The genetic diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in natural ecosystems - A key to understanding the ecology and functioning of the mycorrhizal symbiosis

New Phytologist

Volumn 133, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 123-134

  Sanders, Ian R ^a   Clapp, Justin P ^b   Wiemken, Andres ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BASEL   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF YORK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Gene turnover; Glomales; Internal transcribed spacer; Molecular drive; Ribosomal genes

Indexed keywords

ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA; MYCORRHIZA; SYMBIOSIS;

EID: 0029751313     PISSN: 0028646X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1996.tb04348.x     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Abbott LK. 1982. Comparative anatomy of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas formed on subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Botany 30: 485-499.
2. Aguan K, Sugawara K, Suzuki N, Kusano T. 1991. Isolation of genes for low-temperature-induced proteins in rice by a simple subtraction method. Plant Cell Physiology 32: 1285-1289.
3. Ainsworth PJ, Surh LC, Coulter-Mackie MB. 1991. Diagnostic single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) a simplified non-radioisotopic method as applied to a Tay-Sachs B1 variant. Nucleic Acids Research 19; 405-406.
4. Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW. 1979. Introductory mycology, 3rd edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
5. Bachmann, K. 1994. Molecular markers in plant ecology. New Phytologist 126: 403-418.
6. Bauer D, Müller H, Reich J, Riedel H, Ahrenkiel V, Warthoe P, Strauss M. 1993. Identification of differentially expressed mRNA species by an improved display technique (DDRT-PCR). Nucleic Acids Research 21: 4272-4280.
7. Bianciotto V, Bonfante P. 1992. Quantification of the nuclear DNA content of two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycological Research 96: 1071-1076.
8. Bruns TD, Gardes M. 1993. Molecular tools for the identification of ectomycorrhizal fungi -taxon-specific oligonucleotide probes for suilloid fungi. Molecular Ecology 2: 233-242.
9. Burggraaf AJP, Beringer JE. 1989. Absence of nuclear DNA synthesis in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during in vitro development. New Phytologist 111: 25-33.
10. Clapp JP, Young JPW, Merryweather JW, Fitter AH. 1995. Diversity of fungal symbionts in arbuscular mycorrhizas from a natural community. New Phytologist 130: 259-265.
11. Darnell J, Lodish H, Baltimore D. 1990. Molecular cell biology, 2nd edition. New York: Scientific American Books.
12. Di Bonito R, Elliot ML, Des Jardin EA. 1995. Detection of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in roots of different plant species with the PCR. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61: 2809-2810.
13. Dover G. 1986. Molecular drive in multigene families: how biological novelties arise, spread and are assimilated. Trends in Genetics 2: 159-165.
14. Fitter AH. 1990. The role and ecological significance of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas in temperate ecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 29: 137-151.
15. Franken P, Gianinazzi-Pearson V. 1996. Phage cloning of ribosomal RNA genes from the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae and Scutellospora castanea. Mycorrhiza (in press).
16. Gallaud I. 1905. Etudes sur les mycorrhizes endotrophes. Revue Generale Botanique 17: 5-48.
17. Gange AC, Brown VK, Farmer LM. 1990. A test of mycorrhizal benefit in an early successional plant community. New Phytologist 115: 85-91.
18. Gardes M, White TJ, Fortin JA, Bruns TD, Taylor JW. 1991. Identification of indigenous and introduced symbiotic fungi in ectomycorrhizae by amplification of nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal DNA. Canadian Journal of Botany 69: 180-190.
19. Gardes M, Bruns TD. 1993. ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes - application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Molecular Ecology 2:113-118.
20. Gerdemann JW. 1965. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas formed on maize and tulip tree by Endogone fasciculata. Mycologia 57: 562-575.
21. Grime JP, Mackey JM, Hillier SM, Read DJ. 1987. Floristic diversity in a model system using experimental microcosms. Nature 328: 420-422.
22. Groppe K, Sanders IR, Wiemken A, Boiler T. 1995. A microsatellite marker for studying the ecology and diversity of fungal endophytes (Epichloë spp.) in grasses. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61: 3943-3949.
23. Gulick PJ, Dvorak J. 1990. Selective enrichment of cDNAs from salt-stress-induced genes in the wheatgrass, Lophopyrum elongatum, by the formamide-phenol emulsion reassociation technique. Gene 95: 173-177.
24. Hahn A, Horn K, Hock B. 1995. Serological properties of mycorrhizas. In: Varma A, Hock B, eds. Mycorrhiza: Structure, Function, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 181-201.
25. Harley JL, Smith SE. 1983. The mycorrhizal symbiosis. London: Academic Press.
26. Hepper CM, Sen R, Maskall CS. 1986. Identification of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in roots of leek (Allium porrum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) on the basis of enzyme mobility during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. New Phytologist 102: 529-539.
27. Hoelzel AR, Dover GA. 1991. Molecular genetic ecology. Oxford: IRL Press.
28. Jakobsen I, Abbott LK, Robson AD. 1992. External hyphae of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Trifolium subterraneum L. 1. Spread of hyphae and phosphorus inflow into roots. New Phytologist 120: 371-380.
29. Klironomos JN, Moutoglis P, Kendrick B, Wilden P. 1993. A comparison of spatial heterogeneity of vesicular-arbuscular fungi in two maple forest soils. Canadian Journal of Botany 11: 1472-1480.
30. Koide RT. 1991. Nutrient supply, nutrient demand and plant response to mycorrhizal infection. New Phytologist 117: 365-386.
31. Kourilsky P. 1986. Molecular mechanisms for gene conversion in higher cells. Trends in Genetics 2: 60-63.
32. Lackie SM, Garriock ML, Peterson RL, Bowley SR. 1987. Influence of host plant on the morphology of the vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme (Daniels & Trappe) Berch. Symbiosis 3: 147-158.
33. Lanfranco L, Wyss P, Marzachi C, Bonfante P. 1995. Generation of RAPD-PCR primers for the identification of isolates of Glomus mosseae, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Molecular Ecology 4: 61-68.
34. Law R. 1985. Evolution in a mutualistic environment. In: Boucher DH, ed. The Biology of Mutualism: Ecology and Evolution. London: Croom Helm, 145-170.
35. Liang P, Averboukh L, Pardee AB. 1993. Distribution and cloning of eukaryotic mRNAs by means of differential display: refinements and optimization. Nucleic Acids Research 21: 3269-3275.
36. Lloyd-MacGilp SA, Chambers SM, Dodd JC, Fitter AH, Walker C, Young JPW. 1996. Diversity of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacers within and among isolates of Glomus mosseae and related fungi. New Phytologist this volume, 103-112.
37. McGee PA. 1989. Variation in propagule numbers of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a semi-arid soil. Mycological Research 92: 28-33.
38. McGonigle TP. 1988. A numerical analysis of published field trials with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Functional Ecology 2: 473-478.
39. Makino R, Yazyu H, Kishimoto Y, Sekiya T, Hayashi K. 1992. F-SSCP: fluorescence-based polymerase chain reaction single-stranded conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis. PCR Methods and Applications 2: 10-13.
40. Merryweather J, Fitter AH. 1995a. Phosphorus and carbon budgets: mycorrhizal contribution in Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard ex Rothm under natural conditions. New Phytologist 129: 619-627.
41. Merryweather J, Fitter AH. 1995b. Arbuscular mycorrhiza and phosphorus as controlling factors in the life history of Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard ex Rothm. New Phytologist 129: 629-636.
42. Pearson JN, Abbott LK, Jasper DA. 1993. Mediation of competition between two colonizing VA mycorrhizal fungi by the host plant. New Phytologist 123: 93-98.
43. Pyrozynski KA, Dalpé Y. 1989. Geological history of the Glomaceae with particular reference to mycorrhizal symbiosis. Symbiosis 7: 1-36.
44. Remy W, Taylor T, Haas H, Kerp H. 1994. Four-hundred-million-year-old vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae. Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences USA 91: 11 841-11 843.
45. Rolden-Fajardo BE. 1994. Effect of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal endophytes on the development of six wild plants colonising a semi-arid area in south-east Spain. New Phytologist 127: 115-122.
46. Rosendahl S, Rosendahl CN, Søchting U. 1990. Distribution of VA mycorrhizal endophytes amongst plant species from a Danish grassland community. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 29: 329-335.
47. Sanders IR. 1993. Temporal infectivity and specificity of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas in co-existing grassland species. Oecologia 93: 349-355.
48. Sanders IR, Fitter AH. 1992. The ecology and functioning of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas in co-existing grassland species. I. Seasonal patterns of mycorrhizal occurrence and morphology. New Phytologist 120: 517-524.
49. Sanders IR, Ravolanirina F, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Gianinazzi S, Lemoine MC. 1992. Detection of specific antigens in the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Gigaspora margarita and Acaulospora laevis using polyclonal antibodies to soluble spore fractions. Mycological Research 96: 477-480.
50. Sanders IR, Koide RT. 1994. Nutrient acquisition and community structure in co-occurring mycotrophic and non-mycotrophic old-field annuals. Functional Ecology 8: 77-84.
51. Sanders IR, Alt M, Groppe K, Boller T, Wiemken A. 1995. Identification of ribosomal DNA polymorphisms among and within spores of the Glomales: application to studies on the genetic diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities. New Phytologist 130: 419-427.
52. Simon L, Lalonde M, Bruns TD. 1992. Specific amplification of 18S fungal ribosomal genes from vesicular-arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungi colonizing roots. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 58: 291-295.
53. Simon L, Lévesque RC, Lalonde M. 1992. Rapid quantitation by PCR of endomycorrhizal fungi colonizing roots. PCR Methods and Applications 2: 76-80.
54. Simon L, Lévesque RC, Lalonde M. 1993b. Identification of endomycorrhizal fungi colonizing roots by fluorescent single-strand conformation polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59: 4211-4215.
55. Simon L, Bousquet J, Lévesque RC, Lalonde M. 1993a. Origin and diversification of endomycorrhizal fungi and coincidence with vascular land plants. Nature 363: 67-69.
56. Simon L. 1996. Phylogeny of the Glomales: deciphering the past to understand the present. New Phytologist: this volume: 95-101.
57. Smith GP. 1976. Evolution of repeated DNA sequences by unequal crossovers. Science 191: 528-535.
58. Smith SE, Smith FA. 1990. Structure and function of the interfaces in biotrophic symbioses as they relate to nutrient transport. New Phytologist 114: 1-38.
59. Tsai H-F, Liu J-S, Staben C, Christensen MJ, Latch GCM, Siegel MR, Schardl CL. 1994. Evolutionary diversification of fungal endophytes of tall fescue grass by hybridization with Epichloë species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 91: 2542-2546.
60. Uberla K, Platzer C, Diamantstein T, Blankenstein T. 1991. Generation of competitor DNA fragments for quantitative: PCR. PCR Methods and Applications 1: 136-139.
61. Walker C. 1992. Systematics and taxonomy of the arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungi (Glomales) - a possible way forward. Agronomie 12: 887-897.
62. Walker C, Mize CW, McNabb HS. 1982. Populations of endogonaceous fungi at two locations in central Iowa. Canadian Journal of Botany 60: 2518-2529.
63. Walker C, Trappe JM. 1993. Names and epithets in the Glomales and Endogonales. Mycological Research 97: 339-344.
64. Wilson AC, Ochman H, Prager EM. 1987. Molecular timescale for evolution. Trends in Genetics 3: 241-247.
65. Winker S, Woese CR. 1991. A definition of the domains Archea, Bacteria and Eucarya in terms of small subunit ribosomal RNA characteristics. Systematic Applied Microbiology 14: 305-310.
66. White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innes MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ, eds. PCR Protocols: a Guide to Methods and Applications. New York: Academic Press, 315-322.
67. Woese CR. 1987. Bacterial evolution. Microbiology Review 51: 221-271.
68. Woese CR. 1992. Prokaryote systematics: the evolution of a science. In: Balows A, Trüber HG, Harder W, Schleifer K-H, eds. The Prokaryotes. New York: Springer-Verlag, 3-18.
69. Wright SF, Morton JB. 1989. Detection of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus colonization of roots by using a dot-immunoblot assay. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 55: 761-763.
70. Wyss P, Bonfante P. 1993. Amplification of genomic DNA of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi by PCR using short arbitrary primers. Mycological Research 97: 1351-1357.