Learning from joint venture: The Rover-Honda relationship

Business History

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 90-114

  Pilkington, Alan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CORPORATE CULTURE; HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE; HONDA; JOINT VENTURE; MANUFACTURING; ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE; ROVER;

UK;

EID: 0029750525     PISSN: 00076791     EISSN: 17437938     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00076799600000005     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. There is much debate surrounding the definition of IJV, alliances or exchanges. Jorde and Teece provide a taxonomy for joint ventures. See: T. Jorde and D. Teece, 'Competition and Cooperation: Striking the Right Balance', California Management Review, Vol.31 No.3 (1989), p.31. For the purposes of this article, joint ventures represent any link between two existing firms to design or produce a product, but stops short of merger because this generates a new company which has potentially to accommodate two very different sets of history and practice.
2. G. Hamel, 'Competition for Competence and Inter-Partner Learning within International Strategic Alliances', Strategic Management Journal, Vol.12 Special Edition (1991), pp.83-103.
3. K. Williams, J. Williams and C. Haslam, The Breakdown of Austin Rover (London, 1987).
4. K. Wild, 'Managerial Incentives and the Valuation of International Joint Venture Formation' (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, 1994), p.41.
5. M. Porter, The Economist Management Report No.1202 (ed. S. Caulkin) (London, April 1990); P.J. Buckley and M. Casson, 'A Theory of Cooperation in International Business', in F.J. Contractor and P. Lorange (eds.), Cooperative Strategies in International Business (Lexington MA, 1988).
6. M. Porter, The Economist Management Report No.1202 (ed. S. Caulkin) (London, April 1990); P.J. Buckley and M. Casson, 'A Theory of Cooperation in International Business', in F.J. Contractor and P. Lorange (eds.), Cooperative Strategies in International Business (Lexington MA, 1988).
7. G. Hamel and C. Prahalad's papers represent the keys to this debate: 'Strategic Intent', Harvard Business Review (May-June 1989), pp.63-76 and 'The Core Competence of the Corporation', Harvard Business Review (May-June 1990), pp.79-91; as does: Y. Doz, 'Learning through Manufacturing Alliances', Manufacturing Europe 1992 (London, 1992), pp.47-9.
8. G. Hamel and C. Prahalad's papers represent the keys to this debate: 'Strategic Intent', Harvard Business Review (May-June 1989), pp.63-76 and 'The Core Competence of the Corporation', Harvard Business Review (May-June 1990), pp.79-91; as does: Y. Doz, 'Learning through Manufacturing Alliances', Manufacturing Europe 1992 (London, 1992), pp.47-9.
9. G. Hamel and C. Prahalad's papers represent the keys to this debate: 'Strategic Intent', Harvard Business Review (May-June 1989), pp.63-76 and 'The Core Competence of the Corporation', Harvard Business Review (May-June 1990), pp.79-91; as does: Y. Doz, 'Learning through Manufacturing Alliances', Manufacturing Europe 1992 (London, 1992), pp.47-9.
10. A. Parkhe, 'Messy Research, Methodological Predispositions, and Theory Development in International Joint Ventures', Academy of Management Journal, Vol.18 No.2 (1993), pp.227-68.
11. M.E. Porter, 'The Competitive Advantage of Nations', Harvard Business Review (March 1990), p.75; K. Ohmae, 'The Global Logic of Strategic Alliances', Harvard Business Review (March 1989), p.151.
12. M.E. Porter, 'The Competitive Advantage of Nations', Harvard Business Review (March 1990), p.75; K. Ohmae, 'The Global Logic of Strategic Alliances', Harvard Business Review (March 1989), p.151.
13. B. Gomes-Casseres, 'Joint Venture Instability: Is it a Problem?' Columbia Journal of World Business, Vol.22 No.2 (1987), pp.7-13.
14. Hamel, 'Competition for Competence'.
15. A. Mair, Honda's Global Local Corporation (Basingstoke, 1994), p.277; K. Williams, C. Haslam and S. Johal, 'Who's Responsible? BAe: BMW: Honda: Rover' (unpublished paper, 1994), p.25-9.
16. A. Mair, Honda's Global Local Corporation (Basingstoke, 1994), p.277; K. Williams, C. Haslam and S. Johal, 'Who's Responsible? BAe: BMW: Honda: Rover' (unpublished paper, 1994), p.25-9.
17. As Prahalad and Hamel, 'Core Competence', predict, Honda did not share its latest technologies and products with Rover, for example the more modern engines including the VTEC, and its most successful models such as the Civic and Accord.
18. This assumes that the auto industry is not disrupted by any other major revelations to disturb the present market and manufacturing structures, such as a radical environmental protection policy which would severely restructure the industry. See 'End of a Love Affair', Independent on Sunday, 30 Jan. 1994, p.17.
19. See Independent, 1 Feb. 1994, pp. 1-3, 15, 17, 26-7 for the full story; 'How BMW Zipped in and Called Rover Right Over', Business Week, 14 Feb. 1994, pp.20-21; 'BMW's Bold Gamble', Chilton's Automotive Industries, Vol.174 No.4 (1994), p.44-6.
20. See Independent, 1 Feb. 1994, pp. 1-3, 15, 17, 26-7 for the full story; 'How BMW Zipped in and Called Rover Right Over', Business Week, 14 Feb. 1994, pp.20-21; 'BMW's Bold Gamble', Chilton's Automotive Industries, Vol.174 No.4 (1994), p.44-6.
21. See Independent, 1 Feb. 1994, pp. 1-3, 15, 17, 26-7 for the full story; 'How BMW Zipped in and Called Rover Right Over', Business Week, 14 Feb. 1994, pp.20-21; 'BMW's Bold Gamble', Chilton's Automotive Industries, Vol.174 No.4 (1994), p.44-6.
22. M. Harrison, 'The Rover Takeover: Honda Pours Cold Water on Long-term Relationship', Independent, 2 Feb. 1994, p.2.
23. Williams, Breakdown, p.54.
24. J. Glancey, 'Rover 1990', Independent, 14 July 1990, p.27.
25. S. Goldenberg, International Joint Ventures in Action (1988), p.169.
26. N. Nakamoto, 'Mazda Tries to Put its House in Order', Financial Times, 23 Jan. 1995, p.10.
27. Guardian, 24 Feb. 1990.
28. E. Anderson, 'Two Firms, One Frontier: On Assessing Joint Venture Performance', Sloan Management Review, Vol.31 No.2 (1990), pp. 19-31.
29. K. Harrigan, 'Joint Ventures and Competitive Strategy', Strategic Management Journal, Vol.9 (1988), pp. 141-58; M. Hergert and D. Morris, 'Trends in International Collaborative Agreements', in Contractor and Lorange (eds.), Cooperative Strategies in International Business; P. O'Brien and M. Tallis, 'Strategic Alliances: The Shifting Boundaries between Collaboration and Competition', Multinational Business (Winter, 1989), pp.10-17; C. Leadbeater, 'Co-drivers Needed on Rocky Road', Financial Times, 19 Jan. 1993, p.19.
30. K. Harrigan, 'Joint Ventures and Competitive Strategy', Strategic Management Journal, Vol.9 (1988), pp. 141-58; M. Hergert and D. Morris, 'Trends in International Collaborative Agreements', in Contractor and Lorange (eds.), Cooperative Strategies in International Business; P. O'Brien and M. Tallis, 'Strategic Alliances: The Shifting Boundaries between Collaboration and Competition', Multinational Business (Winter, 1989), pp.10-17; C. Leadbeater, 'Co-drivers Needed on Rocky Road', Financial Times, 19 Jan. 1993, p.19.
31. K. Harrigan, 'Joint Ventures and Competitive Strategy', Strategic Management Journal, Vol.9 (1988), pp. 141-58; M. Hergert and D. Morris, 'Trends in International Collaborative Agreements', in Contractor and Lorange (eds.), Cooperative Strategies in International Business; P. O'Brien and M. Tallis, 'Strategic Alliances: The Shifting Boundaries between Collaboration and Competition', Multinational Business (Winter, 1989), pp.10-17; C. Leadbeater, 'Co-drivers Needed on Rocky Road', Financial Times, 19 Jan. 1993, p.19.
32. K. Harrigan, 'Joint Ventures and Competitive Strategy', Strategic Management Journal, Vol.9 (1988), pp. 141-58; M. Hergert and D. Morris, 'Trends in International Collaborative Agreements', in Contractor and Lorange (eds.), Cooperative Strategies in International Business; P. O'Brien and M. Tallis, 'Strategic Alliances: The Shifting Boundaries between Collaboration and Competition', Multinational Business (Winter, 1989), pp.10-17; C. Leadbeater, 'Co-drivers Needed on Rocky Road', Financial Times, 19 Jan. 1993, p.19.
33. K.Eason, 'Rover Acts to Prevent Toyota Poaching its Staff, The Times, 10 July 1989, p.7.
34. Interview with Rover Manufacturing Manager (TH), Sept. 1992.
35. L. Turner, Industrial Collaboration with Japan(London, 1987), p.58.
36. N. Cooper, 'Competitive Advantage from Collaboration' (Rover Internal Report as part of a Warwick University MSc thesis, 1990).
37. M. Porter, 'Management Report'; K. Ohmae, 'Global Logic'; the IMVP study recorded in: J. Womack, D. Jones and J. Roos (eds.), The Machine that Changed the World (London, 1990).
38. M. Porter, 'Management Report'; K. Ohmae, 'Global Logic'; the IMVP study recorded in: J. Womack, D. Jones and J. Roos (eds.), The Machine that Changed the World (London, 1990).
39. M. Porter, 'Management Report'; K. Ohmae, 'Global Logic'; the IMVP study recorded in: J. Womack, D. Jones and J. Roos (eds.), The Machine that Changed the World (London, 1990).
40. S. Goldberg, Joint Ventures, p.9.
41. Sunday Times, 4 March 1990, p.D7.
42. Mair, Local Corporation, pp.277-8.
43. G. Robson, The Rover Story (London 1984); The trajectory of innovation in the cycle industry is analysed in W, Bijker, T. Hughes and T. Pinch, The Social Construction of Technological Systems (Cambridge MA, 1987) and R. Roy, 'Design Evolution, Technological Innovation and Economic Growth', in R. Roy and D. Wield (eds.), Product Design and Technological Innovation (Buckingham, 1986).
44. G. Robson, The Rover Story (London 1984); The trajectory of innovation in the cycle industry is analysed in W, Bijker, T. Hughes and T. Pinch, The Social Construction of Technological Systems (Cambridge MA, 1987) and R. Roy, 'Design Evolution, Technological Innovation and Economic Growth', in R. Roy and D. Wield (eds.), Product Design and Technological Innovation (Buckingham, 1986).
45. G. Robson, The Rover Story (London 1984); The trajectory of innovation in the cycle industry is analysed in W, Bijker, T. Hughes and T. Pinch, The Social Construction of Technological Systems (Cambridge MA, 1987) and R. Roy, 'Design Evolution, Technological Innovation and Economic Growth', in R. Roy and D. Wield (eds.), Product Design and Technological Innovation (Buckingham, 1986).
46. R. Whipp and P. A. Clark, Innovation in the Auto Industry (London, 1986).
47. R. Church, Herbert Austin: The British Motor Car Industry to 1941 (London, 1979).
48. R. Overy, William Morris, Viscount Nuffield (London, 1976); K. Richardson, The British Motor Industry, 1896-1939 (London, 1977).
49. R. Overy, William Morris, Viscount Nuffield (London, 1976); K. Richardson, The British Motor Industry, 1896-1939 (London, 1977).
50. For an outline of the decline of British motor car manufacturing in the post-war period, see R. Church, The Rise and Decline of the British Motor Industry (London, 1994), pp.43-99.
51. Secretary of State for Industry, prepared by D. Ryder, British Leyland: The Next Decade (The Ryder Report) [1974-75 H.C.] 342, (1975), pp.11-12.
52. Church, Rise and Decline, pp.84-9.
53. Ibid., p.3.
54. Ibid., p.17.
55. J. Wood, Wheels of Misfortune: The Rise and Fall of the British Motor Industry (London, 1988).
56. P. Dunnett, The Decline of the British Motor Industry (London, 1980), p.133.
57. M. Edwardes, Back From the Brink (London, 1983), p.95.
58. Interview with ex-BL Manufacturing Manager (RB), Jan. 1992). See also Church, Rise and Fall, pp.99-103.
59. Interview with Rover Quality Director (JC), Sept. 1992).
60. Interview with Rover Strategy Manager (RB), Feb. 1991).
61. Interview with Rover Marketing Director (JP), Oct. 1991).
62. Interview with Rover Large Car Marketing Director (DR), Oct. 1991; 'Rover Gears Up for Change: Upmarket Drive', Independent on Sunday, 6 Oct. 1991, p.6.
63. Interview with Day in R. Heller, The State of Industry: Can Britain Make It? (London, 1987), p.167.
64. Identified as a problem by only a few Rover Managers and as discovered through the author's interviews with the Rover Strategic Planning Manager (AM), Jan. 1991, and with Graham Day, March 1990.
65. The reader should be aware there is a continuing discussion of plant efficiency measurement. See for example: K. Williams, C. Haslam, J. Williams, T. Cutler, A. Adcroft and S. Johal, 'Against Lean Production', Economy and Society, Vol.21 No.3 (1992) pp.321-54; and N. Oliver, R. Delbridge, D. Jones and J. Lowe, 'World Class Manufacturing: Further Evidence in the Lean Production Debate', British Journal of Management, Vol.5 Special Edition (1994), pp.S53-63; but the figures given here come from the work of Williams, 'Against Lean Production', and Haslam, 'Who's Responsible?' and so allow comparison.
66. The reader should be aware there is a continuing discussion of plant efficiency measurement. See for example: K. Williams, C. Haslam, J. Williams, T. Cutler, A. Adcroft and S. Johal, 'Against Lean Production', Economy and Society, Vol.21 No.3 (1992) pp.321-54; and N. Oliver, R. Delbridge, D. Jones and J. Lowe, 'World Class Manufacturing: Further Evidence in the Lean Production Debate', British Journal of Management, Vol.5 Special Edition (1994), pp.S53-63; but the figures given here come from the work of Williams, 'Against Lean Production', and Haslam, 'Who's Responsible?' and so allow comparison.
67. The reader should be aware there is a continuing discussion of plant efficiency measurement. See for example: K. Williams, C. Haslam, J. Williams, T. Cutler, A. Adcroft and S. Johal, 'Against Lean Production', Economy and Society, Vol.21 No.3 (1992) pp.321-54; and N. Oliver, R. Delbridge, D. Jones and J. Lowe, 'World Class Manufacturing: Further Evidence in the Lean Production Debate', British Journal of Management, Vol.5 Special Edition (1994), pp.S53-63; but the figures given here come from the work of Williams, 'Against Lean Production', and Haslam, 'Who's Responsible?' and so allow comparison.
68. The reader should be aware there is a continuing discussion of plant efficiency measurement. See for example: K. Williams, C. Haslam, J. Williams, T. Cutler, A. Adcroft and S. Johal, 'Against Lean Production', Economy and Society, Vol.21 No.3 (1992) pp.321-54; and N. Oliver, R. Delbridge, D. Jones and J. Lowe, 'World Class Manufacturing: Further Evidence in the Lean Production Debate', British Journal of Management, Vol.5 Special Edition (1994), pp.S53-63; but the figures given here come from the work of Williams, 'Against Lean Production', and Haslam, 'Who's Responsible?' and so allow comparison.
69. Interview with Longbridge Manufacturing Manager (DD), Sept. 1992); 'A Rewarding Car to Make?', Independent, 14 July 1990, p.27.
70. Interview with Longbridge Purchasing Manager (IR), Oct. 1992.
71. Interview with Longbridge Manufacturing Manager (GA), June 1992.
72. Interview with Rover Director (CW), Jan. 1991.
73. Interview with Cowley Manufacturing Manager (RA), Dec. 1991.
74. Interview with Cowley Manufacturing Manager (RS), Jan. 1993.
75. Interview with Rover 600 Project Manager (MS), Oct. 1992.
76. Interview with Cowley Distribution Manager (MP), April 1992.
77. 'Rover: the Story So Far', (Internal BAe publication, Jan. 1989).
78. T. Sakiya, Honda Motor: The Men, the Management, the Machines (Tokyo, 1984), p.135.
79. J. Womack, D. Jones and D. Roos, The Machine that Changed the World (London, 1990), p.169.
80. A. Mair, 'Honda's Global Flexifactory', International Journal of Production Management, Vol.14 No.3 (1994), pp.6-23.
81. Based on interviews and daily contact with many managers in all areas of Rover during the period Sept. 1987 to Jan. 1993.
82. R.T. Pascale, 'Perspectives on Strategy: The Real Story behind Honda's Success', California Management Review (Spring 1984), p.57.
83. A. Mair,'Global Flexifactory'.
84. Interview with Rover Liaison Manager (JB), Jan. 1991).
85. Mair, Honda's Corporation, p.268.
86. Interview with Rover Manager who was part of Edwardes' Central Staff (GS), March 1990.
87. Edwardes, Brink, p.189.
88. Ibid., p.191.
89. Ibid., p.193/4.
90. Interview with Rover Longbridge Manufacturing Manager (GB), March 1992.
91. Interview with Rover Styling Manager (MP), Feb. 1991.
92. Interview with Cowley Material Controller (RL), April 1992.
93. Interview with Rover Manufacturing Manager (AM), Jan. 1992.
94. Interview with Cowley Manufacturing Manager (RS), Jan. 1992.
95. Interview with Longbridge Design Manager (PN), Jan. 1992.
96. J. Womack et al, The Machine, p. 168.
97. 'Rover Sale May have Cost Taxpayer £400m'; '£38m Secret Rover Sweetener', Guardian 29 and 30 Nov. 1989, both p.1; 'Row as BAe Escapes Sweeteners Payments', Independent, 5 Feb. 1992, p.22; 'EC to Revive Rover Sweeteners Issue', Independent, 28 July 1992, p. 18; 'The Invisible Men Who Could Soon Own Rover: A Management Buy-out Could Solve all the Political Rows', Sunday Mercury, 26 July 1992, p.10; 'Fears for Jobs Over BAe Merger: Rover May Go in GEC Link Up', Birmingham Post, 5 July, 1993, p.1.
98. 'Rover Sale May have Cost Taxpayer £400m'; '£38m Secret Rover Sweetener', Guardian 29 and 30 Nov. 1989, both p.1; 'Row as BAe Escapes Sweeteners Payments', Independent, 5 Feb. 1992, p.22; 'EC to Revive Rover Sweeteners Issue', Independent, 28 July 1992, p. 18; 'The Invisible Men Who Could Soon Own Rover: A Management Buy-out Could Solve all the Political Rows', Sunday Mercury, 26 July 1992, p.10; 'Fears for Jobs Over BAe Merger: Rover May Go in GEC Link Up', Birmingham Post, 5 July, 1993, p.1.
99. 'Rover Sale May have Cost Taxpayer £400m'; '£38m Secret Rover Sweetener', Guardian 29 and 30 Nov. 1989, both p.1; 'Row as BAe Escapes Sweeteners Payments', Independent, 5 Feb. 1992, p.22; 'EC to Revive Rover Sweeteners Issue', Independent, 28 July 1992, p. 18; 'The Invisible Men Who Could Soon Own Rover: A Management Buy-out Could Solve all the Political Rows', Sunday Mercury, 26 July 1992, p.10; 'Fears for Jobs Over BAe Merger: Rover May Go in GEC Link Up', Birmingham Post, 5 July, 1993, p.1.
100. 'Rover Sale May have Cost Taxpayer £400m'; '£38m Secret Rover Sweetener', Guardian 29 and 30 Nov. 1989, both p.1; 'Row as BAe Escapes Sweeteners Payments', Independent, 5 Feb. 1992, p.22; 'EC to Revive Rover Sweeteners Issue', Independent, 28 July 1992, p. 18; 'The Invisible Men Who Could Soon Own Rover: A Management Buy-out Could Solve all the Political Rows', Sunday Mercury, 26 July 1992, p.10; 'Fears for Jobs Over BAe Merger: Rover May Go in GEC Link Up', Birmingham Post, 5 July, 1993, p.1.
101. 'Rover Sale May have Cost Taxpayer £400m'; '£38m Secret Rover Sweetener', Guardian 29 and 30 Nov. 1989, both p.1; 'Row as BAe Escapes Sweeteners Payments', Independent, 5 Feb. 1992, p.22; 'EC to Revive Rover Sweeteners Issue', Independent, 28 July 1992, p. 18; 'The Invisible Men Who Could Soon Own Rover: A Management Buy-out Could Solve all the Political Rows', Sunday Mercury, 26 July 1992, p.10; 'Fears for Jobs Over BAe Merger: Rover May Go in GEC Link Up', Birmingham Post, 5 July, 1993, p.1.
102. 'Rover Sale May have Cost Taxpayer £400m'; '£38m Secret Rover Sweetener', Guardian 29 and 30 Nov. 1989, both p.1; 'Row as BAe Escapes Sweeteners Payments', Independent, 5 Feb. 1992, p.22; 'EC to Revive Rover Sweeteners Issue', Independent, 28 July 1992, p. 18; 'The Invisible Men Who Could Soon Own Rover: A Management Buy-out Could Solve all the Political Rows', Sunday Mercury, 26 July 1992, p.10; 'Fears for Jobs Over BAe Merger: Rover May Go in GEC Link Up', Birmingham Post, 5 July, 1993, p.1.
103. 'Honda Takes Rover Stake', Birmingham Daily News, 14 July 1989, p.1.
104. This belief was expressed by Rover Managing Director John Towers in an interview, Sept. 1992; but there was still much speculation about the future of Rover: 'It is No Longer a Case of when Britain's Last Car Giant will be Sold, but to Whom, for how much and at what Political Cost', Independent on Sunday, 9 Aug. 1992, p.4.
105. 'How Honda let Rover go to Strangers', 'BMW to Unravel Rover-Honda Tie', The Independent, 6 Feb. 1994, p. 1-3; 'Honda Puts Brake on Rover Ties and Reviews £400m Deals', 'Honda's Subtle Tantrum', 'BMW Saves Face as Japanese Quit', 'Jilted Bride Prepares for Future Without Rover', Independent, 22 Feb. 1994, pp. 1, 17, 25 and 26.
106. 'How Honda let Rover go to Strangers', 'BMW to Unravel Rover-Honda Tie', The Independent, 6 Feb. 1994, p. 1-3; 'Honda Puts Brake on Rover Ties and Reviews £400m Deals', 'Honda's Subtle Tantrum', 'BMW Saves Face as Japanese Quit', 'Jilted Bride Prepares for Future Without Rover', Independent, 22 Feb. 1994, pp. 1, 17, 25 and 26.
107. 'How Honda let Rover go to Strangers', 'BMW to Unravel Rover-Honda Tie', The Independent, 6 Feb. 1994, p. 1-3; 'Honda Puts Brake on Rover Ties and Reviews £400m Deals', 'Honda's Subtle Tantrum', 'BMW Saves Face as Japanese Quit', 'Jilted Bride Prepares for Future Without Rover', Independent, 22 Feb. 1994, pp. 1, 17, 25 and 26.
108. 'How Honda let Rover go to Strangers', 'BMW to Unravel Rover-Honda Tie', The Independent, 6 Feb. 1994, p. 1-3; 'Honda Puts Brake on Rover Ties and Reviews £400m Deals', 'Honda's Subtle Tantrum', 'BMW Saves Face as Japanese Quit', 'Jilted Bride Prepares for Future Without Rover', Independent, 22 Feb. 1994, pp. 1, 17, 25 and 26.
109. 'How Honda let Rover go to Strangers', 'BMW to Unravel Rover-Honda Tie', The Independent, 6 Feb. 1994, p. 1-3; 'Honda Puts Brake on Rover Ties and Reviews £400m Deals', 'Honda's Subtle Tantrum', 'BMW Saves Face as Japanese Quit', 'Jilted Bride Prepares for Future Without Rover', Independent, 22 Feb. 1994, pp. 1, 17, 25 and 26.
110. 'How Honda let Rover go to Strangers', 'BMW to Unravel Rover-Honda Tie', The Independent, 6 Feb. 1994, p. 1-3; 'Honda Puts Brake on Rover Ties and Reviews £400m Deals', 'Honda's Subtle Tantrum', 'BMW Saves Face as Japanese Quit', 'Jilted Bride Prepares for Future Without Rover', Independent, 22 Feb. 1994, pp. 1, 17, 25 and 26.
111. B. Kogut, 'Joint Ventures: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives', Strategic Management Review, Vol.9 (1988), pp.319-22 discusses this opinion in terms of transaction costs; J. Kay, Foundations of Corporate Success (Oxford, 1993) describes it as an organisational strategy.
112. B. Kogut, 'Joint Ventures: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives', Strategic Management Review, Vol.9 (1988), pp.319-22 discusses this opinion in terms of transaction costs; J. Kay, Foundations of Corporate Success (Oxford, 1993) describes it as an organisational strategy.
113. J.M. Geringer and L. Hebert, 'Measuring Performance of International Joint Ventures', Journal of International Business Studies, (1991), pp.249-63 have tried to analyse the success of the joint venture itself, but there appears to be little emphasis on the success for the companies involved.
114. Y. Doz, 'Learning through Manufacturing Alliances', in P. Dempsey (ed.), Manufacturing Europe 1992 (London, 1991); Prahalad et al., 'Core Competence', p.80.
115. Y. Doz, 'Learning through Manufacturing Alliances', in P. Dempsey (ed.), Manufacturing Europe 1992 (London, 1991); Prahalad et al., 'Core Competence', p.80.
116. Interview with Rover Manufacturing Manager (TH), Jan. 1993.
117. 'Rover's Return: The MG Roars Back', The Times, 4 March 1995.
118. It should be noted, however, that the replacement for the R8 was developed as a collaborative product.
119. Interview with Rover Simulation Manager (GS), Jan. 1992.
120. Interview with Land Rover Director (TM), Feb. 1992.
121. Interview with Cowley Manager (MS), Jan. 1992.
122. 'Profits Joy for Rover', Birmingham Daily News, 16 March 1989, p.1; 'Many Milestones to Pass on the Long Road to Rover's Return', Independent on Sunday, 1 April 1990, p.6; 'Rover's Return to Fitness Still a Fragile Bloom', Independent, 17 Sept. 1990, p.23.
123. 'Profits Joy for Rover', Birmingham Daily News, 16 March 1989, p.1; 'Many Milestones to Pass on the Long Road to Rover's Return', Independent on Sunday, 1 April 1990, p.6; 'Rover's Return to Fitness Still a Fragile Bloom', Independent, 17 Sept. 1990, p.23.
124. 'Profits Joy for Rover', Birmingham Daily News, 16 March 1989, p.1; 'Many Milestones to Pass on the Long Road to Rover's Return', Independent on Sunday, 1 April 1990, p.6; 'Rover's Return to Fitness Still a Fragile Bloom', Independent, 17 Sept. 1990, p.23.
125. A. Mair, 'Honda's Global Flexifactory'.
126. See also Church, Rise and Fall, pp. 123-4.