메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 104, Issue 8, 1996, Pages 838-850

Health and respirable particulate (PM10) air pollution: A causal or statistical association?

Author keywords

Air pollution; Air quality standards; Causality; Confounding; Ecologic time series studies; Epidemiology; Morbidity; Mortality; Particulate matter; Weather

Indexed keywords

AIR POLLUTION; AIR QUALITY STANDARD; ARTICLE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; HEALTH; HEART DISEASE; HUMAN; LUNG DISEASE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PARTICULATE MATTER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; UNITED STATES; WEATHER;

EID: 0029737438     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.96104838     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (85)

References (97)
  • 1
    • 31844443695 scopus 로고
    • The environment and disease: Association or causation?
    • Hill AB. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc R Soc Med 58:295-300 (1965).
    • (1965) Proc R Soc Med , vol.58 , pp. 295-300
    • Hill, A.B.1
  • 2
    • 0029027556 scopus 로고
    • Health effects of particulate air pollution: Time for reassessment?
    • Pope CA III, Bates DV, Raizenne ME. Health effects of particulate air pollution: time for reassessment? Environ Health Perspect 103: 472-480 (1995).
    • (1995) Environ Health Perspect , vol.103 , pp. 472-480
    • Pope III, C.A.1    Bates, D.V.2    Raizenne, M.E.3
  • 4
    • 33744967264 scopus 로고
    • 10 air pollution? Additional analyses by location, year, season, and cause of death
    • 10 air pollution? Additional analyses by location, year, season, and cause of death. Inhalation Toxicol 7:603-614 (1995).
    • (1995) Inhalation Toxicol , vol.7 , pp. 603-614
    • Lyon, J.L.1    Mori, M.2    Gao, R.3
  • 6
    • 0027330494 scopus 로고
    • Air pollution and daily mortality in Birmingham, Alabama
    • Schwartz J. Air pollution and daily mortality in Birmingham, Alabama. Am J Epidemiol 137: 1136-1147 (1993).
    • (1993) Am J Epidemiol , vol.137 , pp. 1136-1147
    • Schwartz, J.1
  • 7
    • 85035180423 scopus 로고
    • The analysis of the association between particulate matter and daily mortality in Birmingham, Toronto, and Philadelphia in particulate matter: Health and regulatory issues
    • Air and Waste Water Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA, 4-6 April 1995. Pittsburgh, PA:Air and Waste Water Management Association
    • Li Y, Roth HD. The analysis of the association between particulate matter and daily mortality in Birmingham, Toronto, and Philadelphia in particulate matter: health and regulatory issues. Proceedings of an International Specialty Conference, Air and Waste Water Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA, 4-6 April 1995. Pittsburgh, PA:Air and Waste Water Management Association, 1995;43-59.
    • (1995) Proceedings of an International Specialty Conference , pp. 43-59
    • Li, Y.1    Roth, H.D.2
  • 8
    • 0026514360 scopus 로고
    • Increased mortality in Philadelphia associated with daily air pollution concentrations
    • Schwartz J, Dockery DW. Increased mortality in Philadelphia associated with daily air pollution concentrations. Am Rev Respir Dis 45:600-604 (1992).
    • (1992) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.45 , pp. 600-604
    • Schwartz, J.1    Dockery, D.W.2
  • 9
    • 0027982927 scopus 로고
    • What are people dying of on high air pollution days?
    • Schwartz J. What are people dying of on high air pollution days? Environ Res 64:26-35 (1994).
    • (1994) Environ Res , vol.64 , pp. 26-35
    • Schwartz, J.1
  • 10
    • 84905205987 scopus 로고
    • Daily mortality analysis by using different regression models in Philadelphia County, 1973-1990
    • Li Y, Roth HD. Daily mortality analysis by using different regression models in Philadelphia County, 1973-1990. Inhalation Toxicol 1:45-58 (1995).
    • (1995) Inhalation Toxicol , vol.1 , pp. 45-58
    • Li, Y.1    Roth, H.D.2
  • 13
    • 0028053075 scopus 로고
    • Air pollution and daily mortality: A review and meta-analysis
    • Schwartz J. Air pollution and daily mortality: a review and meta-analysis. Environ Res 64:36-52 (1994).
    • (1994) Environ Res , vol.64 , pp. 36-52
    • Schwartz, J.1
  • 14
    • 0027436113 scopus 로고
    • The association of air pollution and mortality: Examining the case for inference
    • Ostro B. The association of air pollution and mortality: examining the case for inference. Arch Environ Health 48:336-342 (1993).
    • (1993) Arch Environ Health , vol.48 , pp. 336-342
    • Ostro, B.1
  • 16
    • 0023257236 scopus 로고
    • Air pollution and hospital admissions in southern Ontario: The summer haze effects
    • Bates DV, Sizto R. Air pollution and hospital admissions in southern Ontario: the summer haze effects. Environ Res 43:317-331 (1987).
    • (1987) Environ Res , vol.43 , pp. 317-331
    • Bates, D.V.1    Sizto, R.2
  • 17
    • 0025287806 scopus 로고
    • Asthma attack periodicity: A study of hospital emergency visits in Vancouver
    • Bates DV, Baker-Anderson M, Sizto R. Asthma attack periodicity: a study of hospital emergency visits in Vancouver. Environ Res 51:51-70 (1990).
    • (1990) Environ Res , vol.51 , pp. 51-70
    • Bates, D.V.1    Baker-Anderson, M.2    Sizto, R.3
  • 18
    • 0025987735 scopus 로고
    • Air pollution and acute respiratory illness in five German communities
    • Schwartz J, Spix C, Wichmann HE, Malin E. Air pollution and acute respiratory illness in five German communities. Environ Res 56:1-14 (1991).
    • (1991) Environ Res , vol.56 , pp. 1-14
    • Schwartz, J.1    Spix, C.2    Wichmann, H.E.3    Malin, E.4
  • 19
    • 0027394237 scopus 로고
    • Particulate air pollution and hospital emergency room visits for asthma in Seattle
    • Schwartz J, Slater D, Larson TV, Pierson WE, Koenig JQ. Particulate air pollution and hospital emergency room visits for asthma in Seattle. Am Rev Respir Dis 147:826-831 (1993).
    • (1993) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.147 , pp. 826-831
    • Schwartz, J.1    Slater, D.2    Larson, T.V.3    Pierson, W.E.4    Koenig, J.Q.5
  • 20
    • 0027193297 scopus 로고
    • Air pollution and emergency room admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A 5-year study
    • Sunyer J, Saez M, Murillo C, Castellsague J, Martinez F, Anto JM. Air pollution and emergency room admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a 5-year study. Am J Epidemiol 137:701-775 (1993).
    • (1993) Am J Epidemiol , vol.137 , pp. 701-775
    • Sunyer, J.1    Saez, M.2    Murillo, C.3    Castellsague, J.4    Martinez, F.5    Anto, J.M.6
  • 21
    • 0028268490 scopus 로고
    • Air pollution and hospital admissions for the elderly in Birmingham, Alabama
    • Schwartz J. Air pollution and hospital admissions for the elderly in Birmingham, Alabama. Am J Epidemiol 139:589-598 (1994).
    • (1994) Am J Epidemiol , vol.139 , pp. 589-598
    • Schwartz, J.1
  • 22
    • 0027991559 scopus 로고
    • Air pollution and hospital admissions for the elderly in Detroit, Michigan
    • Schwartz J. Air pollution and hospital admissions for the elderly in Detroit, Michigan. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 150:648-655 (1994).
    • (1994) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.150 , pp. 648-655
    • Schwartz, J.1
  • 23
    • 0028997812 scopus 로고
    • Short-term fluctuations in air pollution and hospital admissions of the elderly for respiratory disease
    • Schwartz J. Short-term fluctuations in air pollution and hospital admissions of the elderly for respiratory disease. Thorax 50:531-538 (1995).
    • (1995) Thorax , vol.50 , pp. 531-538
    • Schwartz, J.1
  • 24
    • 0023243790 scopus 로고
    • Time-series analyses of respiratory responses to indoor and outdoor environmental phenomena
    • Lebowitz MD, Collins L, Holberg CJ. Time-series analyses of respiratory responses to indoor and outdoor environmental phenomena. Environ Res 43:332-341 (1987).
    • (1987) Environ Res , vol.43 , pp. 332-341
    • Lebowitz, M.D.1    Collins, L.2    Holberg, C.J.3
  • 26
    • 0026806081 scopus 로고
    • 10 pollution on symptomatic and asymptomatic children
    • 10 pollution on symptomatic and asymptomatic children. Am Rev Respir Dis 145:1123-1128 (1992).
    • (1992) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.145 , pp. 1123-1128
    • Pope, C.A.1    Dockery, D.W.2
  • 28
    • 0027429504 scopus 로고
    • Acute effects of a winter air pollution episode on pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms of children
    • Hoek G, Brunekreef B. Acute effects of a winter air pollution episode on pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms of children. Arch Environ Health 48:328-335 (1993).
    • (1993) Arch Environ Health , vol.48 , pp. 328-335
    • Hoek, G.1    Brunekreef, B.2
  • 29
    • 0001744942 scopus 로고
    • Particles and mortality: A clinical perspective
    • Utell MJ, Frampton MW. Particles and mortality: a clinical perspective. Inhalation Toxicol 7:645-655 (1995).
    • (1995) Inhalation Toxicol , vol.7 , pp. 645-655
    • Utell, M.J.1    Frampton, M.W.2
  • 31
    • 0027083505 scopus 로고
    • Health indices of the adverse effects of air pollution: The question of coherence
    • Bates DV. Health indices of the adverse effects of air pollution: the question of coherence. Environ Res 59:336-349 (1992).
    • (1992) Environ Res , vol.59 , pp. 336-349
    • Bates, D.V.1
  • 33
    • 0026567088 scopus 로고
    • Particulate air pollution and daily mortality in Steubenville
    • Schwartz J, Dockery DW. Particulate air pollution and daily mortality in Steubenville. Am J Epidemiol 135:12-19 (1992).
    • (1992) Am J Epidemiol , vol.135 , pp. 12-19
    • Schwartz, J.1    Dockery, D.W.2
  • 34
    • 0002286075 scopus 로고
    • Particulate air pollution, sulfur dioxide, and daily mortality: A reanalysis of the Steubenville data
    • Moolgavkar SH, Luebeck EG, Hall TA, Anderson EL. Particulate air pollution, sulfur dioxide, and daily mortality: a reanalysis of the Steubenville data. Inhalation Toxicol 1:35-44 (1995).
    • (1995) Inhalation Toxicol , vol.1 , pp. 35-44
    • Moolgavkar, S.H.1    Luebeck, E.G.2    Hall, T.A.3    Anderson, E.L.4
  • 36
    • 0001871605 scopus 로고
    • Temperature-pollution interactions with daily mortality in Philadelphia, in particulate matter: Health and regulatory issues
    • Air and Waste Water Management, Pittsburgh, PA, 4-6 April 1995. Pittsburgh, PA:Air and Waste Water Management Association
    • Wyzga RE, Lipfert FW. Temperature-pollution interactions with daily mortality in Philadelphia, in particulate matter: health and regulatory issues. The Proceedings of an International Specialty Conference, Air and Waste Water Management, Pittsburgh, PA, 4-6 April 1995. Pittsburgh, PA:Air and Waste Water Management Association, 1995;3-42.
    • (1995) The Proceedings of an International Specialty Conference , pp. 3-42
    • Wyzga, R.E.1    Lipfert, F.W.2
  • 37
    • 0029362780 scopus 로고
    • Particulate air pollution and mortality: The Philadelphia story
    • Samet JM. Particulate air pollution and mortality: the Philadelphia story. Epidemiology 6:471-473 (1995).
    • (1995) Epidemiology , vol.6 , pp. 471-473
    • Samet, J.M.1
  • 38
    • 0027255582 scopus 로고
    • Associations of London, England, daily mortality with particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and acidic aerosol pollution
    • Ito K, Thurston GD, Hayes C, Lippmann M. Associations of London, England, daily mortality with particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and acidic aerosol pollution. Arch Environ Health 48:213-220 (1993).
    • (1993) Arch Environ Health , vol.48 , pp. 213-220
    • Ito, K.1    Thurston, G.D.2    Hayes, C.3    Lippmann, M.4
  • 39
    • 0002686107 scopus 로고
    • Separating the effects of temperature and season on daily mortality from those of air pollution in London: 1965-1972
    • Lippmann M, Ito K. Separating the effects of temperature and season on daily mortality from those of air pollution in London: 1965-1972. Inhalation Toxicol 7:85-98 (1995).
    • (1995) Inhalation Toxicol , vol.7 , pp. 85-98
    • Lippmann, M.1    Ito, K.2
  • 40
    • 0024518085 scopus 로고
    • Short-term effects of sulphur dioxide pollution or mortality in two French cities
    • Derriennic F, Richardson S, Mollie A, Lellouch J. Short-term effects of sulphur dioxide pollution or mortality in two French cities. Int J Epidemiol 18:186-197 (1989).
    • (1989) Int J Epidemiol , vol.18 , pp. 186-197
    • Derriennic, F.1    Richardson, S.2    Mollie, A.3    Lellouch, J.4
  • 41
    • 0027965466 scopus 로고
    • Air pollution and daily mortality in residential areas of Beijing, China
    • Xu X, Dockery DW, Gao J, Chen Y. Air pollution and daily mortality in residential areas of Beijing, China. Arch Environ Health 49:216-222 (1994).
    • (1994) Arch Environ Health , vol.49 , pp. 216-222
    • Xu, X.1    Dockery, D.W.2    Gao, J.3    Chen, Y.4
  • 42
    • 0023135454 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of relative risks obtained in ecological and individual studies: Some methodological considerations
    • Richardson S, Stücker I, Hémon D. Comparison of relative risks obtained in ecological and individual studies: some methodological considerations. Int J Epidemiol 16:111-120 (1987).
    • (1987) Int J Epidemiol , vol.16 , pp. 111-120
    • Richardson, S.1    Stücker, I.2    Hémon, D.3
  • 43
    • 0026508977 scopus 로고
    • Effects of nondifferential exposure misclassification in ecologic studies
    • Brenner H, Savitz DA, Jöckel K, Greenland S. Effects of nondifferential exposure misclassification in ecologic studies. Am J Epidemiol 135:85-95 (1992).
    • (1992) Am J Epidemiol , vol.135 , pp. 85-95
    • Brenner, H.1    Savitz, D.A.2    Jöckel, K.3    Greenland, S.4
  • 44
    • 0028049819 scopus 로고
    • The fallacy of the ecological fallacy: The potential misuse of a concept and the consequences
    • Schwartz S. The fallacy of the ecological fallacy: the potential misuse of a concept and the consequences. Am J Public Health 84:819-824 (1994).
    • (1994) Am J Public Health , vol.84 , pp. 819-824
    • Schwartz, S.1
  • 46
    • 0024603207 scopus 로고
    • Ecological bias, confounding, and effect modification
    • Greenland S, Morgenstern H. Ecological bias, confounding, and effect modification. Int J Epidemiol 18:269-274 (1989).
    • (1989) Int J Epidemiol , vol.18 , pp. 269-274
    • Greenland, S.1    Morgenstern, H.2
  • 47
    • 0024212738 scopus 로고
    • A strengthening programme for weak associations
    • Rothman KJ, Poole C. A strengthening programme for weak associations. Int J Epidemiol 17 (4 suppl):955-959 (1988).
    • (1988) Int J Epidemiol , vol.17 , Issue.4 SUPPL. , pp. 955-959
    • Rothman, K.J.1    Poole, C.2
  • 48
    • 0025045142 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological issues in weak associations
    • Wynder EL. Epidemiological issues in weak associations. Int J Epidemiol 19:(suppl 1):S5-S7 (1990).
    • (1990) Int J Epidemiol , vol.19 , Issue.1 SUPPL.
    • Wynder, E.L.1
  • 49
    • 0025677745 scopus 로고
    • The relationship of daily mortality to suspended particulate in Santa Clara County, 1980-1986
    • Fairley D. The relationship of daily mortality to suspended particulate in Santa Clara County, 1980-1986. Environ Health Perspect 89:159-168 (1990).
    • (1990) Environ Health Perspect , vol.89 , pp. 159-168
    • Fairley, D.1
  • 50
    • 0027058506 scopus 로고
    • Temporal patterns in air pollution and hospital admissions
    • Lipfert FW, Hammerstrom T. Temporal patterns in air pollution and hospital admissions. Environ Res 59:374-399 (1982).
    • (1982) Environ Res , vol.59 , pp. 374-399
    • Lipfert, F.W.1    Hammerstrom, T.2
  • 51
    • 0024450919 scopus 로고
    • The effects of deep inhalation on maximal expiratory flow during intensive treatment of spontaneous asthmatic episodes
    • Lim TK, Ang SM, Rossing TH, Ingenito EP, Ingram RH. The effects of deep inhalation on maximal expiratory flow during intensive treatment of spontaneous asthmatic episodes. Am Rev Respir Dis 140:340-343 (1989).
    • (1989) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.140 , pp. 340-343
    • Lim, T.K.1    Ang, S.M.2    Rossing, T.H.3    Ingenito, E.P.4    Ingram, R.H.5
  • 55
    • 0013854133 scopus 로고
    • Improvement in bronchial asthma not reflected in forced expiratory volume
    • Woolcock AJ, Read J. Improvement in bronchial asthma not reflected in forced expiratory volume. Lancet 2:1323-1325 (1965).
    • (1965) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1323-1325
    • Woolcock, A.J.1    Read, J.2
  • 56
    • 0017317792 scopus 로고
    • Rapid prediction of need for hospitalization in acute asthma
    • Banner AS, Shah RS, Addington WW. Rapid prediction of need for hospitalization in acute asthma. JAMA 235:1337-1338 (1976).
    • (1976) JAMA , vol.235 , pp. 1337-1338
    • Banner, A.S.1    Shah, R.S.2    Addington, W.W.3
  • 58
    • 2442619579 scopus 로고
    • Combustion-source particulate air pollution and human health: Causal association or confounding?
    • Proceedings of an International Specialty Conference, Air and Waste Water Management, Pittsburgh, PA, 4-6 April 1995. Pittsburgh, PA:Air and Waste Water Management Association
    • Pope CA. Combustion-source particulate air pollution and human health: causal association or confounding? In: Particulate matter: health and regulatory Issues. Proceedings of an International Specialty Conference, Air and Waste Water Management, Pittsburgh, PA, 4-6 April 1995. Pittsburgh, PA:Air and Waste Water Management Association, 1995;60-77.
    • (1995) Particulate Matter: Health and Regulatory Issues , pp. 60-77
    • Pope, C.A.1
  • 59
    • 0028335915 scopus 로고
    • Respiratory function changes from inhalation of polluted air
    • Yang S-C, Yang S-P. Respiratory function changes from inhalation of polluted air. Arch Environ Health 49:182-187 (1994).
    • (1994) Arch Environ Health , vol.49 , pp. 182-187
    • Yang, S.-C.1    Yang, S.-P.2
  • 61
    • 0142172020 scopus 로고
    • Effects of near ambient levels of sulfuric acid aerosol in lung function in exercising subjects with asthma and COPD
    • Bauer MA, Utell MJ, Speers DM, Gibb FR, Morrow PE. Effects of near ambient levels of sulfuric acid aerosol in lung function in exercising subjects with asthma and COPD. Am Rev Resp Dis 137(4)(suppl):167 (1988).
    • (1988) Am Rev Resp Dis , vol.137 , Issue.4 SUPPL. , pp. 167
    • Bauer, M.A.1    Utell, M.J.2    Speers, D.M.3    Gibb, F.R.4    Morrow, P.E.5
  • 63
    • 0023984776 scopus 로고
    • Short-term respiratory effects of sulfuric acid in fog: A laboratory study of healthy and asthmatic subjects
    • Avol EL, Linn WS, Whynot JD, Anderson KR, Hackney JD. Short-term respiratory effects of sulfuric acid in fog: a laboratory study of healthy and asthmatic subjects. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 38:258-263 (1988).
    • (1988) J Air Pollut Control Assoc , vol.38 , pp. 258-263
    • Avol, E.L.1    Linn, W.S.2    Whynot, J.D.3    Anderson, K.R.4    Hackney, J.D.5
  • 64
    • 0024402150 scopus 로고
    • Effect of droplet size on respiratory responses to inhaled sulfuric acid in normal and asthmatic volunteers
    • Linn WS, Avol EL, Anderson KR, Shamoo DA, Peng R-C, Hackney JD. Effect of droplet size on respiratory responses to inhaled sulfuric acid in normal and asthmatic volunteers. Am Rev Respir Dis 140:161-166 (1989).
    • (1989) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.140 , pp. 161-166
    • Linn, W.S.1    Avol, E.L.2    Anderson, K.R.3    Shamoo, D.A.4    Peng, R.-C.5    Hackney, J.D.6
  • 67
    • 0003037488 scopus 로고
    • Toxicological evidence for health effects from inhaled particulate pollution: Does it support the human experience?
    • Schlesinger RB. Toxicological evidence for health effects from inhaled particulate pollution: does it support the human experience? Inhalation Toxicol 7:99-109 (1995).
    • (1995) Inhalation Toxicol , vol.7 , pp. 99-109
    • Schlesinger, R.B.1
  • 68
    • 0029171054 scopus 로고
    • Association of particulate air pollution and acute mortality: Involvement of ultrafine particles
    • Oberdörster G, Gelein RM, Ferin J, Weiss B. Association of particulate air pollution and acute mortality: involvement of ultrafine particles. Inhalation Toxicol 7:111-124 (1995).
    • (1995) Inhalation Toxicol , vol.7 , pp. 111-124
    • Oberdörster, G.1    Gelein, R.M.2    Ferin, J.3    Weiss, B.4
  • 69
    • 0028887339 scopus 로고
    • Particulate air pollution and acute health effects
    • Seaton A, MacNee W, Donaldson K, Godden D. Particulate air pollution and acute health effects. Lancet 345:176-178 (1995).
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.345 , pp. 176-178
    • Seaton, A.1    MacNee, W.2    Donaldson, K.3    Godden, D.4
  • 70
    • 0028953385 scopus 로고
    • Airborne pollutants and acute health effects
    • Oberdörster G. Airborne pollutants and acute health effects [letter]. Lancet 345:799-800 (1995).
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.345 , pp. 799-800
    • Oberdörster, G.1
  • 71
    • 0028833047 scopus 로고
    • Temperature and cardiovascular mortality
    • Khaw K-T. Temperature and cardiovascular mortality. Lancet 345:337-338 (1995).
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.345 , pp. 337-338
    • Khaw, K.-T.1
  • 72
    • 0029401571 scopus 로고
    • Particulate air pollution and mortality: More than the Philadelphia story
    • Dockery DW, Schwartz J. Particulate air pollution and mortality: more than the Philadelphia story. Epidemiology 6:629-632 (1995).
    • (1995) Epidemiology , vol.6 , pp. 629-632
    • Dockery, D.W.1    Schwartz, J.2
  • 73
    • 0026317605 scopus 로고
    • Particulate air pollution and daily mortality in Detroit
    • Schwartz J. Particulate air pollution and daily mortality in Detroit. Environ Res 56:204-213 (1991).
    • (1991) Environ Res , vol.56 , pp. 204-213
    • Schwartz, J.1
  • 74
    • 0027073124 scopus 로고
    • Air pollution and daily mortality: Association with particulates and acid aerosol
    • Dockery DW, Schwartz J, Spengler JD. Air pollution and daily mortality: association with particulates and acid aerosol. Environ Res 59:362-373 (1992).
    • (1992) Environ Res , vol.59 , pp. 362-373
    • Dockery, D.W.1    Schwartz, J.2    Spengler, J.D.3
  • 75
    • 0028373240 scopus 로고
    • Total suspended particulate matter and daily mortality in Cincinnati, Ohio
    • Schwartz J. Total suspended particulate matter and daily mortality in Cincinnati, Ohio. Environ Health Perspect 102:186-189 (1994).
    • (1994) Environ Health Perspect , vol.102 , pp. 186-189
    • Schwartz, J.1
  • 77
  • 78
    • 0019534087 scopus 로고
    • Personal exposure to respirable particulates and sulfates
    • Dockery DW, Spengler JD. Personal exposure to respirable particulates and sulfates. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 31:153-159 (1981).
    • (1981) J Air Pollut Control Assoc , vol.31 , pp. 153-159
    • Dockery, D.W.1    Spengler, J.D.2
  • 79
    • 0028773353 scopus 로고
    • Invited commentary: In defense of ecologic studies for testing a linear-no threshold theory
    • Cohen BL. Invited commentary: in defense of ecologic studies for testing a linear-no threshold theory. Am J Epidemiol 139:765-768 (1994).
    • (1994) Am J Epidemiol , vol.139 , pp. 765-768
    • Cohen, B.L.1
  • 81
    • 0027296637 scopus 로고
    • A review of ecologic studies of lung cancer and indoor radon
    • Stidley CA, Samet JM. A review of ecologic studies of lung cancer and indoor radon. Health Phys 65:234-251 (1993).
    • (1993) Health Phys , vol.65 , pp. 234-251
    • Stidley, C.A.1    Samet, J.M.2
  • 82
    • 0001145209 scopus 로고
    • Uncertainties in identifying responsible pollutants in observational epidemiology studies
    • Lipfert FW, Wyzga RE. Uncertainties in identifying responsible pollutants in observational epidemiology studies. Inhalation Toxicol 7:671-689 (1995).
    • (1995) Inhalation Toxicol , vol.7 , pp. 671-689
    • Lipfert, F.W.1    Wyzga, R.E.2
  • 83
    • 0001626758 scopus 로고
    • 10 concentrations within two metropolitan areas and their implications to health effect analyses
    • 10 concentrations within two metropolitan areas and their implications to health effect analyses. Inhalation Toxicol 7:735-745 (1995).
    • (1995) Inhalation Toxicol , vol.7 , pp. 735-745
    • Ito, K.1    Kinney, P.2    Thurston, G.D.3
  • 84
    • 0003475584 scopus 로고
    • EPA 454/R-94-026. Research Triangle Park, NC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
    • United States Environmental Protection Agency. National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report. EPA 454/R-94-026. Research Triangle Park, NC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1994.
    • (1994) National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report
  • 85
    • 0024426308 scopus 로고
    • Weather and human mortality: An evaluation of demographic and interregional responses in the United States
    • Kalkstein LS, Davis RE. Weather and human mortality: an evaluation of demographic and interregional responses in the United States. Ann Assoc Am Geographers 79:44-64 (1989).
    • (1989) Ann Assoc Am Geographers , vol.79 , pp. 44-64
    • Kalkstein, L.S.1    Davis, R.E.2
  • 86
    • 0002292857 scopus 로고
    • Air pollution epidemiology: Considerations in time-series modeling
    • Thurston GD, Kinney PL. Air pollution epidemiology: considerations in time-series modeling. Inhalation Toxicol 7:71-83 (1995).
    • (1995) Inhalation Toxicol , vol.7 , pp. 71-83
    • Thurston, G.D.1    Kinney, P.L.2
  • 87
    • 0018736142 scopus 로고
    • Bias in analytic research
    • Sackett DL. Bias in analytic research. J Chron Dis 32:51-63 (1979).
    • (1979) J Chron Dis , vol.32 , pp. 51-63
    • Sackett, D.L.1
  • 88
    • 79959223746 scopus 로고
    • Review of epidemiological evidence of health effects of particulate air pollution
    • Pope CA, Dockery DW, Schwartz J. Review of epidemiological evidence of health effects of particulate air pollution. Inhalation Toxicol 7:1-18 (1995).
    • (1995) Inhalation Toxicol , vol.7 , pp. 1-18
    • Pope, C.A.1    Dockery, D.W.2    Schwartz, J.3
  • 89
    • 0026349774 scopus 로고
    • A new approach to evaluate the impact of climate on human mortality
    • Kalkstein LS. A new approach to evaluate the impact of climate on human mortality. Environ Health Perspect 96:145-150 (1991).
    • (1991) Environ Health Perspect , vol.96 , pp. 145-150
    • Kalkstein, L.S.1
  • 90
    • 84970850139 scopus 로고
    • Temperature and cardiovascular mortality
    • Wilmshurst P. Temperature and cardiovascular mortality. Br Med J 309:1029-1030 (1994).
    • (1994) Br Med J , vol.309 , pp. 1029-1030
    • Wilmshurst, P.1
  • 91
    • 0027480938 scopus 로고
    • Outdoor air temperature and mortality in the Netherlands: A time-series analysis
    • Kunst AE, Looman CWN, Mackenbach JP. Outdoor air temperature and mortality in the Netherlands: a time-series analysis. Am J Epidemiol 137:331-341 (1993).
    • (1993) Am J Epidemiol , vol.137 , pp. 331-341
    • Kunst, A.E.1    Looman, C.W.N.2    Mackenbach, J.P.3
  • 92
    • 0014953270 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal incidence and mortality of ischaemic heart disease
    • Dunnigan MG, Harland WA, Fyfe T. Seasonal incidence and mortality of ischaemic heart disease. Lancet 2:793-797 (1970).
    • (1970) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 793-797
    • Dunnigan, M.G.1    Harland, W.A.2    Fyfe, T.3
  • 93
    • 0028850967 scopus 로고
    • Temperature extremes and mortality from coronary heart disease and cerebral infarction in elderly Chinese
    • Pan W, Li L, Tsai M. Temperature extremes and mortality from coronary heart disease and cerebral infarction in elderly Chinese. Lancet 345:353-355 (1995).
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.345 , pp. 353-355
    • Pan, W.1    Li, L.2    Tsai, M.3
  • 94
    • 0018831667 scopus 로고
    • The weather and deaths from pneumonia
    • Bull GM. The weather and deaths from pneumonia. Lancet 1:1405-1408 (1980).
    • (1980) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 1405-1408
    • Bull, G.M.1
  • 95
    • 0017163477 scopus 로고
    • Association of coronary and stroke mortality with temperature and snowfall in selected areas of the United States 1962-1966
    • Rogot E, Padgett SJ. Association of coronary and stroke mortality with temperature and snowfall in selected areas of the United States 1962-1966. Am J Epidemiol 105:565-575 (1976).
    • (1976) Am J Epidemiol , vol.105 , pp. 565-575
    • Rogot, E.1    Padgett, S.J.2
  • 97
    • 0027335823 scopus 로고
    • Air pollution, lagged effects of temperature and mortality: The Netherlands 1979-1987
    • Mackenbach JP, Looman CWN, Kunst AE. Air pollution, lagged effects of temperature and mortality: the Netherlands 1979-1987. J Epidemiol Community Health 47:121-126 (1993).
    • (1993) J Epidemiol Community Health , vol.47 , pp. 121-126
    • Mackenbach, J.P.1    Looman, C.W.N.2    Kunst, A.E.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.