2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin mechanistic data and risk assessment: Gene regulation, cytotoxicity, enhanced cell proliferation, and tumor promotion

Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 71, Issue 1-2, 1996, Pages 193-223

  Whysner, John ^a   Williams, Gary M ^a  

^a AMERICAN HEALTH FOUNDATION   (United States)

Author keywords

Ah receptor; dioxin; neoplasia; promotion; risk assessment

Indexed keywords

2,3,7,8 TETRACHLORODIBENZO PARA DIOXIN; HERBICIDE;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; CANCER RISK; CARCINOGENICITY; CELL PROLIFERATION; CYTOTOXICITY; GENE CONTROL; GENOTOXICITY; HAMSTER; HUMAN; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; TUMOR PROMOTION;

EID: 0029743980     PISSN: 01637258     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(96)00068-X     Document Type: Review

References (167)

1. Abernethy, J. J., Greenlee, W. F., Huhand, J. C. and Boreiko, C. J. (1985) 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodihcnzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) promotes the transformation of C3H/10T1/2 cells. Carcinogenesis 6:651-651
2. Abraham, K., Krowke, R. and Neuhert, D. (1988) Pharmacokinetics and biological activity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Arch. Toxicol. 62: 359-368.
3. Althans, F. R., Lawrence, S. D., Sattler, G. L., Longfellow, D. G. and Pitot, H. C. (1982) Chemical quantification of unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured heparocytes as an assay for the rapid screening of potential chemical carcinogens. Cancer Res. 42:3010-3015.
4. Andersen, M. E., Mills, J. J., Gargas, M. L, Kedderis, L, Birnbaum, L. S., Neubert, D. and Greenlee, W. F. (1993) Modeling receptor-mediated processes with dioxin: implications for pharmacokinetics and risk assessment. Risk Anal. 13: 25-36.
5. Berry, D. L., Slaga, T. J. and DiGiovanni, J. (1979) Studies with chlorinated dihenzo-jj-dioxins, polybrommated biphenyls, and polychlorinated biphenyls in a two-stage system of mouse skin tumorigenesis: potent anticarcinogenic effects. Ann. NY Acad. Sei. 320:405-414.
6. Bertazzi, P. A., Zocchetti, C., Pesatori, A. C., Guercilena, S., Sanarico, M. and Radice, L. (1989) Ten-year mortality study of the population involved in the Seveso incident in 1976. Am. J. Epidemiol. 129: 1187-1200.
7. Bertazzi, P. A., Zocchetti, C., Pesatori, A. C., Guercilena, S., Consonni, D., Tironi, A. and Landi, M. T. (1992) Mortality of a young population after accidental exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodihenzodioxin. Int. J. Epidemiol. 21: 118-123.
8. Bertazzi, P. A., Pesatori, A. C., Consonni, D., Tironi, A., Landi, M. T. and Zocchetti, C. (1993) Cancer incidence in a population accidentally exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-paradioxm. Epidemiol. Rev. 4: 398-406.
9. Birnbaum, L. S., McDonald, M. M., Blair, P. C., Clark, A. M. and Harris, M. W. (1990) Differential toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in C57BL/6J mice congenic at the Ah locus. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 15: 186-200.
10. Bombick, D. W., Madhukar, B. V., Brewster, D. W. and Matsumura, F. (1985) TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) causes increases in protein kinascs particularly protein kinase c in the hepatic plasma membrane of the rat and the guinea pig. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 127: 296-302.
11. Bomhick, D. W., Jankun, J., Tullis, K. and Matsumura, F. (1988) 2,3,7,8-Tctrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin causes increases in expression of c-erb-A and levels of protein-tyrosine kinases in selected tissues of responsive mouse strains. Proc. Nad. Acad. Sei. USA 85:4128-4132.
12. Bond, G. G., McLaren, E. A., Lipps, T. E. and Cook, R. R. ( 1989) Update of mortality among chemical workers with potential exposure ro the higher chlorinated dioxins. J. Occup. Med. 11: 121-123.
13. Borciko, C. J., Abernethy, D. J., Rickert, D. E. and Stedman, D. B. (1989) Effect of growth state, tumor promoters, and transformation upon intercellular communication between C3H/10T1/2 murine fibroblasts. Carcinogenesis 10: 113-121.
14. Bronzetti, G., Zeiger, E., Lee, I., Suzuki, K. and Malling, H. V. (1982) Genetic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodihenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in yeast in vitro and in vivo. In: Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds: Impact on the Environment, pp. 429-436, Hutzinger, O., Frei, R. W., Merian, E. and Pocchiari, P. (eds.) Pergamon, Elmsford.
15. Buchmann, A., Stinchcombe, S., Körner, W., Hagenmaier, H. and Bock, K. W. (1994) Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-and 1,2,3, 4,6,7,8-heptachlorodihenzo-p-dioxin on the proliferation of preneoplastic liver cells in the rat. Carcinogenesis 15: 1143-1150.
16. Büsser, M. T. and Lutz, W. K. (1987) Stimulation of DNA synthesis in rat and mouse liver by various tumor promoters. Carcinogenesis 8: 14.33-1437.
17. Calvert, G. M., Hornung, R. W., Svveeney, M. H., Fingerhut, M. A. and Halperin, W. E. (1992) Hepatic and gastrointestinal effects in an occupational cohort exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodihenzo-para-dioxin. JAMA 267: 2209-2214.
18. CDC (1989) Comparison of scrum levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin with indirect estimates of agent orange exposure among Vietnam veterans. Final report. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Atlanta.
19. CDC (1990a) The association of selected cancers with service in the US military in Vietnam. 1. Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Arch. Intern. Med. 150: 2473-2483.
20. CDC (1990b) The association of selected cancers with service in the US military in Vietnam. II. Soft-tissue and other sarcomas. Arch. Intern. Med. 150: 2485-2492.
21. CDC (1990c) The association of selected cancers with service in the US military in Vietnam. 111. Hodgkin's disease, nasal cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer and primary liver cancer. Arch. Intern. Med. 150: 2495-2505.
22. Choi, E. J., Toscane, D. G., Ryan, J. A., Riedel, N. and Toscano, W. A., Jr. ( 1991 ) Dioxin induces transforming growth factor-a in human keratinocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 9591-9597.
23. 3H]thymidine incorporation into rat liver deoxyribonucleic acid. Toxicology 8: 133-146.
24. Cohen, G. M., Bracken, W. M., lyer, R. P., Berry, D. L, Selkirk, J.K. and Slaga, T. J. (1979) Anticarcinogenic effects of 2,3, 7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on benzo(a)pyrene and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene tumor initiation and its relationship to DNA binding. Cancer Res. 39: 4027-4033.
25. Collins, J. J., Strauss, M. E., Levinskas, G. A. and Conner, P. R. (1993) The mortality experience of workers exposed to 2,5,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in a trichlorophenol process accident. Epidemiology 4: 7-13.
26. Conaway, C. C. and Matsumura, F. (1975) Alteration of cellular utilization of thymidine by TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin). Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 13: 52-56.
27. DC Haan, L. H., Simons, J. W., Simons, A., Bos, A. T.. Aarts, J. M., Derision, M. S. and Brouvver, A. (1994) Inhibition of intercellular communication by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and dioxin-like PCBs in mouse hepatoma cells (Hepa Iclc7): involvement of the Ah receptor. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 129: 283-293.
28. Della Porta, G., Dragani, T. A. and Sozzi, G. ( 1987) Carcinogenic effects of infantile and long-term 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin treatment in the mouse. Tumori 73: 99-107.
29. DeVito, M. J., Thomas, T., Martin, E., Umbreit, T. H. and Gallo, M. A. (1992) Antiestrogenic action of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: tissue-specific regulation of estrogen receptor in GDI mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1 1 3: 284-292.
30. DiGiovanm, J., Viaje, A., Berry, D. E., Slaga, T. J. and Jucha, M. R. (1977) Tumor-initiating ability of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and Arochlor 1254 in the two-stage system of mouse skin carcinogenesis. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 18: 552-557.
31. DiLernia, R., Crimaudo, C. and Pacchetti, G. (1982) The study of x-rays and TCDD effects on satellite associations may suggest a simple model for application in environmental mutagenesis. Hum. Genet. 61:42-47
32. Dragan, Y. P., Xu, H., Goldsworthy, T. E., Campbell, H. A., Maronpot, R. R. and Pitot, H. G (1992) Characterization of the promotion ot altered hepatic foci by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the female rat. Carcinogenesis 13: 1389-1395.
33. Eriksson, M, Hardell, E., Berg, N. O., Möller, T. and Axelson, O. (1981 ) Soft-tissue sarcomas and exposure to chemical substances: a case-reference study. Br. J. Ind. Med. 58: 27-33.
34. Eriksson, M., Hardell, E. and Adami, H. O. (1990) Exposure to dioxins as a risk factor for soft tissue sarcoma: a populationbased case-control study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 82: 486-490.
35. Feeley, M. M. and Grant, D. E. (1993) Approach to risk assessment of PCDDs and PCDFs in Canada. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 18:428-437.
36. Fingerhut, M., Halperin, W. E., Honcher, P. A., Smith, A. B., Groth, D. H. and Russell, W. O. (1984) An evaluation of reports ot dioxin exposure and soft tissue sarcoma pathology in U.S. chemical workers. In: Banbury Report. Biological Mechanisms of Dioxin Action, pp. 461-470, Poland, A. and Kimbrough, R. D. (eds.) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor.
37. Fingerhut, M. A., Sweeney, M. H., Patterson, D. G., Piacitelli, E. A., Morris, J. A., Marlow, D. A., Hornung, R. W., Cameron, E. W., Connally, E. B., Needham, L. L. and Halperin, W. E. (1989) Levels ot 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the serum ot U.S. chemical workers exposed to dioxin contaminated products: interim results. Chemosphere 19: 835-840.
38. Fingerhut, M. A., Halperin, W. E., Marlow, D. A., Piacitelli, E. A., Honchar, P. A., Sweeney, M. H., Greife, A. E., Dill, P. A., Steenland, K. and Suruda, A. J. (1991 ) Cancer mortality in workers exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. N. Engl. J. Med. 324: 212-262.
39. Flodström, S., Busk, L., Kronevi, T. and Ahlborg, U. G. (1991) Modulation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and phenobarbital-induced promotion of hepatoearcinogenesis in rats by the type of diet and vitamin A deficiency. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 16: 575-391.
40. Fox, T. R., Best, E. E., Goldsworthy, S. M., Mills, J. J. and Gold-sworthy, T. L. (1993) Gene expression and cell proliferation in rat liver arter 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure. Cancer Res. 53:2265-2271.
41. Fries, G. F. and Marrow, G. S. (1975) Retention and excretion of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodihenzo-p-dioxin by rats. J. Agric. Food Chem. 23: 265-269.
42. Gaido, K. W. and Maness, S. C. (1994) Regulation of gene expression and acceleration of differentiation in human keratinocytes by 2,3,7,8-rerrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 127: 199-208.
43. Gasiewicz, T. A. and Rucci, G. (1984) Cytosolic receptor for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Evidence for a homologous nature among various mammalian species. Mol. Pharmacol. 26: 90-98.
44. 1/J mice. Drug Metab. Dispos. 11: 397-403.
45. Geiger, L. E. and Neal, R. A. (1981) Mutagenicity testing of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in histidine auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 59: 125-129.
46. Gilbert, P., Saint-Ruf, G., Poncelet, F. and Mercier, M. (1980) Genetic effects of chlorinated anilines and azobenzenes on Salmonella typhimurium. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 9: 533-541.
47. Giri, A. K. (1986) Mutagenic and genotoxic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. A review. Mutat. Res. 168: 241-248.
48. Goodman, D. G. and Sauer, R. M. (1992) Hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity in female Sprague-Dawley rats treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD): a pathology working group reevaluation. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 15: 245-252.
49. Graham, M. J., Lucier, G. W., Linko, P., Maronpot, R. R. and Goldstein, J. A. (1988) Increases in cytochrome P-450 mediated 17β-estradiol 2-hydroxylase activity in rat liver microsomes after both acute administration and subchronic administration of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in a two-stage hepatocarcinogenesis model. Carcinogenesis 9: 1935-1941.
50. Grasso, P., Sharratt, M. and Cohen, A. J. (1991) Role of persistent, non-genotoxic tissue damage in rodent cancer and relevance to humans. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 31: 253-287.
51. Green, S. and Moreland, F. S. (1975) Cytogenetic evaluation of several dioxins in the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 33: 161.
52. Green, S., Moreland, F. and Sheu, C. (1977) Cytogenetic effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on rat bone marrow cells. FDA By-Lines 6: 292-294.
53. Greenwald, P., Kovasznay, B., Collins, D. N. and Therriault, G. (1984) Sarcomas of soft tissues after Vietnam service. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 73: 1107-1109.
54. Hammond, E. C., Selikoff, I. J. and Sediman, H. (1979) Cigarette smoking and death rates. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 330: 473-490.
55. Hardell, L. and Eriksson, M. (1988) The association between soft tissue sarcomas and exposure to phenoxyacetic acids. Cancer 62: 652-656.
56. Hardell, L. and Sandström, A. (1979) Case-control study: soft-tissue sarcomas and exposure to phenoxyacetic acids or chlorophenols. Br. J. Cancer 39: 711-717.
57. Hébert, C. D., Cao, Q. L. and Birnbaum, L. S. (1990) Role of transforming growth factor β in the proliferative effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on human squamous carcinoma cell. Cancer Res. 50: 7190-7197.
58. Henry, E. C. and Gasiewicz, T. A. (1987) Changes in thyroid hormones and thyroxine glucuronidation in hamsters compared with rats following treatment with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 89: 165-174.
59. Hill, R. N., Erdreich, L. S., Paynter, O. E., Roberts, P. A., Rosenthal, S. L. and Wilkinson, C. F. (1989) Thyroid follicular cell carcinogenesis. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 12: 629-697.
60. Hoar, S. K., Blair, A., Holmes, F. F., Boysen, C. D., Rubel, R. J., Hoover, R. and Fraumeni, J. F., Jr. (1986) Agricultural herbicide use and risk of lymphoma and soft-tissue sarcoma. JAMA 256:1141-1147.
61. Homberger, E., Reggiani, G., Sambeth, J. and Wipf, H. K. (1979) The Seveso accident: its nature, extent and consequences. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 22: 327-368.
62. Hussain, S., Ehrenberg, L., Löfroth, G. and Gejvall, T. (1972) Mutagenic effects of TCDD on bacterial systems. AMBIO 1: 32-33.
63. IARC (1987) IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks of Chemicals to Humans, Supp. 7, 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-Dioxin. IARC, Lyon.
64. Kang, H. K., Watanabe, K. K., Breen, J., Remmers, J., Conomos, M. G., Stanley, J. and Flicker, M. ( 1991 ) Dioxins and dibenzofurans in adipose tissue of U.S. Vietnam veterans and controls. Am. J. Public Health 81: 344-349.
65. Kang, K. K., Weatherbee, L, Breslin, P. P., Lee, Y. and Shepard, B. M. (1986) Soft tissue sarcomas and military service in Vietnam: a case comparison group analysis of hospital patients. J. Occup. Med. 28:1215-1218.
66. Kedderis, L. B., Andersen, M. E. and Birnbaum, L. S. (1993) Effect of dose, time and pretreatment on the biliary excretion and tissue distribution of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the rat. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 21: 405-411.
67. Khera, K. S. and Ruddick, J. A. (1973) Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins: perinatal effects and the dominant lethal test in Wistar rats. In: Chlorodioxins - Origin and Fate, pp. 70-84, Blair, E. H. (ed.) American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
68. Kimbrough, R. D. (1990) How toxic is 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-dioxin to humans? J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 30: 261-271.
69. Kimbrough, R. D. (1991) Uncertainties in risk assessment. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 6: 759-763.
70. Knutson, J. C. and Poland, A. (1982) Response of murine epidermis to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: interaction of the Ah and hr loci. Cell 30: 225-234.
71. Kociba, R. J., Keeler, P. A., Park, C. N. and Gehnng, P. J. (1976) 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD): results of a 13-week oral toxicity study in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 35: 553-574.
72. Kociba, R. J., Keyes, D. G., Beyer, J. E., Carreon, R. M., Wade, C. E., Dittenber, D. A., Kalnins, R. P., Frausch, L. E., Park, C. N., Barnard, S. D., Hummel, R. A. and Humiston, G. C. G. (1978) Results of a two-year chronic toxicity and oncogenicity study of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 46: 279-303.
73. Kogan, M. D. and Clapp, R. W. (1988) Soft tissue sarcoma mortality among Vietnam veterans in Massachusetts, 1972 to 1983. Int. J. Epidemiol. 17:39-43.
74. Kohn, M. C., Lucier, G. W., Clark, G. C., Sewall, C., Tritscher, A. M. and Portier, C. J. (1993) A mechanistic model of effects of dioxin on gene expression in the rat liver. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 120: 138-154.
75. Kondorosi, A., Fedorcsák, I., Solymosy, F., Ehrenberg, L. and Osterman-Golkar, S. (1973) Inactivation of Qβ RNA by electrophiles. Mutat. Res. 17: 149-161.
76. Leung, H. W., Ku, R. H., Paustenbach, D. J. and Andersen, M. E. (1988) A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. Toxicol. Lett. 42: 15-28.
77. Leung, H. W., Paustenbach, D. J., Murray, F. J. and Andersen, M. E. (1990) A physiological pharmacokinetic description of the tissue distribution and enzyme-inducing properties of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 103: 399-410.
78. Lin, F. H., Stohs, S. J., Birnbaum, L. S., Clark, G., Lucier, G. W. and Goldstein, J. A. (1991) The effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on the hepatic estrogen and glucocorticoid receptors in congenic strains of Ah responsive and Ah nonresponsive C57BL/6J mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 108: 129-139.
79. Lincoln, D. W. II, Kampcik, S. J. and Gierthy, J. F. (1987) 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) does not inhibit intercellular communication in Chinese hamster V79 cells. Carcinogenesis 8: 1817-1820.
80. Lopneno, N., Sbrana, I., Rusciano, O., Lascialfari, D. and Lari, T. (1982) In vivo cytogenetic studies on mice and rats exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). In: Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds: Impact on the Environment, pp. 419-428, Hutzinger, O., Fried, R. W., Merian, E. and Pocchiari, P. (eds.) Pergamon, Elmsford.
81. Lorenzen, A. and Okey, A. B. (1990) Binding of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) to cytosolic Ah receptor (AhR) in human tonsils. Chemosphere 20: 1215-1220.
82. Lucier, G. W. (1991) Humans are a sensitive species to some of the biochemical effects of structural analogs of dioxin. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 10: 727-735.
83. Lucier, G. W., Rumbaugh, R. C., McCoy, Z., Hass, R., Harvan, D. and Albro, P. (1986) Ingestion of soil contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-f-dioxin (TCDD) alters hepatic enzyme activities in rats. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 6: 364-371.
84. Lucier, G. W., Tritscher, A., Goldsworthy, T., Foley, J., Clark, G., Goldstein, J. and Maronpot, R. (1991) Ovarian hormones enhance 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-mediated increases in cell proliferation and preneoplastic foci in a two-stage model for rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 51: 1391-1397.
85. Manz, A., Berger, J., Dwyer, J. H., Flesch-Janys, D., Nagel, S. and Waltsgott, H. (1991) Cancer mortality among workers in chemical plant contaminated with dioxin. Lancet 338: 959-964.
86. Maronpot, R. R., Montgomery, C. A., Jr., Boorman, G. A. and McConnell, E. E. (1986) National toxicology program nomenclature of hepatoproliferative lesions of rats. Toxicol. Pathol. 14: 263-273.
87. Maronpot, R. R., Foley, J. F., Takahashi, K., Goldsworthy, T., Clark, G., Tritscher, A., Portier, C. and Lucier, G. (1993) Dose response for TCDD promotion of hepatocarcinogenesis in rats initiated with DEN: histologie, biochemical and cell proliferation endpoints. Environ. Health Perspect. 101: 634-642.
88. McClain, R. M. (1989) The significance of hepatic microsomal enzyme induction and altered thyroid function in rats: implications for thyroid gland neoplasia. Toxicol. Pathol. 17: 294-306.
89. Meyne, J., Allison, D. C., Bose, K., Jordan, S. W., Ridolpho, P. F. and Smith, J. (1985) Hepatotoxic doses of dioxin do not damage mouse bone marrow chromosomes. Mutat. Res. 157: 63-69.
90. Michalek, J. E., Wolfe, W. H. and Miner, J. C. (1990) Health status of Air Force veterans occupationally exposed to herbicides in Vietnam. II. Mortality. JAMA 264: 1832-1836.
91. Mocarelli, P., Pocchiari, F. and Nelson, N. (1988) Preliminary Report: 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure to humans -Seveso, Italy. MMWR 37: 733-736.
92. Mocarelli, P., Needham, L. L., Marocchi, A., Patterson, D. G., Brambilla, P., Gerthoux, P. M., Meazza, L. and Carreri, V. (1991) Serum concentrations of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and test results from selected residents of Seveso, Italy. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 32: .357-366.
93. Mohammadpour, H., Murray, W. J. and Stohs, S. J. (1988) 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-fi-dioxin (TCDD)-induced lipid peroxidation in genetically responsive and non-responsive mice. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1 7: 645-650.
94. Mortelmans, K., Haworth, S., Speck, W. and Zeiger, E. (1984) Mutagenicity testing of agent orange components and related chemicals. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 75: 137-146.
95. Mottura, A., Zei, G., Nuzzo, F., Crimaudo, C., Giorgi, R., Veneroni, P., Paggini, L., Mocarelli, P., Fraccaro, M., Nicoletti, B. and DeCarli, L. (1981) Evaluation of results of chromosome analyses on lymphocytes of TCDD exposed subjects after the Seveso accident. Mutat. Res. 85: 238-239.
96. Neal, R., Gasiewicz, T., Geiger, L., Oison, J. and Sawahata, T. (1984) Metabolism of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in mammalian systems. In: Banbury Report 18, pp. 49-60, Poland, A. and Kimbrough, R.D. (eds.) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor.
97. Nebert, D. W., Thorgeirsson, S. S. and Felton, J. S. (1976) Genetic differences in mutagenesis, carcinogenesis and drug toxicity. In: In Vitro Metabolic Activation in Mutagenesis Testing, pp. 105-124, deSerres, F. J., Fouts, J. R., Bend, J. R. and Philpot, R. M. (eds.) Elsevier, Amsterdam.
98. Nelson, K., Vickers, A., Sunahara, G. I. and Lucier, G. W. (1988) Receptor and DNA ploidy changes during promotion of rat liver carcinogenesis. In: Tumor Promoters: Biological Approaches for Mechanistic Studies and Assay Systems, pp. 387-405, Langenbach, R., Elmore, E. and Barrett, J. C. (eds.) Raven Press, New York.
99. Neveu, M. J., Hullv, J. R., Paul, D. L. and Pitot, H. C. (1990) Reversible alteration in the expression of the gap junctional protein connexin 32 during tumor promotion in rat liver and its role during cell proliferation. Cancer Commun. 2: 21-31.
100. NTP (National Toxicology Program) (1982a) Carcinogenesis bio-assay of 2,3,7,8-retrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in Osborne-Mendel rats and B6C3Fj mice. (Gavage study). NIH Publication No. 82-1765: NTP-80-31.
101. NTP (National Toxicology Program) ( 1982b) Carcinogenesis bio-assay of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in Swiss-Webster mice. NIH Publication No. 82-1757: NTP-80-32.
102. Ott, M. G., Olson, R. A., Cook, R. R. and Bond, G. G. (1987) Cohort mortality study of chemical workers with potential exposure to the higher chlorinated dioxins. J. Occup. Med. 29: 422-429.
103. Ott, M. G., Messerer, P. and Zober, A. (1993) Assessment of past occupational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin using blood lipid analyses. Occup. Environ. Health 65: 1-8.
104. Pitot, H. C., Goldsworthy, T. L., Campbell, H. A. and Poland, A. (1980) Quantitative evaluation of the promotion by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin of hepatocarcinogenesis from diethylnitrosamine. Cancer Res. 40: 3616-3620.
105. Pitot, H. C., Goldsworthy, T. E., Moran, S., Kennan, W., Glauert, H. P., Maronpot, R. R. and Campbell, H. A. (1987) A method to quantitate the relative initiating and promoting potencies of hepatocarcinogenic agents in their dose-response relationships to altered hepatic foci. Carcinogenesis 8: 1491-1499.
106. Pocchiari, F., Silano, V. and Zampieri, A. (1979) Human health effects from accidental release of tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) at Seveso, Italy. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 320: 311-320.
107. Pohjanvirta, R., Juvonen, R., Kärenlampi, S., Raunio, H. and Tuomisco, J. (1988) Hepatic Ah-recepter levels and the effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on hepatic microsomal monooxygenase activities in a TCDD-susceptible and -resistant rat strain. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 92: 131-140.
108. Poiger, H. and Buser, H. R. (1984) The metabolism of TCDD in the dog and rat. In: Banbury Report 18, pp. 39-47, Poland, A. and Kimbrough, R. D. (eds.) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor.
109. Poland, A. and Glover, E. (1974) Comparison of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, a potent inducer of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, with 3-methylcholanthrene. Mol. Pharmacol. 10: 349-359.
110. Poland, A. and Glover, E. (1975) Gene expression of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: evidence for a receptor mutation in genetically non-responsive mice. Mol. Pharmacol. 11: 389-398.
111. Poland, A. and Glover, E. (1979) An estimate of the maximum in vivo covalent binding of 2,3,7,8-retrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin to rat liver protein, ribosomal RNA and DNA. Cancer Res. 39: 3341-3344.
112. Poland, A. and Glover, E. (1980) 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: segregation of toxicity with the Ah locus. Mol. Pharmacol. 17: 86-94.
113. Poland, A. and Knutson, J. C. (1982) 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons: examination of the mechanism of toxicity. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 22: 517-554.
114. Poland, A., Glover, E. and Kende, A. S. (1976) Stereospecific, high affinity binding of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodihenzo-p-dioxin by hepatic cytosol. J. Biol. Chem. 251: 4936-4946.
115. Poland, A., Palen, D. and Glover, E. (1982) Tumour promotion by TCDD in skin of HRS/J hairless mice. Nature 300: 271-273.
116. 125I]2-Iodo-3,7,8,-trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-binding species in mouse liver induced by agonists for the Ah receptor: characterization and identification. Mol. Pharmacol. 36: 113-120.
117. 125I]2-Iodo-3,7,8-trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin by the administration of agonists for the Ah receptor. Mol. Pharmacol. 36: 121-127.
118. Puga, A., Nebert, D. W. and Carrier, F. (1992) Dioxin induced expression of c-fos and c-jun proto-oncogenes and a large increase in transcription factor AP-1. DNA Cell Biol. 11: 269-281.
119. 32P-postlabeling assay and possible significance for spontaneous tumor induction and aging. Carcinogenesis 7: 161 5-1617.
120. Randerath, K., Putman, K. L, Randerath, E., Mason, G., Kelley, M. and Safe, S. (1988) Organ-specific effects of long term feeding of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodihenzo-p-dioxin and 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodihenzo-p-dioxin on 1-compounds in hepatic and renal DNA of female Sprague-Dawley rats. Carcinogenesis 9: 2285-2289.
121. Randerath, K., Putman, K. E., Randerath, E., Zacharewski, T., Harris, M. and Safe, S. (1990) Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on I-compounds in hepatic DNA of Sprague-Dawley rats: sex-specific effects and structure-activity relationships. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 103: 271-280.
122. Reggiani, G. (1979) Estimation of the TCDD toxic potential in the light of the Seveso accident. Arch. Toxicol. 2 (Suppl.): 291-302.
123. Reggiani, G. (I960) Acute human exposure to TCDD in Seveso, Italy. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 6: 27-43.
124. 3H]tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Cancer Res. 46: 3739-3743.
125. Rogers, A. M, Andersen, M. E. and Back, K. C. (1982) Mutagenicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibcnzo-dioxin and perfluoro-n-decanoic acid in L5178Y mouse-lymphoma cells. Mutat. Res. 105:445-449.
126. Rozman, K. (1992) Search tor the mechanism of toxicity of dioxins, a lesson in toxicology. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 44: 473-480.
127. Sambasiva Rao, M., Subbarao, V., Prasad, J. D. and Scarpelli, D. G. (1988) Carcinogenicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodihenzo-p-dioxin in the Syrian golden hamster. Carcinogenesis 9: 1677-1679.
128. Saracci, R., Kogevinas, M, Bertazzi, P. A., Bueno de Mesquita, B. H., Coggon, D., Green, L. M., Kauppinen, T., L'Abbé, K. A., Littorin, M., Lynge, E., Mathews, J. D., Neubcrger, M., Osman, J., Pearce, N. and Winkelmann, R. (1991) Cancer mortality in workers exposed to chlorophenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols. Lancet 338: 1027-1032.
129. Schrenk, D., Karger, A., Upp, H. P. and Bock, K. W. (1992) 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and ethinylestradiol as comitogens in cultured rat hepatocytes. Carcmogenesis 13: 453-456.
130. Seiler, J. P. (1973) A survey on the mutagenicity of various pesticides. Experienta 29: 622-623.
131. Sevvall, C. H., Lucier, G. W., Tritscher, A. M. and Clark, G. C. (1993) TCDD-mediated changes in hepatic epidermal growth factor receptor may be a critical event in the hepatocarcinogenic action of TCDD. Carcinogenesis 14: 1885-1893.
132. Shen, E. S., Gutman, S. I. and Olson, J. R. (1991) Comparison of 2,3,7,8'tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-mediated hepatotoxicity in C57BL6J and DBA/2J mice. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 32: 367-381.
133. Shu, H. P., Paustenbach, D. J. and Murray, F. J. (1987) A critical evaluation of the use of mutagenesis, Carcinogenesis, and tumor-promotion data in a cancer risk assessment of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dtoxin. ReguL Toxicol. Pharmacol. 7: 57-88.
134. Sloop, T. C. and Lucier, G. W. (1987) Dose-dependent elevation of Afi receptor binding by TCDD in rat liver. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 88: 329-337.
135. Smith, A. H. and Pearce, N. E. (1986) Update on soft tissue sarcoma and phenoxyherbicides in New Zealand. Chemosphere 15: 1795-1798.
136. Smith, A. H., Pierce, N. E., Fisher, D. O., Giles, H. J., Teague, C. A. and Howard, J. K. (1984) Soft tissue sarcoma and exposure to phenoxyherbicides and chlorophenols in New Zealand. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 73: 1111-1117.
137. Stohs, S. J., Shara, M. A., Alshanf, N. Z., Wahba, Z. Z. and Al-Bayati, Z. A. F. (1990) 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced oxidative stress in female rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 106: 126-135.
138. Tenchini, M. L., Crimaudo, C., Simoni, G., DeCarli, L., Giorgi, R. and Nuzzo, F. (1979) Approaches to the evaluation of genetic damage after a major hazard in chemical industry: preliminary cytogenetic findings in TCDD-exposed subjects after the Seveso accident. In: Genetic Damage in Man Caused by Environmental Agents, pp. 301-316, Berg, K. (ed.) Academic Press, San Diego.
139. Tenchini, M. L., Crimaudo, C., Pacchetti, G., Mottura, A., Agosti, S. and DeCarli, L. (1983) A comparative cytogenetic study-on cases of induced abortions in TCDD-exposed and nonexposed women. Environ. Mutagen. 5: 73-85.
140. Thoma, H., Mücke, W. and Kauert, G. (1990) Comparison of the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran in human tissue and human liver. Chemosphere 20: 433-442.
141. Tóth, K., Sugar, J., Somfai-Relle, S. and Bence, J. (1978) Carcinogenic hioassay of the herbicide, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyethanol (TCPE) with different 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (Dioxin) content in Swiss mice. Prog. Biochem. Pharmacol. 14: 82-93.
142. Tóth, K., Somfai-Relle, S., Sugár, J. and Bence, J. (1979) Carcinogenicity testing of herbicide 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyethanol containing dioxin and of pure dioxin in Swiss mice. Nature 278: 548-549.
143. Tóth, K., Olah, E., Somfai-Relle, S. and Sugár, J. (1984) Effect of herbicide 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyethanol (TCPE) containing dioxin on mutation and induction of sister chromatid exchanges. Carcinogenesis 5: 1725-1728.
144. Tritscher, A. M., Goldstein, J. A., Portier, C. J., McCoy, Z., Clark, G. C. and Lucier, F. W. (1992) Dose-response relationships for chronic exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in a rat tumor promotion model: quantification and immunolocalization of CYP1A1 andCYP1A2 m the liver. Cancer Res. 52: 3436-3442.
145. Trosko, J. E., Chang, C. and Medcalf, A. (1983) Mechanisms of tumor promotion. Potential role of intercellular communication. Cancer Invest. 1: 511-526.
146. Tullis, K., Olsen, H., Bombick, D. W., Marsumura, F. and Jankun, J. (1992) TCDD causes stimulation of c-ras expression in the hepatic plasma membranes in vivo and in vitro. J. Biochem. Toxicol. 7: 107-116.
147. Vanden Heuvel, J. P., Clark, G. C., Kohn, M. C., Tritseher, A. M., Greenlee, W. F., Lucier, G. W. and Bell, D. A. (1994) Dioxin-responsive genes: examination of dose-response relationships using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Cancer Res. 54: 62-68.
148. Van Miller, J. P., Marlar, R. J. and Allen, J. R. (1976) Tissue distribution and excretion of tritiated tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in non-human primates and rats. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 14: 31-34.
149. Van Miller, J. P., Lalich, J. J. and Allen, J. R. (1977) Increased incidence of neoplasms in rats exposed to low levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Chemosphere 9: 537-544.
150. Voorman, R. and Aust, S. D. (1989) TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) is a tight binding inhibitor of cytochrome P-450d. J. Biochem. Toxicol. 4: 105-109.
151. Wassom, J. S.,Huff, J. E. and Loprieno, N. (1977) A review of the genetic toxicology of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. Mutat. Res. 47: 141-160.
152. Wattenberg, L. W. (1985) Chemoprevention of cancer. Cancer Res. 45: 1-8.
153. Weber, H., Poiger, H. and Schlatter, C. ( 1982) Acute oral toxicity of TCDD-metaboUtes in male guinea pigs. Toxicol. Lett. 14: 117-122.
154. Whirlock, J. P. (1993) Mechanistic aspects of dioxin action. Cheni. Res. Toxicol. 6: 754-763.
155. Whysner, J. and Williams, G. M. (1992) International cancer risk assessment: the impact of biologic mechanisms. Regnl. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 15:41-50.
156. Whysner, J., Wang, C., Zang, E., latropoulos, M. J. and Williams, G. M. (1994) Dose-response promotion by butylated hydroxyanisole in chemically initiated tumors of the rodent forestomach. Food Chem. Toxicol. 32: 215-222.
157. Wiklund, K. and Holm, L. (1986) Soft tissue sarcoma risk in Swedish agricultural and forestry workers. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 71: 229-234.
158. Williams, G. M. (1980) The pathogenesis of rat liver cancer caused by chemical carcinogens. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 605: 167-189.
159. Williams, G. M. (1981) Liver carcinogenesis: the role for some chemicals of an epigenetic mechanism of liver tumour promotion involving modification of the cell membrane. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 19: 577-583.
160. Wolfe, W. H., Michalek, J. E., Miner, J. C. and Petersen, M. R. (1988) Serum 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin levels in Air Force health study participants-preliminary report. MMWR 37: 309-324.
161. Wölfle, R, Becker, E. and Schmutte, C. (1993) Growth stimulation of primary rat hepatocytes by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Cell. Biol. Toxicol. 9: 15-31.
162. Woods, J. S., Polissar, L., Severson, R. K., Heuser, L. S. and Kulander, B. G. (1987) Soft tissue sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in relation to phenoxyherbicide and chlorinated phenol exposure in Western Washington. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 78: 899-910.
163. Wu, L. and Whitlock, J. P. (1993) Mechanism of dioxin action: receptor-enhancer interactions in intact cells. Nucl. Acids Res. 21: 119-125.
164. Zack, J. A. and Gaffey, W. R. (1983) A mortality study of workers employed at the Monsanto Company plant in Nitro, West Virginia. In: Human and Environmental Risks of Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds, pp. 575-591, Tucker, R. E., Young, A. L. and Gray, A. P. (eds.) Plenum Press, New York.
165. Zack, J. A. and Suskind, R. R. (1980) The mortality experience of workers exposed to tetrachlorodibenzodioxin in a trichlorophenol process accident. J Med. 22: 111 1-1114.
166. Zimmering, S., Mason, J. M., Valencia, R. and Woodruff, R. C. (1985) Chemical mutagenesis testing in Drosophila. II. Results of 20 coded compounds tested for the National Toxicology Program. Environ. Mutagen. 7: 87-100.
167. Zober, A., Messerer, P. and Huber, P. (1990) Thirty-four-year mortality follow-up of BASF employees exposed to 2,3,7,8-TCDD after the 1953 accident. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 62: 139-157.