Affective disorders and nitric oxide: A role in pathways to relapse and refractoriness?

Human Psychopharmacology

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 309-319

  Harvey, Brian H ^a  

^a Eli Lilly (SA) (Pty) Ltd   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Affective disorder; cGMP; Lithium; Nitric oxide; Refractoriness; Relapse

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; BIOGENIC AMINE; CYCLIC GMP; GLUTAMIC ACID; LITHIUM; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NITRIC OXIDE;

AFFECTIVE NEUROSIS; ARTICLE; DEPRESSION; DYSPHORIA; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMAN; IMMEDIATE EARLY GENE; KINDLING; LIMBIC CORTEX; MEMORY; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NERVE DEGENERATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY; RELAPSE; SCHIZOPHRENIA; STRESS;

EID: 0029739272     PISSN: 08856222     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1077(199607)11:4<309::AID-HUP775>3.0.CO;2-B     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Agullo, L. and Garcia, A. (1991). Norepinephrine increases cyclic GMP in astrocyctes by a mechanism dependent on nitric oxide synthesis. European Journal of Pharmacology, 206, 343-346.
2. Altemus, M., Cizza, G. and Gold, P. W. (1992). Chronic fluoxetine treatment reduces hypothalamic vasopressin secretion in vitro. Brain Research, 593, 311-313.
3. Altamura, A. C. and Percudani, M. (1993). The use of antidepressants for long-term treatment of recurrent depression: Rationale, current methodologies and future directions. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 54 (suppl. 8), 29-37.
4. Arancio, O., Kandel, E. R. and Hawkins, R. D. (1995). Activity-dependent long-term enhancement of transmitter release by presynaptic 3′5′-cyclic GMP in cultured hippocampal neurons. Nature, 376, 74-80.
5. Bagetta, G., Iannone, M., Del Duca, C. and Nistico, G. (1993). Inhibition by N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester of the electrocortical arousal response in rats. British Journal of Pharmacology, 108, 858-860.
6. Bouvier, M., Collins, S., O'Dowd, B. F., Campbell, P. T., De Blasi, A., Kobilka, B. K., MacGregor, C., Irons, G. P., Caron, M. G. and Lefkowitz, R. J. (1989). Two distinct pathways for cAMP-mediated down-regulation of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor: phosphorylation of the receptor and regulation of its mRNA level. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 264, 16786-16792.
7. Bredt, D. S., Hwang, P. M. and Snyder, S. H. (1990). Localization of nitric oxide synthase indicating a neuronal role for nitric oxide. Nature, 347, 768-770.
8. Bruhwyler, J., Chleide, E., Liegeois, J. F. and Carreer, F. (1993). Nitric oxide: A new messenger in the brain. Neurosci. Biobehavior Reviews, 17, 373-384.
9. Brunetti, L. (1994). Nitric oxide: a gas as a modulator of neuroendocrine secretions. Clinical Therapeutics, 144, 147-153.
10. Caton, P. W., Tousman, S. A. and Quock, R. M. (1994). Involvement of nitric oxide in nitrous oxide anxiolysis in the elevated plus-maze. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 48, 689-692.
11. Das, I., Khan, N. S., Pun, B. K., Sooranna, S. R., De Belleroche, J. and Hirsch, S. R. (1995). Elevated platelet calcium mobilization and nitric oxide synthase activity may reflect abnormalities in schizophrenic brain. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 212, 375-380.
12. Davies, C. H., Starkey, S. J., Pozza, M. F. and Collingridge, G. L. (1991). GABAb autoreceptors regulate the induction of long-term potentiation. Nature, 349, 609-611.
13. Dawson, T. M., Dawson, V. L. and Snyder, S. H. (1992). A novel neuronal messenger molecule in brain: The free radical, nitric oxide. Annals of Neurology, 32, 297-311.
14. De Bellis, M. D., Gold, P. W., Geraciotti, T. D., Listwak, S. J. and Kling, M. A. (1993). Association of fluoxetine treatment with reductions in CSF concentrations of corticotropin-releasing hormone and arginine in patients with major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 656-657.
15. Emsley, R., Roberts, M., Smith, R., Spangenberg, J. and Chalton, D. (1995). Disordered water homeostasis in schizophrenia and cerebral ventricular size. British Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 501-506.
16. Forstermann, U., Gorsky, L. D., Pollock, J. S., Schmidt, H. H. H. W., Heller, M. and Murad, F. (1990). Regional distribution of EDRF/NO-synthesizing enzymes in the brain. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 168, 727-732.
17. Gandolfi, O., Dall'Olio, R., Roncada, P. and Montanarro, N. (1990). NMDA antagonists interact with 5HT-stimulated phosphatidylinositol metabolism and impair passive avoidance retention in the rat. Neuroscience Letters, 113, 304-308.
18. Garthwaite, J. (1991). Glutamate, nitric oxide and cell-cell signalling in the nervous system. Trends in Neuroscience, 14, 60-67.
19. Garthwaite, J., Charles, S. L. and Chess-Williams, R. (1988). Endothelium-derived relaxing factor release on activation of NMDA receptors suggests role as intercellular messenger in the brain. Nature, 336, 385-388.
20. Gattaz, W. F., Cramer, H. and Beckmann, H. (1983). Low CSF concentrations of cyclic GMP in schizophrenic patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 288-291.
21. Gattaz, W. F., Cramer, H. and Beckmann, H. (1984). Haloperidol increases the CSF concentrations of cyclic GMP in schizophrenic patients. Biological Psychiatry, 19, 1229-1235.
22. Geng-Chan, Y., Bonhaus, D. W. and Mcnamara, J. O. (1990). Evidence that zinc inhibits N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-gated ion channel activation by non-competitive antagonism of glycine binding. Molecular Pharmacology, 38, 14-19.
23. Goy, M. F. (1991). cGMP: The wayward child of the cyclic nucleotide family. Trends in Neuroscience, 14, 293-299.
24. Haby, C., Lisovoski, F., Aunis, D. and Zwiller, J. (1994). Stimulation of the cyclic GMP pathway by NO induces expression of the immediate early genes c-fos and junB in PC-12 cells. Journal of Neurochemistry, 62, 496-501.
25. 3H]-dopamine from striatal slices. Neuroreport, 3, 409-412.
26. Harvard, H. L., Buckland, P. R., O'Donavan, M. C., McGuffin, P. (1991). The effects of anti-depressant drugs on kainate receptor mRNA levels. Neuropharmacology, 30, 675-677.
27. Harvey, B. H., Carstens, M. E. and Taljaard, J. J. F. (1990a). Antagonism of a novel cholinotropic property of lithium by scopolamine. South African Journal of Science, 86, 265-269.
28. Harvey, B. H., Carstens, M. E. and Taljaard, J. J. F. (1990b). Lithium modulation of cortical cyclic nucleotides: Evidence for the Yin-Yang hypothesis. European Journal of Pharmacology, 175, 129-136.
29. Harvey, B. H., Carstens, M. E. and Taljaard, J. J. F. (1994). Evidence that lithium induces a glutamatergic : nitric oxide-mediated response in rat brain. Neurochemical Research, 19, 469-474.
30. Harvey, B. H. and Taljaard, J. J. F. (1994). Nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase-derived free radicals in the therapeutic and toxic effects of lithium. Lithium, 5, 67-72.
31. 2+/calmodulin-dependent formation of hydrogen peroxide by brain nitric oxide synthase. Biochemical Journal, 281, 627-630.
32. Hess, D. T., Lin, L. H., Freeman, J. A. and Norden, J. J. (1994). Modification of cysteine residues within G(o) and other neuronal proteins by exposure to nitric oxide. Neuropharmacology, 33, 1283-1292.
33. Hirata, M., Kohse, K. P., Chang, C., Ikebe, T. and Murad, F. (1990). Mechanism of cyclic GMP inhibition of inositol phosphate formation in rat aorta segments and cultured bovine aortic smooth muscle cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 265, 1268-1273.
34. Hirsch, D. B., Steiner, J. P., Dawson, T. M., Mammen, A., Hayek, E. and Snyder, S. H. (1993). Neurotransmitter release regulated by nitric oxide in PC-12 cells and brain synaptosomes. Current Biology, 3, 749-754.
35. Hu, J., Lee, J. H. and El-Fakahany, E. E. (1994). Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase by anti-psychotic drugs. Psychopharmacology, 114, 161-166.
36. Janowsky, D. S., El-Yousef, M. K., Davis, J. M. and Sekerke, M. J. (1972). A cholinergic-adrenergic hypothesis of mania and depression. Lancet, ii, 632-635.
37. Kerwin, J. F. and Heller, M. (1994). The arginine-nitric oxide pathway: a target for new drugs. Medical Research Reviews, 14, 23-74.
38. Kirkness, E. F., Bovenkerk, C. F., Ueda, T. and Turner, A. J. (1989). Phosphorylation of gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA)/benzodiazepine receptors by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Biochemical Journal, 259, 613-616.
39. Kotani, K., Ueno, S., Sano, A. and Kakimoto, Y. (1992). Isolation and identification of methylarginines from bovine brain. Journal of Neurochemistry, 58, 1127-1129.
40. Kuiper, M. A., Visser, J. J., Bergmans, P. L. M., Scheltens, P. and Wolters, E. C. (1994). Decreased cerebrospinal fluid nitrate levels in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and multiple system atrophy patients. Journal of Neurological Sciences, 121, 46-49.
41. Lachman, H. M. (1993). Mechanisms of lithium action: Gene expression. Reviews in Contempory Pharmacotherapy, 4, 310-312.
42. Leonard, B. E. (1992). Fundamentals of Psychopharmacology. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
43. Li, G., Regunathan, S., Barrow, C. J., Eshraghi, J., Cooper, R. and Reis, D. J. (1994). Agmatine: An endogenous clonidine-displacing substance in the brain. Science, 263, 966-969.
44. Losier, B. J. and Semba, K. (1993). Dual projections of single cholinergic and aminergic brainstem neurons to the thalamus and basal forebrain in the rat. Brain Research, 604, 41-52.
45. Maes, M., Haese, P. C. D., Scharpe, S., D'Hondt, P., Cosyns, P. and De Broe, M. E. (1994). Hypozincemia in depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 31, 135-140.
46. Miller, K. J. and Hoffman, B. J. (1994). Adenosine A3 receptors regulate serotonin transport via nitric oxide and cGMP. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269, 27351-27356.
47. Monaghan, D. T., Bridges, R. J. and Cotman, C. W. (1989). The excitatory amino acid receptors: Their classes, pharmacology and distinct properties in the function of the central nervous system. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 29, 208-217.
48. Murphy, S., Minor, R. L., Welk, G. and Harrison, D. G. (1990). Evidence for an astrocyte-derived vasorelaxing factor with the properties similar to nitric oxide. Journal of Neurochemistry, 55, 349-351.
49. Naor, Z. (1990). Cyclic GMP stimulates inositol phosphate production in cultured pituitary cells: Possible implications to signal transduction. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 167, 982-992.
50. Naylor, G. J., Martin, S. E., Hopwood, S. E. and Watson, Y. (1986). A two-year double blind crossover trial of the prophylactic effect of methylene blue in manic-depressive psychosis. Biological Psychiatry, 21, 915-920.
51. 3H] GABA release from cerebral cortical neurons is mediated by peroxynitrite. Journal of Neurochemistry, 65, 1109-1114.
52. Okuno, S., Kanayama, Y. and Fujiwara, H. (1989). Regulation of human tyrosine hydroxylase activity: effects of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and polyanion. FEBS Letters, 253, 52-54.
53. Olney, J. W. (1990). Excitotoxic amino acids and neuropsychiatric disorders. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 30, 47-71.
54. Ormandy, G. C., Jope, R. S. and Snead, O. C. (1989). Anticonvulsant actions of MK-801 on the lithium-pilocarpine model of status epilepticus in rats. Experimental Neurology, 106, 172-180.
55. Park, S. K., Lin, H. L. and Murphy, S. (1994). Nitric oxide limits transcriptional induction of nitric oxide synthase in CNS glial cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 201, 762-768.
56. Paul, I. A., Nowak, G., Layer, R. T., Popik, P. and Skolnick, P. (1994). Adaptation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex following chronic antidepressant treatments. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 269, 95-102.
57. Petty, F. (1995). GABA and mood disorders: A brief overview and hypothesis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 34, 275-281.
58. Post, R. M. (1992). Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 999-1010.
59. Post, R. M., Leverich, G. S., Altshuler, L. and Mikalauskas, K. (1992a). Lithium-discontinuation-induced refractoriness: Preliminary observations. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 1727-1729.
60. Post, R. M., Leverich, G. S., Pazzaglia, P. J., Mikalauskas, K. and Denicoff, K. (1993). Lithium tolerance and discontinuation as pathways to refractoriness. In: Lithium in Medicine and Biology, Birch, N. J., Padgham, C. and Hughes, M. S. (Eds). Marius Press, Carnforth.
61. Post, R. M., Weiss, S. R. B., Ketter, T. A., George, M.S., Clark, M. and Roson, J. (1992c). The temporal lobes and affective disorders. In: The Temporal Lobes and the Limbic System, Trimble, M. R., Bolwig, T. G. (Eds). Wrightson Biomedical Publishing Ltd, Petersfield, pp. 247-266.
62. Post, R. M., Weiss, S. R. B. and Chuang, D-M. (1992b). Mechanisms of anticonvulsants in affective disorders: Comparisons with lithium. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 12, 23S-35S.
63. Poza, D., Reiter, R. J., Calvo, J. R. and Guerrero, J. M. (1994). Physiological concentrations of melatonin inhibit nitric oxide synthase in rat cerebellum. Life Sciences. 55, 455-460.
64. Prast, H. and Philippu, A. (1992). NO releases acetylcholine in the basal forebrain. European Journal of Pharmacology, 216, 139-140.
65. Quock, R. M. and Nguyen, E. (1992). Possible involvement of nitric oxide in chlordiazepoxide-induced anxiolysis in mice. Life Sciences, 51, 255-260.
66. Reiser, G. (1990). Mechanism of stimulation of cyclic-GMP level in a neuronal cell line mediated by serotonin (5HT3) receptors. European Journal of Biochemistry, 189, 547-552.
67. Schildkraut, J. (1965). The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: a review of supporting evidence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 122, 509-522.
68. Schubert, T., Stoll, L. and Muller, W. E. (1991). Therapeutic concentrations of lithium and carbamazepine inhibit cGMP accumulation in human lymphocytes. Psychopharmacology, 104, 45-50.
69. Squires, R. F. and Saederup, E. (1991). A review of evidence for GABAergic predominance/glutamatergic deficit as a common aetiological factor in both schizophrenia and affective psychosis: more support for a continuum hypothesis of 'functional psychosis'. Neurochemical Research, 16, 1099-1111.
70. Snyder, S. H. (1994). Gases as neural messengers in the brain. Neuropsychopharmacology, 10, 34S-36S.
71. Thase, M. E. (1990). Relapse and recurrence in unipolar major depression: Short-term and long-term approaches. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 51 (suppl. 6), 51-57.
72. Tonnaer, J. A. D. M., Cheung, C. L. and De Boer, T. (1991) Cyclic GMP formation and phosphoinositide turnover in rat brain slices are mediated by pharmacologically distinct muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. European Journal of Pharmacology, 207, 183-188.
73. Toru, M., Kurumaji, A. and Ishimaru, M. (1994). Excitatory amino acids: Implications for psychiatric disorders research. Life Science, 55, 1683-1699.
74. Weissman, B. A., Bolger, G. T. and Chiang, P. K. (1990). Interactions between nitrogen oxide-containing compounds and peripheral benzodiazepine receptors. FEBS Letters, 260, 169-172.
75. 3H]-gamma-aminobutyric acid from striatal neurones in primary culture. Molecular Pharmacology, 38, 229-236.
76. Wolszon, L. R. and Faber, D. S. (1989). The effects of postsynaptic levels of cyclic AMP on excitatory and inhibitory responses of an identified central neuron. Journal of Neuroscience, 9, 784-797.
77. Wood, P. L. (1991). Pharmacology of the second messenger, cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate, in the cerebellum, Pharmacological Reviews, 43, 1-25.
78. Wood, P. L. and Rao, T. S. (1991). A review of in vivo modulation of cerebellar cGMP levels by excitatory amino acid receptors: Role of NMDA, quisqualate and kainate receptors. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological and Psychiatry, 15, 229-235.
79. Youdim, M. B. H., Ben-Shachar, D., Eshel, G., Finberg, J. P. M. and Riederer, P. (1993). The neurotoxicity of iron and nitric oxide: Relevance to the aetiology of Parkinson's disease. In: Advances in Neurology, Vol. 60, Narabayashi, H., Nagasu, T., Yanagisawa N. and Mizuno, Y. (Eds), Raven Press, New York, pp. 259-266.