Mitotic chromosome condensation

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology

Volumn 12, Issue , 1996, Pages 305-333

  Koshland, Douglas ^a   Strunnikov, Alexander ^a  

^a GEOPHYSICAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

chromosome structure; mitosis; SMC proteins; topoisomerase II

Indexed keywords

CHROMOSOME PROTEIN; CIS ACTING ELEMENT; DNA POLYMERASE; DNA TOPOISOMERASE (ATP HYDROLYSING); HIGH MOBILITY GROUP PROTEIN; HISTONE; HISTONE H1; HISTONE H2A; HISTONE H2B; HISTONE H3; HISTONE H4; NONHISTONE PROTEIN; RNA POLYMERASE; TRANS ACTING FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

CHROMATIN; CHROMOSOME CONDENSATION; CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE; DNA PROTEIN COMPLEX; DNA REPLICATION; EUKARYOTIC CELL; FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; GENETIC CONSERVATION; HUMAN; INTERPHASE; MAMMAL CELL; MITOSIS; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOSOME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FAMILY; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; REVIEW; YEAST CELL;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; CHROMOSOMES; HUMANS; MITOSIS; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; NUCLEAR PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACID CONFORMATION;

EUKARYOTA; MAMMALIA;

EID: 0029751985     PISSN: 10810706     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.12.1.305     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Adachi Y, Luke M, Laemmli U. 1991. Chromosome assembly in vitro: topoisomerase II is required for condensation. Cell 64:137-48
2. Adams DE, Shekhtman EM, Sechiedrich EL, Schmid MB, Cozzarelli NR. 1992. The role of topoisomerase IV in partitioning bacterial replications and the structure of catenated intermediates in DNA replication. Cell 71:277-88
3. Adolph KW, Cheng SM, Laemmli UK. 1977. Role of nonhistone proteins in metaphase chromosome structure. Cell 12:805
4. Alani E, Padmore R, Kleckner N. 1990. Analysis of wild-type and rad5O mutants of yeast suggests an intimate relationship between meiotic chromosome synapsis and recombination. Cell 61:419-36
5. Alberts BM. 1984. The DNA enzymology of protein machines. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 49:1-12
6. Baldi MI, Benedetti P, Mattoccia E, Tocchini-Valentini GP. 1980. In vitro catenation and decatenation of DNA and a novel eucaryotic ATP-dependent topoisomerase. Cell 20:461-67
7. Baumgartner M, Dutrillaux B, Lemieux N, Lillenbaum A, Paulin D, et al. 1991. Genes occupy a fixed and symmetrical position on sister chromatids. Cell 64:761-66
8. Benyajati C, Worcel A. 1976. Isolation, characterization and structure of the folded interphase genome of Drosophila melanogaster. Cell 9:393-407
9. Berger JM, Gamblin SJ, Harrison SC, Wang JC. 1996. Structure and mechanism of DNA topoisomerase II. Nature 379:225-32
10. Birkenbihl RP, Subramani S. 1995. The rad21 gene product of Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a nuclear, cell cycle-regulated phosphoprotein. J. Biol. Chem. 270:7703-11
11. Boy de la Tour E, Laemmli UK. 1988. The metaphase scaffold is helically folded: sister chromatids have predominantly opposite helical handedness. Cell 55:937-44
12. Bradbury EM. 1992. Reversible histone modifications and the chromosome cell cycle. BioEssays 14:9-16
13. Brandriff B, Gordon L, Trask B. 1991. A new system for high-resolution DNA sequence mapping in interphase pronuclei. Genomics 10:75-82
14. Brill SJ, Sternglanz R. 1988. Transcription-dependent DNA supercoiling in yeast DNA topoisomerase mutants. Cell 54:403-11
15. Buchenau P, Saumweber H, Amdt-Jovin DJ. 1993. Consequences of topoisomerase II inhibition in early embryogenesis of Drosophila revealed by in vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy. J. Cell Sci. 104:1175-85
16. Callan HG. 1986. Lampbrush Chromosomes. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 255 pp.
17. Chuang P-T, Albertson DG, Meyer BJ. 1994. DPY-27: a chromosome condensation protein homolog that regulates C. elegans dosage compensation through association with the X chromosome. Cell 79:459-74
18. Clarke D, Johnson R, Downes C. 1993. Topoisomerase II inhibition prevents anaphase chromatid segregation in mammalian cells independently of the generation of DNA strand breaks. J. Cell Sci. 105:563-69
19. Cook PR, Brazen IA. 1975. Supercoils in human DNA. J. Cell Sci. 19:261
20. Denison SH, Kafer E, May GS. 1992. Mutation in the bimD gene of Aspergillus nidulans confers a conditional mitotic block and sensitivity to DNA damaging agents. Genetics 134:1085-96
21. Earnshaw WC, Halligan B, Cooke CA, Heck MMS, Liu LF. 1985. Topoisomerase II is a structural component of mitotic chromosome scaffolds. J. Cell Biol. 100:1706-15
22. Earnshaw WC, Heck MMS. 1985. Localization of topoisomerase II in mitotic chromosomes. J. Cell Biol. 100:1716-25
23. Earnshaw WC, Laemmli UK. 1983. Architecture of metaphase chromosomes and chromosome scaffolds. J. Cell Biol. 96:84-93
24. Falk G, Walker J. 1988. DNA sequence of a gene cluster coding for subunits of the F-0 membrane sector of ATP synthase in Rhodospirillum rubrum: support for modular evolution of the F-1 and F-0 sectors. Biochem. J. 254:109-22
25. Fleischmann RD, Adams MD, White D, Clayton RA, Kirkness EF, et al. 1995. Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilis influenzas Rd. Science 269:496-512
26. Fraser CM, Gocayne JD, White D, Adams MD, Clayton RA, et al. 1995. The minimal gene complement of Mycoplasma genitalium. Science 270:397-403
27. Funabiki H, Hagan I, Uzawa S, Yanagida M. 1993. Cell cycle-dependent specific positioning and clustering of centromeres and telomeres in fission yeast. J. Cell Biol. 121:961-76
28. Gartenberg MR, Wang JC. 1993. Identification of barriers to rotation of DNA segments in yeast from the topology of DNA rings excised by an inducible site-specific recombinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:10514-18
29. Gasser SM. 1992. Functional aspects of chromosome organization: scaffold attachment regions and their ligands. In Advances in Molecular and Cell Biology, pp. 75-101. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press
30. Gasser SM, Laemmli UK. 1986. Cohabitation of scaffold binding regions with upstream/enhancer elements of three developmentally regulated genes in D. melanogaster. Cell 46:521-30
31. Gill DR, Salmond GP. 1987. The Escherichia coli cell division proteins FtsY, FtsE and FtsX are inner membrane-associated. Mol. Gen. Genet. 210:504-8
32. Gorbsky G. 1994. Cell cycle progression and chromosome segregation in mammalian cell cultured in the presence of the topoisomerase II inhibitors ICRF-187 [(+)-1,2-bis(c,5-dioxopiperazinyll-1-yl)propane; ADR-529] and ICRF-159 (Razoxane). Cancer Res. 54:1042-48
33. Goto T, Wang JC. 1982. Yeast DNA topoisomerase II. J. Biol. Chem. 257:5866-72
34. Guacci V, Hogan E, Koshland D. 1994. Chromosome condensation and sister chromatid pairing in budding yeast. J. Cell Biol. 125:517-23
35. Guo X, Thing J, Swank R, Anderson H, Tudan C, et al. 1995. Chromosome condensation induced by tostriecein does not require p34cdc2 kinase activity and histone H1 hyperphosphorylation, but is associated with enhanced histone H2A and H3 phosphorylation. EMBO J. 14:976-85
36. Heller RA, Shelton ER, Dietrich V, Elgin SCR, Brutlag DL. 1986. Multiple forms and cellular localization of Drosophila DNA topoisomerase II. J. Biol. Chem. 261:8063-69
37. Hirano T. 1995. Biochemical and genetic dissection of mitotic chromosome condensation. Trends Biol. Sci. 20:357-61
38. Hirano T, Mitchison TJ. 1991. Cell cycle control of higher-order chromatin assembly around naked DNA in vitro. J. Cell Biol. 115:1479-89
39. Hirano T, Mitchison TJ. 1993. Topoisomerase II does not play a scaffolding role in the organization of mitotic chromosomes assembled in Xenopus egg extracts. J. Cell Biol. 120:601-12
40. Hirano T, Mitchison TJ. 1994. A heterodimeric coiled-coil protein required for mitotic chromosome condensation in vitro. Cell 79:449-58
41. Hirano T, Mitchison TJ, Swedlow JR. 1995. The SMC family: from chromosome condensation to dosage compensation. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 7:329-36
42. Hiraoka Y, Minden JS, Swedlow JR, Sedat JW, Agard DA. 1989. Focal points for chromosome condensation and decondensation revealed by three-dimensional in vivo time-lapse microscopy. Nature 342:293-96
43. Hock R, Carl M, Lieb B, Gebauer D, Scheer U. 1996. A monoclonal antibody against DNA topoisomerase II labels the axial granules of Pleurodeles lampbrush chromosomes. Chromosoma 104:358-66
44. Holm C. 1994. Coming undone: how to untangle a chromosome. [Review] Cell 77:955-57
45. Holm C, Goto T, Wang JC, Botstein D. 1985. DNA topoisomerase II is required at the time of mitosis in yeast. Cell 41:553-63
46. Holm C, Stearns T, Botstein D. 1989. DNA topoisomerase II must act at mitosis to prevent nondisjunction and chromosome breakage. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:159-68
47. Holt CL, May GS. 1996. An extragenic suppressor of the mitosis-defective bim6 mutation of Aspergillus nidulans codes for a chromosome scaffold protein. Genetics 142:777-87
48. Hsieh T-S, Brutlag D. 1980. ATP-dependent DNA topoisomerase from D. melanogaster reversibly catenates duplex DNA rings. Cell 21:115-25
49. Iarovaia O, Hancock R, Lagarkova M, Miassod R, Razin SV. 1996. Mapping of genomic DNA loop organization in a 500-kilobase region of the Drosophila X chromosome by the topoisomerase II-mediated DNA loop excision protocol. Mol. Cell Biol. 16:302-8
50. Igó-Kemens T, Zachau HG. 1977. Domains in chromatin structure. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 42:109-18
51. Kim RA, Wang JC. 1989. Function of DNA topoisomerases as replication swivels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Mol. Biol. 208:257-67
52. Klein F, Laroche T, Cardenas ME, Hofmann JF, Schweizer D, et al. 1992. Localization of RAP1 and topoisomerase II in nuclei and meiotic chromosomes of yeast. J. Cell Biol. 117:935-48
53. Kreuzer KN, Cozzarelli NR. 1980. Formation and resolution of DNA catenanes by DNA gyrase. Cell 20:245-54
54. Larionov V, Karpova T, Kouprina N, Jouravleva G. 1985. A mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with impaired maintenance of centromeric plasmids. Curr. Genet. 10:15-20
55. Lawrence JB, Villnave CA, Singer RH. 1988. Sensitive, high-resolution chromatin and chromosome mapping in situ: presence and orientation of two closely integrated copies of EBV in a lymphoma line. Cell 52:51-61
56. Lehmann AR, Walicka M, Griffiths DJF, Murray JM, Watts FZ, et al. 1995. The rad18 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe defines a new subgroup of the SMC superfamily involved in DNA repair. Mol. Cell Biol. 15:7067-80
57. Lewis CD, Laemmli UK. 1982. Higher order metaphase chromosome structure: evidence for metalloprotein interactions. Cell 29:171-81
58. Lichter P, Cremer T, Borden J, Manuelidis L, Ward DC. 1988. Delineation of individual human chromosomes in metaphase and interphase cells by in situ suppression hybridization using recombinant DNA libraries. Hum. Genet. 80:224-34
59. Ma X, Saitoh N, Curtis PJ. 1993. Purification and characterization of a nuclear DNA-binding factor complex containing topoisomerase II and chromosome scaffold protein 2. J. Biol. Chem. 268:6182-88
60. Marsden MP, Laemmli UK. 1979. Metaphase chromosomes: evidence for a radial loop model. Cell 17:849-58
61. Mathog D, Hochstrasser M, Gruenbaum Y, Saumweber H, Sedat J. 1984. Characteristic folding pattern of polytene chromosomes in Drosophila salivary gland nuclei. Nature 308:414-21
62. Meyer BJ, Casson LP. 1986. Caenorhabditis elegans compensates for the difference in X chromosome dosage between the sexes by regulating transcript levels. Cell 47:871-81
63. Mirkovitch J, Gasser SM, Laemmli UK. 1988. Scaffold attachment of DNA loops in metaphase chromosomes. J. Mol. Biol. 200:101-10
64. Mirkovitch J, Mirault M-E, Laemmli UK. 1984. Organization of the higher order chromatin loop: specific DNA attachment sites on nuclear scaffolds. Cell 39:223-32
65. Moens PB, Earnshaw WC. 1989. Anti-topoisomerase II recognizes meiotic chromosome cores. Chromosoma 98:317-22
66. Moudrianakis E, Arents G. 1993. Structure of the histone octamer core of the nucleosome and its potential interactions with DNA. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 58:273-79
67. Mueller R, Yasuda H, Hatch C, Bonner W, Bradbury E. 1985. Identification of ubiquitinated histones 2A and 2B in Physarum polycephalum. Disappearance of these proteins at metaphase and reappearance at anaphase. J. Biol. Chem. 260:5147-53
68. Newport J. 1987. Nuclear reconstitution in vitro: stages of assembly around protein-free DNA. Cell 48:205-17
69. Newport J, Spann T. 1987. Disassembly of the nucleus in mitotic extracts: membrane vesicularization, lamin disassembly and chromosome condensation are independent processes. Cell 48:219-30
70. Notarnicola S, McIntosh M, Wise K. 1991. A Mycoplasma hyorhinis protein with sequence similarities to nucleotide-binding enzymes. Gene 97:77-85
71. Ohsumi K, Katagiri C, Kishimoto T. 1993. Chromosome condensation in Xenopus mitotic extracts without histone H1. Science 262:2033-35
72. Paulson JR, Laemmli UK. 1977. The structure of historic-depleted metaphase chromosomes. Cell 12:817
73. Peterson C. 1994. The SMC family: novel motor proteins for chromosome condensation? Cell 79:389-92
74. Pinkel D, Landegent J, Collins C, Fuscoe J, Seagraves R, et al. 1988. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with human chromosome-specific libraries: detection of trisomy 21 and translocations of chromosome 4. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:9138-42
75. Rao P, Adlakha R. 1984. Chromosome condensation and decondensation factors in the life cycle of eukaryotic cells. Symp. Fund. Cancer Res. 37:45-69
76. Rattner JB, Lin CC. 1985. Radial loops and helical coils coexist in metaphase chromosomes. Cell 42:291-96
77. Roca J, Wang JC. 1994. DNA transport by a type II DNA topoisomerase: evidence in favor of a two-gate mechanism. Cell 77:609-16
78. Rostas K, Morton SJ, Picksley SM, Lloyd RG. 1987. Nucleotide sequence and LexA regulation of the Escherichia coli recN gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 15:5041-49
79. Roth SY, Allis CD. 1992. Chromatin condensation: does histone H1 dephosphorylation play a role? Trends Biol. Sci. 17:93-98
80. Saitoh N, Goldberg IG, Earnshaw WC. 1995. The SMC proteins and the coming of age of the chromosome scaffold hypothesis. BioEssays 17:759-66
81. Saitoh N, Goldberg IG, Wood ER, Earnshaw WC. 1994. ScII: an abundant chromosome scaffold protein is a member of a family of putative ATPases with an unusual predicted tertiary structure. J. Cell Biol. 127:303-18
82. Saitoh Y, Laemmli UK. 1994. Metaphase chromosome structure: bands arise from a differential folding path of the highly AT-rich scaffold. Cell 76:609-22
83. Saka Y, Sutani T, Yamashita Y, Saitoh S, Takeuchi M, et al. 1994. Fission yeast cut3 and cut14, members of the ubiquitous protein family, are required for chromosome condensation and segregation in mitosis. EMBO J. 13:4938-52
84. Samejima I, Matsumoto T, Nakaseko Y, Beach D, Yanagida M. 1993. Identification of seven new cut genes involved in Schizosaccharomyces pombe mitosis. J. Cell Sci. 105:135-43
85. Schultz MC, Brill SJ, Ju Q, Sternglanz R, Reeder RH. 1992. Topoisomerases and yeast rRNA transcription: negative supercoiling stimulates initiation and topoisomerase activity is required for elongation. Genes Dev. 6:1332-41
86. Selig S, Okumura K, Ward DC, Cedar H. 1992. Delineation of DNA replication time zones by fluorescence in situ hybridization. EMBO J. 11:1217-25
87. Shamu CE, Murray AW. 1992. Sister chromatid separation in frog egg extracts required DNA topoisomerase II activity during anaphase. J. Cell Biol. 117:921-34
88. Shen X, Yu L, Weir JW, Grovosky MA. 1995. Linker histones are not essential and affect chromatin condensation in vivo. Cell 82:47-56
89. Smith MM. 1991. Histone structure and function. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 3:429-37
90. Spell RM, Holm C. 1994. Nature and distribution of chromosomal intertwinings in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:1465-76
91. Strick R, Laemmli U. 1995. SARs are cis DNA elements of chromosome dynamics: synthesis of a SAR repressor protein. Cell 83:1137-48
92. Strunnikov AV, Hogan E, Koshland D. 1995. SMC2, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene essential for chromosome segregation and condensation defines a subgroup within the SMC-family. Genes Dev. 9:587-99
93. Strunnikov AV, Larionov VL, Koshland D. 1993. SMC1: an essential yeast gene encoding a putative head-rod-tail protein is required for nuclear division and defines a new ubiquitous protein family. J. Cell Biol. 123:1635-48
94. Sumner A. 1992. Inhibitors of topoisomerases do not block the passage of human lymphocyte chromosomes through mitosis. J. Cell Sci. 103:105-15
95. Sumner AT. 1996. The distribution of topoisomerase II on mammalian chromosomes. Chromosome Res. 4:5-14
96. Sundin O, Varshavsky A. 1981. Arrest of segregation leads to accumulation of highly intertwined catenated dimers: dissection of the final stages of SV40 DNA replication. Cell 25:659-69
97. Swedlow JR, Sedat JW, Agard DA. 1993. Multiple chromosomal populations of topoisomerase II detected in vivo by time-lapse, three-dimensional side-field microscopy. Cell 73:97-108
98. Udvardy A, Schedl P. 1991. Chromatin structure, not DNA sequence specificity, is the primary determinant of topoisomerase II sites of action in vivo. Mol Cell Biol. 11:4973-84
99. Uemura T, Ohkura H, Adachi Y, Morino K, Shiozaki K, et al. 1987. DNA topoisomerase II is required for condensation and separation of mitotic chromosomes in S. pombe. Cell 50:917-25
100. Uemura T, Yanagida M. 1984. Isolation of type I and II DNA topoisomerase mutants from fission yeast: single and double mutants show different phenotypes in cell growth and chromatin organization. EMBO J. 3:1737-44
101. Uemura T, Yanagida M. 1986. Mitotic spindle pulls but fails to separate chromosomes in type II DNA topoisomerase mutants: uncoordinated mitosis. EMBO J. 5:1003-10
102. Van Holde K, Zlatanoval J. 1995. Chromatin higher order structure: chasing a mirage. J. Biol. Chem. 270:8373-76
103. Vassetzky YS, Dang O, Benedetti P, Gasser SM. 1994. Topoisomerase II forms multimers in vitro: effects of metals, beta-glycerophosphate and phosphorylation of its C-terminal domain. Mol. Cell Biol. 14:6962-74
104. Vernos I, Reats J, Hirano T, Heasman J, Karsenti E, et al. 1995. Xklp1, a chromosomal Xenopus kinesin-like protein essential for spindle organization and chromosome positioning. Cell 81:117-27
105. Ward S, McNeil J, de Lara J, Lawrence J. 1995. Localization of three genes in the asymmetric hamster sperm nucleus by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Mol. Biol. Cell 6:72a
106. Weaver DT, Fields-Berry SC, DePamphilis ML. 1985. The termination region for SV40 DNA replication directs the mode of separation for the two sibling molecules. Cell 41:565-75
107. Wood ER, Earnshaw WC. 1990. Mitotic chromatin condensation in vitro using somatic cell extracts and nuclei with variable levels of endogenous topoisomerase II. J. Cell Biol. 111:2839-50
108. Wright S, Schatten G. 1990. Teniposide, a topoisomerase II inhibitor, prevents chromosome condensation and separation but not decondensation in fertilized surf clam (Spisula solidissima) oocytes. Dev. Biol. 142:224-32
109. Yakoto H, van den Engh G, Hearst JE, Sachs RK, Trask BJ. 1995. Evidence for the organization of chromatin in megabase pair-sized loops arranged along a random walk path in the human GO/G1 interphase nucleus. J. Cell Biol. 130:1239-49
110. Yanagida M. 1995. Frontier questions about sister chromatid separation in anaphase. BioEssays 17:519-26
111. Zechiedrich EL, Cozzarelli NR. 1995. Roles of topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase in DNA unlinking during replication in Escherichia coli. Genes Dev. 9:2859-69
112. Zini N, Martelli AM, Sabatelli P, Santi S, Negri C, et al. 1992. The 180-kDa isoform of topoisomerase II is localized in the nucleolus and belongs to the structural elements of the nucleolar remnant. Exp. Cell Res. 200:460-66