Cross-talk between bacterial pathogens and their host cells

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology

Volumn 12, Issue , 1996, Pages 221-255

  Galán, Jorge E ^a   Bliska, James B ^a  

^a STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

bacterial pathogenicity; protein secretion; signal transduction

Indexed keywords

ACYL CARRIER PROTEIN; BACTERIAL PROTEIN; CARRIER PROTEIN; CHAPERONE; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; REGULATOR PROTEIN;

BACTERIUM; CELL INTERACTION; ERWINIA; ESCHERICHIA COLI; HOST CELL; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN SECRETION; PROTEIN TARGETING; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; PSEUDOMONAS; REVIEW; SALMONELLA; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY; SHIGELLA; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; YERSINIA;

ANIMALS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; BACTERIAL TOXINS; CELL COMMUNICATION; HUMANS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); ERWINIA; ESCHERICHIA COLI; PSEUDOMONAS; SALMONELLA; SHIGELLA; YERSINIA;

EID: 0029731661     PISSN: 10810706     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.12.1.221     Document Type: Review

References (172)

1. Adam T, Arpin M, Prévost M-C, Gounon P, Sansonetti PJ. 1995. Cytoskeletal rearrangements and the functional role of T-plastin during entry of Shigella flexneri into HeLa cells. J. Cell. Biol. 129:367-81
2. Adam T, Arpin M, Prévost M-C, Gounon P, Sansonetti PJ. 1996. EMBO J. In press
3. Adler B, Sasakawa C, Tobe T, Makino S, Komatsu K, Yoshikawa M. 1989. A dual transcriptional activation system for the 230 kilobase plasmid genes coding for virulence associated antigens of Shigella flexneri. Mol. Microbiol. 3:627-35
4. Alfano JR, Bauer DW, Milos TM, Collmer A. 1996. Analysis of the role of the Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae HrpZ harpin in elicitation of the hypersensitive response in tobacco using functionally nonpolar deletion mutations, truncated HrpZ fragments, and hrmA mutations. Mol. Microbiol. 19:715-24
5. Allaoui A, Ménard R, Sansonetti PJ, Parsot C. 1993a. Characterization of the Shigella flexneri ipgD and ipgF genes, which are located in the proximal part of the mxi locus. Infect. Immun. 61:1707-14
6. Allaoui A, Sansonetti PJ, Parsot C. 1992. MxiJ, a lipoprotein involved in secretion of Shigella Ipa invasins, is homologous to YscJ, a secretion factor of the Yersinia Yop proteins. J. Bacteriol. 174:7661-69
7. Allaoui A, Sansonetti PJ, Parsot C. 1993b. MxiD, an outer membrane protein necessary for the secretion of the Shigella ftexneri Ipa invasins. Mol. Microbiol. 7:59-68
8. Allaoui A, Woestyn S, Sluiters C, Cornelis GR. 1994. YscU, a Yersinia enterocolitica inner membrane protein involved in Yop secretion. J. Bacteriol. 176:4534-42
9. Andrews GP, Hromockyj AE, Coker C, Maurelli AT. 1991. Two novel virulence loci, mxiA and mxi/B, in Shigella flexneri 2a facilitate excretion of invasion plasmid antigen. Infect. Immun. 59:1997-2005
10. Andrews GP, Maurelli AT. 1992. mxiA of Shigella flexneri 2a, which facilitates export of invasion plasmid antigens, encodes a homologue of the low-calcium-response protein, LcrD, of Yersinia pestis. Infect. Immun. 60:3287-95
11. Arlat M, Van Gijsegem F, Pernollet JC, Boucher CA. 1994. PopAl, a protein which induces a hypersensitivity-like response on specific petunia genotypes, is secreted via the Hrp pathway of Pseudomonas solanacearum. EMBO J. 13:543-53
12. Bajaj V, Hwang C, Lee CA. 1995. hilA is a novel ompR.toxR family member that activates the expression of Salmonella typhimurium expression genes. Mol. Microbiol. 18:715-27
13. Baldwin TJ, Jee-Delaunay MB, Knutton S, Williams PH. 1993. Calcium-calmodulin dependence of actin accretion and lethality in cultured HEp-2 cells infected with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 61:760-63
14. Baldwin TJ, Ward W, Aitken A, Knutton S, Williams PH. 1991. Elevation of intracellular free calcium levels in HEp-2 cells infected with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 59:1599-604
15. Bar-Sagi D, Ferasmico JR. 1986. Induction of membrane ruffling and fluid-phase pinocytosis in quiescent fibroblasts by the ras proteins. Science 233:1061-68
16. Bergman T, Erickson K, Galyov E, Persson C, Wolf-Watz H. 1994. The lcrB (yscN/U) gene cluster of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is involved in Yop secretion and shows high homology to the spa gene clusters of Shigella flexneri and Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 176:2619-26
17. Beuscher HU, Rodel F, Forsberg A, Rollinghoff M. 1995. Bacterial evasion of host immune defense: Yersinia enterocolitica encodes a suppressor for tumor necrosis factor alpha expression. Infect. Immun. 63:1270-77
18. Bliska JB, Black DS. 1995. Inhibition of the Fc receptor-mediated oxidative burst in macrophages by the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis tyrosinephosphatase. Infect. Immun. 63:681-85
19. Bliska JB. 1994. Yops of the pathogenic Yersinia spp. In Molecular Genetics of Bacterial Pathogenesis, ed. VL Miller, JB Kasper, DA Portnoy, and RR Isberg. Washington DC: Am. Soc. Microbiol.
20. Bliska JB, Clemens JC, Dixon JE, Falkow S. 1992. The Yersinia tyrosine phosphatase: specificity of a bacterial virulence determinant for phosphoproteins in the J774A.1 macrophage. J. Exp. Med. 176:1625-30
21. Bliska JB, Copass MC, Falkow S. 1993a. The Yersinia pseudotuberculosis adhesin YadA mediates intimate bacterial attachment to and entry into HEp-2 cells. Infect. Immun. 61:3914-21
22. Bliska JB, Galán JE, Falkow S. 1993b. Signal transduction in the mammalian cell during bacterial attachment and entry. Cell 73:903-20
23. Bliska JB, Guan KL, Dixon JE, Falkow S. 1991. Tyrosine phosphate hydrolysis of host proteins by an essential Yersinia virulence determinant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:1187-91
24. Buckholm G. 1984. Effect of cytochalasin B and dihydrocytochalasin B on invasiveness of enteroinvasive bacteria in HEp-2 cell cultures. Acta Pathol Microbiol. Immun. Scand. 92:145-49
25. Chang Y, Young R, Struck DK. 1989. Cloning and characterization of a hemolysin gene from Actinobacillus (Haemphilus) pleuropneumoniae. DNA 8:635-47
26. Chuan T-H, Bohl BP, Bokoch GM. 1993. Biologically active lipids are regulators of Rac-GD1 complexation. J. Biol. Chem. 268:26206-11
27. Clerc P, Ryter A, Mounier J, Sansonetti PJ. 1987. Plasmid-mediated early killing of eukaryotic cells by Shigella flexneri as studied by infection of J774 macrophages. Infect. Immun. 55:521-27
28. Collazo C, Galán JE. 1996. Requirement of exported proteins for secretion through the invasion-associated Type III system in Salmonella typhimurium. Infect. Immun. In press
29. Collazo CM, Zierler MK, Galán JE. 1995. Functional analysis of the Salmonella typhimurium invasion genes invI and invJ and identification of a target of the protein secre-tion apparatus encoded in the inv locus. Mol. Microbiol. 15:25-38
30. Collmer A, Bauer DW, Alfano JR, Preston G, Loniello AO, Milos TM. 1996. Extracellular proteins as determinants of pathogenicity in Pseudomonas syringae. In Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Pseudomonas syringae. Pathovars and Related Pathogens, Berlin, 1995. ed. K Rudolph, In press
31. Cornelis G, Sluiters C, de Rouvroit CL, Michiels T. 1989. Homology between VirF, the transcriptional activator of the Yersinia virulence regulon, and AraC, the Escherichia coli arabinose operon regulator. J. Bacteriol. 171:254-62
32. c-src-mediated signalling pathway. EMBO J. 14:2471-82
33. Donnenberg MS, Kaper JB. 1992. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 60:3953-61
34. 1 ATPase and to virulence proteins of mammalian and plant pathogens. J. Bacteriol. 175:3131-38
35. Eckmann L, Kagnoff MF, Fierer J. 1993. Epithelial cells secrete the chemokine interleukin-8 in response to bacterial entry. Infect. Immun. 61:4569-74
36. 1 ATPase family of proteins. J. Bacteriol. 176:4501-10
37. 28). Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. Abstr.
38. Ernst RK, Domboski DM, Merrick JM. 1990. Anaerobiosis, Type 1 fimbriae, and growth phase are factors that affect invasion of HEp-2 cells by Salmonella typhimurium. Infect. Immun. 58:2014-16
39. Fällman M, Andersson K, Haåkansson S, Magnusson K-E, Stendahl O, Wolf-Watz H. 1995. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis inhibits Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis in J774 cells. Infect. Immun. 63:3117-24
40. Fenselau S, Balbo I, Bonas U. 1992. Determinants of pathogenicity in Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria are related to proteins involved in the secretion in bacterial pathogens of animals. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 5:390-96
41. Finlay BB, Falkow S. 1990. Salmonella interactions with polarized human intestinal Caco-2 epithelial cells. J. Infect. Dis. 162:1096-1106
42. Finlay BB, Rosenshine I, Donnenberg MS, Kaper JB. 1992. Cytoskeletal composition of attaching and effacing lesions associated with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli adherence to HeLa cells. Infect. Immun. 60:2541-43
43. Finlay BB, Ruschkowski S. 1991. Cytoskeletal rearrangements accompanying Salmonella entry into epithelial cells. J. Cell Sci. 99:283-96
44. Forsberg A, Rosqvist R, Wolf-Watz H. 1994. Regulation and polarized transfer of the Yersinia outer proteins (Yops) involved in antiphagocytosis. Trends Microbiol. 2:14-19
45. Forsberg A, Vitanen AM, Skurnik M, Wolf-Watz H. 1991. The surface-located YpoN protein is involved in calcium signal transduction in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Mol. Microbiol. 5:977-86
46. Foubister V, Rosenshine I, Finlay BB. 1994. A diarrheal pathogen, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), triggers a flux of inositol phosphates in infected epithelial cells. J. Exp. Med. 179:993-98
47. Galán JE, Curtiss R III. 1990. Expression of Salmonella typhimurium genes required for invasion is regulated by changes in DNA supercoiling. Infect. Immun. 58:1879-85
48. Galán JE, Ginocchio C, Costeas P. 1992a. Molecular and functional characterization of the Salmonella typhimurium invasion gene invA: homology of InvA to members of anew protein family. J. Bacteriol. 17:4338-49
49. Galán JE, Pace J, Hayman MJ. 1992b. Involvement of the epidermal growth factor receptor in the invasion of the epithelial cells by Salmonella typhimurium. Nature 357:588-89
50. Galyov EE, Haåkansson S, Forsberg A, Wolf-Watz H. 1993. A secreted protein kinase of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is an indispensable virulence determinant. Nature 361:730-32
51. Galyov EE, Haâkansson S, Wolf-Watz H. 1994. Characterization of the operon encoding the YpkA Ser/Thr protein kinase and the YopJ protein of Yersinia. J. Bacteriol. 176:4543-48
52. Garcia-del Portillo F, Finlay BB. 1994. Salmonella invasion of nonphagocytic cells induces formation of macropinosomes in the host cell. Infect. Immun. 62:4641-45
53. Genin S, Boucher C. 1994. A superfamily of proteins involved in different secretion pathways in gram-negative bacteria: modular structure and specificity of the N-terminal domain. Mol. Gen. Genet. 243:112-18
54. Genin S, Gough CL, Zischek C, Boucher CA. 1992, Evidence that the hrpB gene encodes a positive regulator of pathogenicity genes from Pseudomonas solanacearum. Mol. Microbiol 6:3065-76
55. Ginocchio C, Galán JE. 1995. Functional conservation among members of the Salmonella typhimurium InvA family of proteins. Infect. Immun. 63:729-32
56. Ginocchio C, Olmsted SB, Wells CL, Galán JE. 1994. Contact with epithelial cells induces the formation of surface appendages on Salmonella typhimurium. Cell 76:717-24
57. Ginocchio C, Pace J, Galán JE. 1992. Identification and molecular characterization of a Salmonella typhimurium gene involved in triggering the internalization of Salmonellae into cultured epithelial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5976-80
58. Goguen JD, Walker WS, Hatch TP, Yother J. 1986. Plasmid-determined cytotoxicity in Yersinia pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 51:788-94
59. Goldberg MB, Sansonetti PJ. 1993. Shigella subversion of the cellular cytoskeleton: a strategy for epithelial colonization. Infect. Immun. 61:4941-46
60. Gough CL, Genin S, Lopes V, Boucher CA. 1993. Homology between the HrpO protein of Pseudomonas solanacearum and bacterial proteins implicated in a signal peptide-independent secretion mechanism. Mol Gen. Genet. 239:378-92
61. Gough CL, Genin S, Zischek C, Boucher C. 1992. hrp genes of Pseudomonas solanacearum are homologous to pathogenicity determinants of animal pathogenic bacteria and are conserved among plant pathogenic bacteria. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 5:384-89
62. Grimm C, Aufsatz W, Panopoulos NJ. 1995. The hrpRS locus of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola constitutes a complex regulatory unit. Mol. Microbiol. 15:155-65
63. Groisman EA, Ochman H. 1993. Cognate gene clusters govern invasion of host epithelial cells by Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella flexneri. EMBOJ. 12:3779-87
64. Guan K, Dixon JE. 1990. Protein tyrosine phosphatase activity of an essential virulence determinant in Yersinia. Science 249:553-56
65. Hackett M, Guo L, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Hewlett EL. 1994. Internal lysine palmitoylation in adenylate cyclase toxin from Bordetella pertussis. Science 266:433-35
66. Haddix PL, Straley SC. 1992. Structure and regulation of the Yersinia pestis yscBCDEF operon. J. Bacteriol. 174:4820-28
67. Haigh R, Baldwin T, Knutton S, Williams PH. 1995. Carbon dioxide regulated secretion of the EaeB protein of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 129:63-67
68. Haåkansson S, Bergman T, Vanooteghem JC, Cornelis G, Wolf-Watz H. 1993. YopB and YopD constitute a novel class of Yersinia Yop proteins. Infect. Immun. 61:71-80
69. Hale TL. 1991. Genetic basis of virulence in Shigella species. Microbiol Rev. 55:206-24
70. Han JW, McCormick F, Macara IG. 1991. Regulation of Ras-Gap and neurofibromatosis-1 gene product by eicosanoids. Science 252:576-79
71. Hartland EL, Green SP, Phillips WA, Robins-Browne RM. 1994. Essential role of YopD in inhibition of the respiratory burst of macrophages by Yersinia enterocolitica. Infect. Immun. 62:4445-53
72. Pss: a protein that is secreted via the Hrp pathway and elicits the hypersensitive response in plants. Cell 73:1255-66
73. Hermant D, Ménard R, Arricau N, Parsot C, Popoff MY, 1995. Functional conservation of the Salmonella and Shigella effectors of entry into epithelial cells. Mol. Microbiol. 17:781-89
74. High N, Mounier I, Prévost M-C, Sansonetti PJ. 1992. IpaB of Shigella fiexneri causes entry into epithelial cells and escape from the phagocytic vacuole. EMBO J. 11:1991-99
75. Holland IB, Blight MA, Kenny B. 1990. The mechanism of secretion of hemolysin and other polypeptides from gram-negative bacteria. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 22:473-91
76. Huang H-C, He SY, Bauer DW, Collmer A. 1992. The Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae 61 hrpH product, an envelope protein required for elicitation of the hypersensitive response in plants. J. Bacteriol. 174:6878-85
77. Huang H-C, Lin R-H, Chang C-J, Collmer A, Deng W-L. 1995. The complete hrp gene cluster of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae 61 includes two blocks of genes required for Hatpin Pss secretion that are arranged colinearly with Yersinia ysc homologs. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 8:733-46
78. Huang H-C, Xiao Y, Lin R-H, Lu Y, Hutcheson SW, Collmer A. 1993. Characterization of the Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae 61 hrpJ and hrpI genes: homology of HrpI to a superfamily of proteins associated with protein translocation. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 6:515-20
79. Huynh TV, Dahlbeck D, Staskawicz BJ. 1989. Bacterial blight of soybean: regulation of a pathogen gene determining host cultivar specificity. Science 245:1374-77
80. Issartel J-P, Koronakis V, Hughes C. 1991. Activation of Escherichia coli prohaemolysin to the mature toxin by acyl carrier protein-dependent fatty acylation. Nature 351:759-61
81. Jarvis KG, Giron JA, Jerse AE, McDaniel TK, Donnenberg MS, Kaper JB. 1995. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli contains a putative type III secretion system necessary for export of proteins involved in attaching and effacing lesion formation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:7996-8000
82. Jones BD, Paterson HF, Hall A, Falkow S. 1993. Salmonella typhimurium induces membrane ruffling by a growth factor-receptor-independent mechanism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:10390-94
83. Kadowaki T, Koyasu S, Nishida E, Sakai H, Takaku F, et al. 1986. Insulin-like growth factors, insulin, and epidermal growth factor cause rapid cytoskeletal reorganization in KB cells. J. Biol. Chem. 261:16141-47
84. Kaniga K, Bossio JC, Galán JE. 1994. The Salmonella typhimurium invasion genes invF and invG encode homologues to the PulD and AraC family of proteins. Mol. Microbiol. 13:555-68
85. Kaniga K, Trollinger D, Galán JE. 1995a. Identification of two targets of the type III secretion system encoded in the inv and spa loci of Salmonella typhimurium that share homology to IpaD and IpaA proteins. J. Bacteriol. 177:7078-85
86. Kaniga K, Tucker SC, Trollinger D, Galán JE. 1995b. Homologues of the Shigella invasins IpaB and IpaC are required for Salmonella typhimurium entry into cultured cells. J. Bacteriol 177:3965-71
87. Kaniga K, Uralil J, Bliska JB, Galán JE. 1996. A secreted tyrosine phosphatase with modular effector domains encoded by the bacterial pathogen Salmonella typhimurium. Mol. Microbiol. In press
88. Kenny B, Finlay BB. 1995. Protein secretion by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli is essential for transducing signals to epithelial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:7991-95
89. Kenny B, Lai L-C, Finlay BB, Donnemberg MS. 1996. EspA, a protein secreted by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli is required to induce signals in epithelial cells. Mol. Microbiol. 20:313-23
90. Kihlstrom E, Nilsson L. 1977. Endocytosis of Salmonella typhimurium 395 MS and MR 10 by HeLa cells. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 85:322-28
91. Klauser T, Pohlner J, Meyer TF. 1993. The secretion pathway of IgA protease-type proteins in gram-negative bacteria. BioEssays 15:799-805
92. Kulich SM, Yahr TL, Mende-Mueller LM, Barbieri JT, Frank DW. 1994. Cloning the structural gene for the 49-kDa form of exoenzyme S (exoS) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 388. J. Biol. Chem. 269:10431-37
93. Lee CA, Falkow S. 1990. The ability of Salmonella to enter mammalian cells is affected by bacterial growth state. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:4304-8
94. Leung KY, Reisner BS, Straley S. 1990. YopM inhibits platelet aggregation and is necessary for virulence of Yersiniapestis in mice. Infect. Immun. 58:3262-71
95. Leung KY, Straley SC. 1989. The yopM gene of Yersinia pestis encodes a released protein having homology with the platelet surface protein GP1b. J. Bacteriol. 171:4623-32
96. Li J, Ochman H, Groisman EA, Boyd EF, Salomon F, et al. 1995. Relationship between evolutionary rate and cellular location among the Inv/Spa invasion proteins of Salmonella enterica. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:7252-56
97. Lidell MC, Hutcheson SW. 1994. Characterization of the hrpJ and hrpU operons of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae Pss61: similarity with components of enteric bacteria involved in flagellar biogenesis and demonstration of their role in Harpin Pss secretion. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 7:488-97
98. Lindgren PB, Peet RC, Panopoulos NJ. 1986. Gene cluster in Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola controls pathogenicity of bean plants and hypersensitivity on non-host plants. J. Bacteriol. 168:512-22
99. Lindsay WP, Lamb CJ, Dixon RA. 1993. Microbial recognition and activation of plant defense systems. Trends Microbiol. 1:181-87
100. Lo RYC, Strathdee CA, Shewen PE. 1987. Nucleotide sequence of the leukotoxin genes of Pasterurella haemolytica A1. Infect. Immun. 55:1987-96
101. Long SR, Staskawicz BJ. 1993. Prokaryotic plant parasites. Cell 73:921-35
102. Lottemberg R, Minning-Wenz D, Boyle DP. 1994. Capturing host plasmin(ogen): a common mechanism for invasive pathogens? Trends Microbiol. 2:20-24
103. Magnuson K, Jackowski S, Rock CO, Cronan JE. 1993. Regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Microbiol Rev. 57:522-42
104. Manjarrez-Hernandez HA, Amess B, Sellers L, Baldwin TJ, Knutton S, et al. 1991. Purification of a 20 kDa phosphoprotein from epithelial cells and identification as a myosin light chain. Phosphorylation induced by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and phorbol ester. FEBS Lett. 292:121-27
105. Maurelli AT, Blackman B, Curtiss R III. 1984. Temperature dependent expression of virulence genes in Shigella species. Infect. Immun. 43:195-201
106. Ménard R, Prévost M-C, Gounon P, Sansonetti PJ, Dehio C. 1996. The secreted Ipa complex of Shigella flexneri promotes entry into mammalian cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:1254-58
107. Ménard R, Sansonetti PJ, Parsot C. 1993. Non-polar mutagenesis of the ipa genes defines IpaB, IpaC, and IpaD as effectors of Shigella flexneri entry into epithelial cells. J. Bacteriol. 175:5899-906
108. Ménard R, Sansonetti PJ, Parsot C. 1994a. The secretion of the Shigella flexneri Ipa invasins is induced by the epithelial cell and controlled by IpaB and IpaD. EMBO J. 13:5293-302
109. Ménard R, Sansonetti PJ, Parsot C, Vasselon T. 1994b. The IpaB and IpaC invasins of Shigellaflexneri associate in the extracellular medium and are partitioned in the cytoplasm by a specific chaperon. Cell 79:515-29
110. Michiels T, Vanooteghem JC, Lambert de Rouvroit C, China B, Gustin A, et al. 1991. Analysis of virC, an operon involved in the secretion of Yop proteins by Yersinia enterocolitica. J. Bacteriol. 173:4994-5009
111. Miras I, Hermant D, Arricau N, Popoff MY. 1995. Nucleotide sequence of iagA and iagB genes involved in invasion of HeLa cells by Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica ser. Typhi. Res. Microbiol. 146:17-20
112. Mooseker MS. 1985. Organization, chemistry and assembly of the cytoskeletal apparatus of the intestinal brush border. Annu. Rev. Cell. Biol. 1:209-41
113. Motin VL, Nakajima R, Smirnov GB, Brubaker RR. 1994. Passive immunity to Yersiniae mediated by anti-recombinant V antigen and protein A-V fusion peptide. Infect. Immun. 62:4192-201
114. -) mutant of Erwinia carotovora subspecies atroseptica is defective in flagella assembly proteins that are conserved in plant and animal bacterial pathogens. Mol. Microbiol. 9:343-56
115. Niepold F, Anderson D, Mills D. 1985. Cloning determinants of pathogenesis from Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:406-10
116. Pace J, Hayman MJ, Galán JE. 1993. Signal transduction and invasion of epithelial cells by Salmonella typhimurium. Cell 72:505-14
117. Parsot C, Ménard R, Gounon P, Sansonetti PJ. 1995. Enhanced secretion through the Shigella flexneri Mxi-Spa translocon leads to assembly of extracellular proteins into macromolecular structures. Mol. Microbiol. 16:291-300
118. Pegues DA, Hantman MJ, Behlau I, Miller SI. 1995. PhoP/PhoQ transcriptional repression of Salmonella typhimurium invasion genes: evidence for a role in protein secretion. Mol. Microbiol. 17:169-81
119. Peppelenbosch MP, Qiu RG, de Vries-Smits AM, Tertoolen LG, de Laat SW, et al. 1995. Rac mediates growth factor-induced arachidonic acid release. Cell 81:849-56
120. Peppelenbosch MP, Tertoolen LG, Hage WJ, de Laat SW. 1993. Epidermal growth factor-induced actin remodeling is regulated by 5-lipoxygenase products. Cell 74:565-75
121. Persson C, Nordfelth R, Holmström A, Haåkansson S, Rosqvist R, Wolf-Watz H. 1995. Cell surface-bound Yersinia translocate the protein tyrosine phosphatase YopH by a polarized mechanism into the target cell. Mol. Microbiol. 18:135-50
122. Plano GV, Barve SS, Straley SC. 1991. LcrD, a membrane-bound regulator of the Yersinia pestis low-calcium response. J. Bacteriol. 173:7293-303
123. Plano GV, Straley SC. 1995. Mutations in yscC, yscD, and yscG prevent high-level expression and secretion of V antigen and Yops in Yersinia pestis. J. Bacteriol. 177:3843-54
124. Price SB, Leung KY, Barve SS, Straley SC. 1989. Molecular analysis of IcrGVH, the V antigen operon of Yersinia pestis. J. Bacteriol. 171:5646-53
125. Pugsley AP. 1993. The complete general secretory pathway in gram-negative bacteria. Microbiol. Rev. 57:50-108
126. Pugsley AP, Kornacker MG, Poquet I. 1991. The general protein-export pathway is directly required for extracellular pullulanase secretion in Escherichia coli K12. Mol. Microbiol. 5:343-52
127. Rahme LG, Mindrinos MN, Panopoulos NJ. 1992. Plant and environmental sensory signals control the expression of hrp genes in Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. J. Bacteriol. 174:3499-507
128. Rahme LG, Stevens EJ, Wolfort SF, Shao J, Tompkins RG, Ausubel FM. 1995. Common virulence factors for bacterial pathogenicity in plants and animals. Science 268:1899-902
129. Reisner BS, Straley SC. 1992. Yersinia pestis YopM : thrombin binding and overexpression. Infect. Immun. 60:5242-52
130. Rimpilainen M, Forsberg A, Wolf-Watz H. 1992. A novel protein, LcrQ, involved in the low-calcium response of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis shows extensive homology to YopHJ. Bacteriol. 174:3355-63
131. Rosenshine I, Donnenberg MS, Kaper JB, Finlay BB. 1992. Signal transduction between enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and epithelial cells: EPEC induces tyrosine phosphorylation of host cell proteins to initiate cytoskeletal rearrangement and bacterial uptake. EMBO J. 11:3551-60
132. Rosenshine I, Ruschkowski S, Foubister V, Finlay BB. 1994. Salmonella typhimurium invasion of epithelial cells: role of the induced host cell tyrosine protein phosphorylation. Infect. Immun. 62:4969-74
133. Rosqvist R, Bolin I, Wolf-Watz H. 1988. Inhibition of phagocytosis in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis: a virulence plasmid-encoded ability involving the Yop2b protein. Infect. Immun. 56:2139-43
134. Rosqvist R, Forsberg A, Wolf-Watz H. 1990. The cytotoxic protein YopE of Yersinia obstructs the primary host defence. Mol. Microbiol. 4:657-67
135. Rosqvist R, Forsberg A, Wolf-Watz H. 1991. Inracellular targeting of the Yersinia YopE cytotoxin in mammalian cells induces actin microfilament disruption. Infect. Immun. 59:4562-69
136. Rosqvist R, Haåkansson S, Forsberg A, Wolf-Watz H. 1995. Functional conservation of the secretion and translocation machinery for virulence proteins of Yersiniae, Salmonellae and Shegellae. EMBO J. 14:4187-95
137. Rosqvist R, Magnusson KE, Wolf-Watz H. 1994. Target cell contact triggers expression and polarized transfer of Yersinia YopE cytotoxin into mammalian cells. EMBO J. 13:964-72
138. Ruschkowski S, Rosenshine I, Finlay BB. 1992. Salmonella typhimurium induces an inositol phosphate flux in infected epithelial cells. FEMS Lett. 74:121-26
139. Russel M. 1995. Moving through the membrane with filamentous phages. Trends Microbiol. 3:223-28
140. Sakai T, Sasakawa C, Makino S, Yoshikawa M. 1986. DNA sequence and product analysis of the virF locus responsible for Congo red binding and cell invasion in Shigella flexneri 2a. Infect. Immun. 54:395-402
141. Salmond GPC, Reeves PJ. 1993. Membrane traffic wardens and protein secretion in gram-negative bacteria. Trends Biochem. Sci. 18:7-12
142. Sasakawa C, Komatsu K, Tobe T, Suzuki T, Yoshikawa M. 1993. Eight genes in region 5 that form an operon are essential for invasion of epithelial cells by Shigella flexneri 2a. J. Bacteriol. 175:2334-46
143. Simonen M, Palva I. 1993. Protein secretion in Bacillus species. Microbiol. Rev. 57:109-37
144. 2+ response, and virulence of Yersinia pestis. J. Bacteriol. 177:2530-42
145. Sory M-P, Boland A, Lambermount I, Cornelis G. 1995. Identification of the YopE and YopH domains required for secretion and inteenalization into the cytosol of macrophages, using the cyaA gene fusion approach. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:11998-2002
146. Sory M-P, Cornelis GR. 1994. Translocation of a hybrid YopE-adenylate cyclase from Yersinia enterocolitica into HeLa cells. Mol. Microbiol. 14:583-94
147. Stanley P, Packman LC, Koronakis V, Hughes C. 1994. Fatty acylation of two internal lysine residues required for the toxic activity of Escherichia coli hemolysin. Science 266:1992-96
148. Staskawicz BJ, Ausubel FM, Baker BJ, Ellis JG, Jones JDG. 1995. Molecular genetics of plant disease resistance. Science 268:661-67
149. 2+ response virulence regulon of human-pathogenic Yersiniae. Microb. Pathog. 10:87-91
150. Straley SC, Skrzypek E, Plano GV, Bliska JB. 1993. Yops of Yersinia spp. pathogenic for humans. Infect. Immun. 61:3105-10
151. Takeuchi A. 1967. Electron microscopic studies of experimental Salmonella infection. 1. Penetration into the intestinal epithelium by Salmonella typhimurium. Am. J. Pathol. 50:109-36
152. Theriot J. 1995. The cell biology of infection by intracellular bacterial pathogens. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 11:213-39
153. Tsai MH, Yu CL, Stacey DW. 1990. A cytosplasmic protein inhibits the GTPase activity of H-Ras in a phospholipid dependent manner. Science 250:962-65
154. Uchiya K, Tobe T, Komatsu K, Suzuki T, Watari M, et al. 1995. Identification of a novel virulence gene, virA, on the large plasmid of Shigella, involved in invasion and intercellular spreading. Mol. Microbiol. 17:241-50
155. Van Gijsegem F, Genin S, Boucher C. 1993. Conservation of secretion pathways for pathogenicity determinants of plant and animal bacteria. Trends Microbiol. 1:175-80
156. Van Gijsegem F, Gough C, Zischek C, Niqueux E, Arlat M, et al. 1995. The hrp gene locus of Pseudomonas solanacearum, which controls the production of a type III secretion system, encodes eight proteins related to components of the bacterial flagellar biogenesis complex. Mol. Microbiol. 15:1095-114
157. Venkatesan MM, Buysse JM, Oaks EV. 1992. Surface presentation of Shigella flexneri invasion plasmid antigens requires the products of the spa locus. J. Bacteriol. 174:1990-2001
158. Watarai M, Tobe T, Yoshikawa M, Sasakawa C. 1995a. Contact of Shigella with host cells triggers release of Ipa invasins and is an essential function of invasiveness. EMBO J. 14:2461-70
159. Watarai M, Tobe T, Yoshikawa M, Sasakawa C. 1995b. Disulfide oxireductase activity of Shigella flexneri is required for release of Ipa proteins and invasion of epithelial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:4927-31
160. Wattiau P, Bernier B, Deslée P, Michiels T, Cornells GR. 1994. Individual chaperones required for Yop secretion by Yersinia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:10493-97
161. Wattiau P, Cornelis GR. 1993. SycE, a chaperone-like protein of Yersinia enterocolitica involved in the secretion of YopE. Mol. Microbiol. 8:123-31
162. Wattiau P, Woestyn S, Cornelis GR. 1996. Customized secretion chaperones in pathogenic bacteria. Mol. Microbiol. In press
163. Wei ZM, Beer SV. 1995. hrpL activates Erwinia amylovora hrp gene transcription and is a member of the ECF subfamily of sigma factors. J. Bacteriol. 177:6201-10
164. Wei ZM, Laby RJ, Zumoff CH, Bauer DW, He SY, et al. 1992a. Harpin, elicitor of the hypersensitive response produced by the plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora. Science 257:85-88
165. Wei ZM, Sneath BJ, Beer SV. 1992b. Expression of Erwinia amylovora hrp genes in response to environmental stimuli. J. Bacteriol. 174:1875-82
166. Woestyn S, Allaoui A, Wattiau P, Cornelis GR. 1994. YscN, the putative energizer of the Yersinia Yop secretion machinery. J. Bacterial. 176:1561-69
167. Xiao Y, Heu S, Yi J, Lu Y, Hutcheson SW. 1994. Identification of a putative alternate sigma factor and characterization of a multicomponent regulatory cascade controlling the expression of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae Pss61 hrp and hrmA genes. J. Bacteriol. 176:1025-36
168. Yao R, Palchauduri S. 1992. Nucleotide sequence and transcriptional regulation of a positive regulatory gene of Shigella dysenteriae. Infect. Immun. 60:1163-69
169. Zierler M, Galán JE. 1995. Contact with cultured epithelial cells induces the secretion of the Salmonella typhimurium invasion protein InvJ. Infect. Immun. 63:4024-28
170. Zychlinsky A, Fitting C, Cavaillon JM, Sansonetti PJ. 1994a. Interleukin 1 is released by macrophages during apoptosis induced by Shigella flexneri. J. Clin. Invest. 94:1328-32
171. Zychlinsky A, Kenny B, Ménard R, Prévost M-C, Holland IB, Sansonetti PJ. 1994b. IpaB mediates macrophage apoptosis induced by Shigella flexneri. Mol. Microbiol. 11:619-27
172. Zychlinsky A, Prévost MC, Sansonetti PJ. 1992. Shigella flexneri induces apoptosis in infected macrophages. Nature 358:167-69