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Synthesis of Cyclic α-Hydrazino Acid Derivatives via N-Acylhydrazonium Ions
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9344241722
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HIV protease inhibitors useful for the treatment of AIDS. EP 434365 A2, Dec. 18, 1990
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47
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Stereocontrolled Addition of Propionate Homoenolate Equivalents to Chiral α-Amino Aldehydes
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48
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9344220788
-
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note
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All four possible stereoisomers of the Boc-protected epoxide could be separated on a chiral analytical HPLC column: stationary phase, Chiralcel OD; mobile phase, 98:2 hexane:2-propanol, detection at 210 nm; retention times in min, 2S3R-isomer 12.2, 2R3S-isomer 13.7, 2R3R-isomer 15.5, 2S3S-isomer 16.6. The reference compounds with 2R3S- and 2R3R-configurations were synthesized using commercially available D-phenylalaninol.
-
-
-
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49
-
-
9344246589
-
-
note
-
According to analytical HPLC analysis, both the threo and erythro isomers of trifluoroacetyl epoxide 15 were enantiomerically >98% pure: stationary phase, Chiralpak AD; mobile phase, 99:1 hexane:2-propanol, detection at 215 nm; retention times in min, 2R3S-isomer 22.1, 2S3R-isomer 24.4,2S3S-isomer 28.8, 2R3R-isomer 33.5.
-
-
-
-
50
-
-
0025268321
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Rational Design of Peptide-Based HIV Proteinase Inhibitors
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2 residue is a constituent of Ro 31-8959 as reported by Roberts, N. A.; Martin, J. A.; Kinchington, D.; Broadhurst, A. V.; Craig, J. C.; Duncan, I. B.; Galpin, S. A.; Handa, B. K.; Kay, J.; Kröhn, A.; Lambert, R. W.; Merrett, J. H.; Mills, J. S.; Parkes, K. E. B.; Redshaw, S.; Ritchie, A. J.; Taylor, D. L.; Thomas, G. J.; Machin, P. J. Rational Design of Peptide-Based HIV Proteinase Inhibitors. Science 1990, 248, 358-361.
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Roberts, N.A.1
Martin, J.A.2
Kinchington, D.3
Broadhurst, A.V.4
Craig, J.C.5
Duncan, I.B.6
Galpin, S.A.7
Handa, B.K.8
Kay, J.9
Kröhn, A.10
Lambert, R.W.11
Merrett, J.H.12
Mills, J.S.13
Parkes, K.E.B.14
Redshaw, S.15
Ritchie, A.J.16
Taylor, D.L.17
Thomas, G.J.18
Machin, P.J.19
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51
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Hydroxyethylamine-derived inhibitors like Ro 31-8959 show a marked preference for the R-stereochemistry at the hydroxyl group, whereas longer inhibitors with proline in P1′ position and extended C-terminus prefer the S-configuration for binding to the enzyme. Krohn, A.; Redshaw, S.; Ritchie, J. C.; Graves, B. J.; Hatada, M. H. Novel Binding Mode of Highly Potent HIV-Proteinase Inhibitors Incorporating the (R)-Hydroxyethylamine Isostere. J. Med. Chem. 1991, 34, 3340-3342.
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Hatada, M.H.5
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(a) Getman, D. P.; DeCrescenzo, G. A.; Heintz, R. M.; Reed, K. L.; Talley, J. J.; Bryant, M. L.; Clare, M.; Houseman, K. A.; Marr, J. J.; Mueller, R. A.; Vazquez, M. L.; Shieh, H.-S.; Stallings, W. C.; Stegeman, R. A. Discovery of a Novel Class of Potent HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors Containing the (R)-(Hydroxyethyl)urea Isostere. J. Med. Chem. 1993, 36, 288-291.
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53
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(b) Vazquez, M. L.; Bryant, M. L.; Clare, M.; DeCrescenzo, G. A.; Doherty, E. M.; Freskos, J. N.; Getman, D. P.; Houseman, K. A.; Julien, J. A.; Kocan, G. P.; Mueller, R. A.; Shieh, H.-S.; Stallings, W. C.; Stegeman, R. A.; Talley, J. J. Inhibitors of HIV-1 Protease containing the Novel and Potent (R)-(Hydroxyethyl)sulfonamide Isostere. J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 581-584.
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54
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Alteri, E.; Bold, G.; Cozens, R.; Fässer, A.; Klimkait, T.; Lang, M.; Lazdins, J.; Poncioni, B.; Rosel, J. L.; Schneider, P.; Walker, M.; Woods-Cook, K. CGP 53437, an Orally Bioavailable Inhibitor of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Typ 1 Protease with Potential Antiviral Activity. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1993, 37, 2087-2092.
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Alteri, E.1
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Rosel, J.L.9
Schneider, P.10
Walker, M.11
Woods-Cook, K.12
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55
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9344264328
-
-
note
-
50 with increasing log P.
-
-
-
-
56
-
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9344255164
-
-
note
-
Simultaneous replacement of the two N-acetyl-L-valinyl substituents with two H-L-valinyl substituants removes two hydrogen bonds of the carbonyl groups to the amide nitrogens of Asp29 and Asp29′ of the enzyme. In a related series of aza-peptide analogs, this replacement resulted in a 3000-fold decrease in inhibitory potency as described in ref 11a.
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57
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0028031720
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Design and Synthesis of Peptidomimetic Inhibitors of HIV-1 Protease and Renin. Evidence for Improved Transport
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and references cited therein
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The favorable oral bioavailability of cyclosporin, which contains several N-methylated and intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded amide moieties, supports the postulate that secondary amides principally hamper the oral bioavailability of peptidic compounds. Furthermore, transport into the cell is suggested to correlate inversely with the ability of a compound to form hydrogen bonds with water; see: Smith, A. B., III; Hirschmann, R.; Pasternak, A.; Akaishi, R.; Guzman, M. C.; Jones, D.; Keenan, T. P.; Sprengeler, P.; Darke, P. L.; Emini, E. A.; Holloway, M. K.; Schleif, W. A. Design and Synthesis of Peptidomimetic Inhibitors of HIV-1 Protease and Renin. Evidence for Improved Transport. J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 215-218 and references cited therein.
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9344222497
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SC 52151, ref 21a
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Several protease inhibitors containing the Quin-Asn moiety besides Ro 31-8959 have been described; see: (a) SC 52151, ref 21a. (b) LY 289612, Kaldor, S. W.; Hammond, M.; Dressman, B. A.; Fritz, J. E.; Crowell, T. A.; Hermann, R. A. Newdipeptide isosteres useful for the inhibition of HIV-1 protease. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1994, 4, 1385-1390. (c) Girijavallabhan, V. M.; Bennett, F.; Patel, N. M.; Ganguly, A. K.; Basmahapatra, B.; Butkiewicz, N.; Hart, A. The synthesis of novel HIV-protease inhibitors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1994, 2, 1075-1083. (d) Haebisch, D. D.; Roebe, W. D.; Hansen, J. D.; Paessens, A. D. Trifluoromethyl containing pseudopeptides. EP 0528242 A, Feb. 24, 1993. (e) Tucker, T. J.; Lumma, W. C.; Payne, L. S.; Wai, J. M.; de Solms, S. J.; Giuliani, E. A.; Darke, P. L.; Heimbach, J. C.; Zugay, J. A.; Schleif, W. A.; Quintero, J. C.; Emini, E. A.; Huff, J. R.; Anderson, P. S. A Series of Potent HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors Containing a Hydroxyethyl Secondary Amine Transition State Isostere: Synthesis, Enzyme Inhibition, and Antiviral Activity. J. Med. Chem. 1992, 35, 2525-2533.
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59
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Several protease inhibitors containing the Quin-Asn moiety besides Ro 31-8959 have been described; see: (a) SC 52151, ref 21a. (b) LY 289612, Kaldor, S. W.; Hammond, M.; Dressman, B. A.; Fritz, J. E.; Crowell, T. A.; Hermann, R. A. Newdipeptide isosteres useful for the inhibition of HIV-1 protease. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1994, 4, 1385-1390. (c) Girijavallabhan, V. M.; Bennett, F.; Patel, N. M.; Ganguly, A. K.; Basmahapatra, B.; Butkiewicz, N.; Hart, A. The synthesis of novel HIV-protease inhibitors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1994, 2, 1075-1083. (d) Haebisch, D. D.; Roebe, W. D.; Hansen, J. D.; Paessens, A. D. Trifluoromethyl containing pseudopeptides. EP 0528242 A, Feb. 24, 1993. (e) Tucker, T. J.; Lumma, W. C.; Payne, L. S.; Wai, J. M.; de Solms, S. J.; Giuliani, E. A.; Darke, P. L.; Heimbach, J. C.; Zugay, J. A.; Schleif, W. A.; Quintero, J. C.; Emini, E. A.; Huff, J. R.; Anderson, P. S. A Series of Potent HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors Containing a Hydroxyethyl Secondary Amine Transition State Isostere: Synthesis, Enzyme Inhibition, and Antiviral Activity. J. Med. Chem. 1992, 35, 2525-2533.
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Several protease inhibitors containing the Quin-Asn moiety besides Ro 31-8959 have been described; see: (a) SC 52151, ref 21a. (b) LY 289612, Kaldor, S. W.; Hammond, M.; Dressman, B. A.; Fritz, J. E.; Crowell, T. A.; Hermann, R. A. Newdipeptide isosteres useful for the inhibition of HIV-1 protease. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1994, 4, 1385-1390. (c) Girijavallabhan, V. M.; Bennett, F.; Patel, N. M.; Ganguly, A. K.; Basmahapatra, B.; Butkiewicz, N.; Hart, A. The synthesis of novel HIV-protease inhibitors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1994, 2, 1075-1083. (d) Haebisch, D. D.; Roebe, W. D.; Hansen, J. D.; Paessens, A. D. Trifluoromethyl containing pseudopeptides. EP 0528242 A, Feb. 24, 1993. (e) Tucker, T. J.; Lumma, W. C.; Payne, L. S.; Wai, J. M.; de Solms, S. J.; Giuliani, E. A.; Darke, P. L.; Heimbach, J. C.; Zugay, J. A.; Schleif, W. A.; Quintero, J. C.; Emini, E. A.; Huff, J. R.; Anderson, P. S. A Series of Potent HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors Containing a Hydroxyethyl Secondary Amine Transition State Isostere: Synthesis, Enzyme Inhibition, and Antiviral Activity. J. Med. Chem. 1992, 35, 2525-2533.
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9344237371
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Trifluoromethyl containing pseudopeptides. EP 0528242 A, Feb. 24, 1993
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Several protease inhibitors containing the Quin-Asn moiety besides Ro 31-8959 have been described; see: (a) SC 52151, ref 21a. (b) LY 289612, Kaldor, S. W.; Hammond, M.; Dressman, B. A.; Fritz, J. E.; Crowell, T. A.; Hermann, R. A. Newdipeptide isosteres useful for the inhibition of HIV-1 protease. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1994, 4, 1385-1390. (c) Girijavallabhan, V. M.; Bennett, F.; Patel, N. M.; Ganguly, A. K.; Basmahapatra, B.; Butkiewicz, N.; Hart, A. The synthesis of novel HIV-protease inhibitors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1994, 2, 1075-1083. (d) Haebisch, D. D.; Roebe, W. D.; Hansen, J. D.; Paessens, A. D. Trifluoromethyl containing pseudopeptides. EP 0528242 A, Feb. 24, 1993. (e) Tucker, T. J.; Lumma, W. C.; Payne, L. S.; Wai, J. M.; de Solms, S. J.; Giuliani, E. A.; Darke, P. L.; Heimbach, J. C.; Zugay, J. A.; Schleif, W. A.; Quintero, J. C.; Emini, E. A.; Huff, J. R.; Anderson, P. S. A Series of Potent HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors Containing a Hydroxyethyl Secondary Amine Transition State Isostere: Synthesis, Enzyme Inhibition, and Antiviral Activity. J. Med. Chem. 1992, 35, 2525-2533.
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