Recrystallization and the origin of layering in the Bushveld Complex

Lithos

Volumn 37, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 15-37

  Zingg, A J ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEOBEN   (Austria)

^c NONE   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUSHVELD COMPLEX; LAYERING; PEGMATITE; REACTION TEXTURE; RECRYSTALLIZATION;

SOUTH AFRICA, TRANSVAAL;

EID: 0029750809     PISSN: 00244937     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0024-4937(95)00013-5     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Ballhaus, C.G. and Stumpfl, E.F., 1985a. Graphite, platinum and the C-O-H-S system. Can. Mineral., 23: 293.
2. Ballhaus, C.G. and Stumpfl, E.F., 1985b. Occurrence and petrological significance of graphite in the upper Critical Zone western Bushveld Complex South Africa. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 74:58-68.
3. Ballhaus, C.G. and Stumpfl, E.F., 1986. Sulfide and platinum mineralization in the Merensky Reef: evidence from hydrous silicates and fluid inclusions. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 94: 193-204.
4. Bence, A.E. and Albee, A.L., 1968. Empirical correction factors for the electron microanalysis of silicates and oxides. J. Geol., 76: 382-403.
5. Bird, D.K., Manning, C.E. and Rose, N.M., 1988. Hydrothermal alteration of tertiary layered gabbros, East Greenland. Am. J. Sci., 288: 405-457.
6. Boudreau, A.E., 1988. Investigations of the Stillwater Complex. IV: The role of volatiles in the petrogenesis of the J-M reef Minneapolis adit section. Can. Mineral., 26: 193-208.
7. Boudreau, A.E. and McCallum, I.S., 1985. Evidence for mineral reactions and metasomatism by silica undersaturated Cl-rich fluid in the main Pt-Pd zone Stillwater Complex Montana. Can. Mineral., 23: 296.
8. Boudreau, A.E., Mathez, E.A. and McCallum, I.S., 1986. Halogen geochemistry of the Stillwater and Bushveld Complexes: Evidence for transport of the platinum-group elements by Cl-rich fluids. J. Petrol., 27: 967-986.
9. Bowen, N.L., 1956. The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks. Reprint 1956. Princeton University Press, 332 pp.
10. Cameron, E.N. and Desborough, G.A., 1964. Origin of certain magnetite bearing pegmatites in the eastern part of the Bushveld Complex South Africa. Econ. Geol., 59: 197-225.
11. Campbell, I.H., 1979. Some problems with the cumulus theory. Lithos, 11:311-323.
12. Candia Fornoni, M.A., Mazzucchelli, M. and Siena, F., 1989. Sub-solidus reactions and corona structures in the Niquelândia Layered Complex Brazil. Mineral. Petrol., 40: 17-37.
13. Cawthorn, R.G., McCarthy, T.S. and Davies, G., 1983. Vertical chemical gradients in a single grain of magnetite from the Bushveld Complex. Min. Mag., 47,:27-34.
14. Chernosky, J.V., Berman, R.G. and Bryndzia, L.T., 1988. Stability, phase relations and thermodynamic properties of chlorite and serpentine group minerals. In: P.H, Ribbe (Editior), Hydrous Phyllosilicates. Mineral. Soc. Am., pp. 295-346.
15. Désnoyers, Ch. 1975. Exsolutions d'amphibole, de grenat et de spinelle dans les pyroxènes de roches ultrabasiques: péridotite et pyroxénolites. Bull, minéral., 98: 65-77.
16. Evans, B. and Guggenheim, S. 1988. Talc, pyrophyllite and related minerals. In: P.H. Ribbe (Editor), Hydrous Phyllosilicates. Mineral. Soc. Am., pp. 225-294.
17. Fisher, G.W., 1990. The exploration of reaction space. Geochem. Soc. Spec. Pap., 2: 133-139.
18. Fockema, R.A.P. and Van Biljon, W.J., 1956. Chromite and dunite of the Bushveld Complex Discussion. Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr., 59: 75-76.
19. Frost, B.R., 1985. On the stability of sulfides, oxides and native metals in serpentinite. J. Petrol., 26: 31-63.
20. Griffin, W.L., 1971. Genesis of coronas in anorthosites of the upper Jotun Nappe Indre Sogn Norway. J. Petrol., 12: 219-243.
21. Griffin, W.L., Mellini, M., Oberti, R. and Rossi, G., 1985. Evolution of coronas in Norwegian anorthosites: re-evaluation based on crystal chemistry and microstructures. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 91: 330-339.
22. Hamilton, P.J., 1977. Sr-isotope and trace element studies of the Great Dyke and Bushveld mafic phase and their relation to early proterozoic magma genesis in Southern Africa. J. Petrol., 18: 24-52.
23. Helgeson, H.C., Delany, J.M., Nesbitt, H.W. and Bird, D.K., 1978. Summary and critique of the thermodynamic properties of rock forming minerals. Am. J. Sci., 278A: 229.
24. Hiemstra, S.A., 1979. The role of collectors in the formation of the platinum deposits in the Bushveld Complex. Can. Mineral., 17: 469-482.
25. Irvine, T.N., 1982. Terminology for layered intrusions. J. Petrol., 23: 127-162.
26. Irvine, T.N., 1987. Layering and related structures in the Duke Island and Skaergaard Intrusions: Similarities, differences and origins. In: J Parsons (Editor), Origins of Igneous Layering. NATO ASI Series, pp. 185-246.
27. Jackson, E.D., 1961. Primary Textures and Mineral Associations in the Ultramafic Zone of the Stillwater Complex Montana. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 358. U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington, 106 pp.
28. Jones, J.P., 1974. Pegmatitic Bodies in Mafic Rocks of the Bushveld Complex, Bafokeng Leasehold Area. Unpubl. MSc Thesis, Univ. Witwatersrand, 78 pp.
29. Kinloch, E.D., 1982. Regional trends in the platinum-group minerals of the Critical Zone of the Bushveld Complex. Econ. Geol., 77: 1328-1347.
30. Kretz, R., 1961. Some applications of thermodynamics to coexisting minerals of variable composition. Examples, opx-cpx and opx-garnet. J. Geol., 69: 361-387.
31. Kruger, F.J. and Marsh, S.J., 1985. The mineralogy, petrology and origin of the Merensky Cyclic Unit of the Western Bushveld Complex. Econ. Geol., 80: 958-975.
32. Lindsley, D.H., 1983. Pyroxene thermometry. Am. Mineral., 68: 477-494.
33. Lombaard, B. V., 1956. Chromite and dunite of the Bushveld Complex. Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr., 59: 59-74.
34. McBirney, A.R. and Noyes, R.M., 1979. Crystallization and layering of the Skaergaard intrusion. J. Petrol., 20: 487-554.
35. Morse, S.A., 1980. Basalts and Phase Diagrams. Springer, Berlin, 493 pp.
36. Naldrett, A.J., Gasparrini, B.C., Barnes, S.J., Von Gruenewaldt, G. and Sharpe, M.R., 1986. The Upper Critical Zone of the Bushveld Complex and the origin of the Merensky type ores. Econ. Geol., 81: 1105-1117.
37. SACS (South African Committee for Stratigraphy), 1980. Handbook 8, Part 1. Lithostratigraphy of the Republic of South Africa South West Africa/Namibia and the Republic of Bophuthatswana, Transkei and Venda, Government Printer, Pretoria, 690 PP.
38. Schiffries, C.M. 1982. The petrogenesis of a platiniferous dunite pipe in the Bushveld Complex: infiltration metasomatism by a chloride solution. Econ. Geol., 77: 1439-1453.
39. Schiffries, C.M. and Skinner, B.J. 1987. The Bushveld hydrothermal system: field observations and petrological evidence. Am. J. Sci., 287: 566-595.
40. Schmidt, E.R., 1952. The structure and composition of the Merensky Reef and associated rocks on the Rustenburg platinum mine. Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr., 55: 233-279.
41. Stumpfl, E.F. and Rucklidge, J.C. 1982. The platiniferous dunite pipes of the Eastern Bushveld. Econ. Geol., 77: 1419-1431.
42. Tarkian, M. and Stumpfl, E.F. 1975. Platinum minerals of the Driekop mine South Africa. Mineral Dep., 10: 71-85.
43. Taylor, H.P. Jr. and Forester, R.W., 1979. An oxygen and hydrogen isotope study of the Skaergaard intrusion and its country rocks: a description of a 55 my old fossil hydrothermal system. J. Petrol., 20: 355-119.
44. Thompson, J.B., 1981. An introduction to the mineralogy and petrology of the biopyriboles. In: D.R. Veblen (Editor), Reviews in Mineralogy. Mineral. Soc. Am., 9A: 141-188.
45. Van Zyl, J.P., 1970. The petrology of the Merensky Reef and the associated rocks on Swartklip 988 Rustenberg District. Geol. Soc. S. Afr. Spec. Publ., 1: 80-108.
46. Vermaak, C.F., 1976. The Merensky Reef-thoughts on its environment and genesis. Econ. Geol., 71: 1270-1298.
47. Viljoen, M.J. and Scoon, R.N., 1985. The distribution and main geologic features of discordant bodies of iron rich ultramafic pegmatites in the Bushveld complex. Econ. Geol., 80: 1109-1129.
48. Wager, L.R., 1963. The mechanism of adcumulus growth in the layered series of the Skaergaard intrusion. Spec. Pap. Mineral. Soc. Am., 1: 1-9.
49. Wager, L.R. and Brown, G.M., 1968. Layered Igneous Rocks. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, 588 pp.
50. Wager, L.R., Brown, G.M. and Wadsworth, W.J., 1960. Types of igneous cumulates. J. Petrol., 1: 73-85.
51. Whithney, P.R. and McLelland, J.M., 1973. Origin of coronas in metagabbros of the Adirondacks Mts. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 39: 81-98.
52. Zingg, A.J., 1988. Mineralogy and chemistry of mafic pegmatites and associated rocks of the Critical Zone - Bushveld Complex. Unpubl. Ph.D. Thesis. Montan Univ. Leoben.
53. Zingg, A.J., 1991. Mineral reactions in closed system involving amphibole and plagioclase. Am. Mineral., 76: 617-627.
54. Zingg, A.J., 1992. The formation of a Cpx-corona - mass balance considerations. Lithos, 28: 55-68.
55. 2O involving serpentine. Can. Mineral., 31: 665-685.