard, Copenhagen and Reykjavik.
93. PARKER, W.K. and JONES, T.R., 1865. On some Foraminifera from the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, including Davis Straits and Baffin's Bay. Philosophical Transactions, 155: 325-441.
94. PHLEGER, F.B., 1952. Foraminifera distribution in some sediment samples from the Canadian and Greenland Arctic. Contributions from the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, 3, 2: 80-89.
95. RODRIGUEZ, C.G., HOOPER, K. and JONES, P., 1980. The apertural structures of Islandiella and Cassidulina. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 10(1): 48-60.
96. RÖGL, F. and BOLLI, H.M., 1973. Holocene to Pleistocene planktonic foraminifera of Leg 15, site 147 (Cariaco Basin [Trench] Caribbean Sea) and their climatic significance. In: N.T. EDGAR, J.B. SAUNDERS et al., Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 15: 553-616.
97. STEIN, S.F.N., 1859. Über die ihm aus eigener Untersuchung bekannt gewordenen Susswasser-Rhizopoden. Königliche Bohmische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften Abhandlungen, Ser. 5, 10, Berichte der Sectionen, pp. 41-43.
98. TERQUEM, O., 1875. Essai sur le classement des animaux qui vivent sur la plage et dans les environs de Dunkerque; Premiere fascicule. Societe Dunkerquoise, Memoires, Dunkerque, 19 (1874-75), pp. 405-407.