Japanese aid to Tanzania: A study of the political marketing of Japan in Africa

African Affairs

Volumn 95, Issue 378, 1996, Pages 107-124

  Ampiah, Kweku ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AID POLICY; AID PROVISION; FOREIGN AID; FOREIGN POLICY; JAPANESE AID; POLICY MAKING; POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT; POLITICAL STRATEGY;

JAPAN; TANZANIA;

EID: 0029729141     PISSN: 00019909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007693     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Neil Richardson, 'Political Compliance and the US Trade Dominance', The American Political Science Review, 70, (1976); Neil Richardson, Foreign Policy and Economic Dependence (University of Texas Press, Austin, 1978); Adrienne Armstrong, 'The Political Consequences of Economic Dependence'. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 25, (1981).
2. Neil Richardson, 'Political Compliance and the US Trade Dominance', The American Political Science Review, 70, (1976); Neil Richardson, Foreign Policy and Economic Dependence (University of Texas Press, Austin, 1978); Adrienne Armstrong, 'The Political Consequences of Economic Dependence'. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 25, (1981).
3. Neil Richardson, 'Political Compliance and the US Trade Dominance', The American Political Science Review, 70, (1976); Neil Richardson, Foreign Policy and Economic Dependence (University of Texas Press, Austin, 1978); Adrienne Armstrong, 'The Political Consequences of Economic Dependence'. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 25, (1981).
4. Bruce Moon 'Consensus or Compliance? Foreign Policy Change and External Dependence', International Organization, 39, (1985).
5. Moon, 'Consensus or Compliant', pp. 297-298.
6. Moon, 'Consensus or Compliant', p. 301.
7. Issa Shivji, Class Struggles in Tanzania, (Heinemann, London, 1976).
8. World Bank, Tanzania: Agricultural Sector Report, 1983, (Washington DC. 1983), p. 4.
9. Dennis Yasumoto, 'Why Aid? Japan as an Aid Great Power', Pacific Affairs, 62, (1989/90), p. 419.
10. Japan's first aid to Africa was in 1966, when it gave financial assistance in the form of loans to Nigeria, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda.
11. According to 1986 figure the countries are Zambia, Kenya, Ghana, Nigeria, and Sao Tome and Principle in that order of value of aid.
12. Nihon keizai shimbun, June 1989, p. 5.
13. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan's ODA, (1988, 1989), p. 202.
14. Gaimushô (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), Wagakuni no seifu kaihatsu enjo gekan (Official Development Assistance of Japan), 2, (Kokusai kyôryoku suishin kyôkai, Tokyo 1987), p. 265; Gaimushô, Wagakuni no seifu kaihatsu enjo gekan, 2, (Kokusai kyôryoku suishin kyôkai, Tokyo, 1988), p. 283. The exchange rate for the Yen in 1973 was ¥ 271·22 to $1. From 1987 to 1989 the use of the Yen oscillated between ¥ 146 and ¥ 142 to $1.
15. Gaimushô (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), Wagakuni no seifu kaihatsu enjo gekan (Official Development Assistance of Japan), 2, (Kokusai kyôryoku suishin kyôkai, Tokyo 1987), p. 265; Gaimushô, Wagakuni no seifu kaihatsu enjo gekan, 2, (Kokusai kyôryoku suishin kyôkai, Tokyo, 1988), p. 283. The exchange rate for the Yen in 1973 was ¥ 271·22 to $1. From 1987 to 1989 the use of the Yen oscillated between ¥ 146 and ¥ 142 to $1.
16. Gaimushô, Wagakuni no seifu kaihatsu enjo gekan, 2, (1987), p. 283.
17. Kokusai kyôryoku jigyôdan (Japan International Cooperation Agency, JICA), Kaihatsu tôjô gijutsu jôhô dêtâ shîto Tanzania (1/2), kaihatsu enjo koku gijitsu dêtâ, (kokusai kyôryoku shuppankai, Tokyo, September, 1990).
18. Yoshida Masao, 'Nihon no keizai enjo ni okeru afurika' Japanese Economic Assistance to Africa), in Suzuki Nagatoshi, ed. Nihon no keizai kyôryoku no ashidori (The Manner of Japan's Economic Cooperation) (Ajia keizai shuppankai, Tokyo, 1989), p. 180. The other urgent project items were: (1) the introduction of agricultural machines - mainly tractors; (2) the construction of agricultural irrigation in Lower Moshi; (3) development work on the Nkomaji river, and (4) electrification of agricultural villages.
19. Daily News, 24 November 1980. The exchange rate in 1975 was T 8·26/- (shillings)= $1.
20. Daily News, 8 September 1978. The exchange rate in ¥ 296·80=$1.
21. Daily News, 22 June 1981.
22. Yoshida, 'Nihon no keizai enjo' (Japanese Economic Assistance), p. 177.
23. Yoshida, 'Nihon no keizai enjo', p. 177; Dr. Saburo Okita (President, International Development Center of Japan), 'The Development of Tanzania and Possibilities of Japanese Cooperation: With Special Reference to the Comprehensive Development of the Kilimanjaro Region' (International Development Center of Japan, Tokyo, 1971).
24. Yoshida, 'Nihon no keizai enjo', p. 177; Dr. Saburo Okita (President, International Development Center of Japan), 'The Development of Tanzania and Possibilities of Japanese Cooperation: With Special Reference to the Comprehensive Development of the Kilimanjaro Region' (International Development Center of Japan, Tokyo, 1971).
25. Yoshida, 'Nihon no keizai enjo', p. 177.
26. Inada Juichi, 'Taigai enjo' (Foreign Aid), in Uno Shigeaki, Kido Shigeru, Yamamoto Yoshinari, and Watanabe Akio, Kôza kokusai seiji (Lectures on International Politics) 4: Nihon no gaiko (Japanese Foreign Policy) (Tokyo: Tokyo daigaku shuppankai, 1981, p. 199; Robert Orr Jr., The Emergence of Japan's Foreign Aid Power, (Columbia University Press, New York, 1990), p. 60.
27. Inada Juichi, 'Taigai enjo' (Foreign Aid), in Uno Shigeaki, Kido Shigeru, Yamamoto Yoshinari, and Watanabe Akio, Kôza kokusai seiji (Lectures on International Politics) 4: Nihon no gaiko (Japanese Foreign Policy) (Tokyo: Tokyo daigaku shuppankai, 1981, p. 199; Robert Orr Jr., The Emergence of Japan's Foreign Aid Power, (Columbia University Press, New York, 1990), p. 60.
28. Kokusai kyôryoku jigyôdan (Japan International Cooperation Agency, JICA), Tanzania: keizai gijutsu kyôryoku (Tanzania: Technical Cooperation), (kokusai kyoryoku shuppankai, September, Tokyo, 1988), p. 29.
29. Kokusaikyôryoku jigyôdan (Japan International Cooperation Agency, JICA), Tanzania: keizai gijutsu kyôryoku, p. 31.
30. 'Anti-malaria Project Starts', Sunday News, 5 June 1988.
31. Sunday News, 22 May 1988.
32. Daily News, 12 February 1991.
33. Gaimushô (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Tanzania no keizai shakai no genjô (The Present State of the Tanzanian Economy and Society), no. 4, 1983, p. 51.
34. 'Kajima Hails Tanzanian Workers' Sunday News, 24 November 1985.
35. Interview with R.H.T. Msoffe (Assistant Director, Japan International Cooperation Agency, Tanzania), 10 April, 1991.
36. Yoshida, 'Nihon no keizai enjo', p. 83.
37. See also Katsuki Toshitaka (Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries), 'Some Findings from Farm Economy Survey (KADP, Lower Moshi Area)' 12 May 1991-7 July 1991.
38. Daily News, 18 July 1983.
39. Charles Mmbaga, Daily News, 15 June 1989, p. 3.
40. Daily News, 18 March 1983.
41. Daily News, 6 November 1986.
42. Gaimushô, Wagakuni no seifu kaihatsu enjo, 2, (Kokusai kyôryoku suishin kyôkai, Tokyo: 1900), p. 482.
43. Welcome Address by the Director General of the Board of External Trade at the Opening of the Seminar on promotion of Trade Between Tanzania and Japan at Kilmanjaro hotel, Dar es Salaam, on 23 July, 1987.
44. 'Dar Wants Greater Trade Ties With Tokyo' Daily News, 5 February 1988.
45. Gaimushô (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), Tanzania no keizai shakai no genjô (The Present State of the Tanzanian Economy and Society), no. 4, 1993, p. 49;
46. Gaimushô, Wagakuni no seifu kaihatsu enjo gekan, 2, 1990, p. 482.
47. Gaimushô, Tanzania no keizai shakai no genjô, no. 4, 1983, p. 49.
48. Peter Mwanguo [Board of Trade], 'Tanzania Exports to Japan' (1991), p. 6.
49. Alan Rix, Japan's Foreign Aid Challenge: Policy Reform and Aid Challenge, (Routledge, London, 1993), pp. 16, 18, 41-42.
50. By 1990 Japan had, remarkably, improved its performance in this matter so much that Japan ranked first among DAC (Development Assistance Committee) donors for its level of untying of aid.
51. A body of books and articles written by Japanese authors about Japanese cultural identity, and stressing the 'perceived' 'uniquely unique' aspects of Japanese culture.
52. Interview with Tsutsui Noboru (Deputy Director, Japan International Cooperation Agency, Director of Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers, Tanzania), 9 April 1991; Interview with Kania Seiichi (Director - Third Regional Division: Africa, Middle East, East Europe-Planning Department, Japan International Cooperation Agency: Africa Division, Tokyo), 23 September 1991.
53. Gaimushô, Wagakuni no seifu kaihaisu enjo gekan, 2, 1990, p. 482.
54. Gaimushô, Wagakuni no seifu kaihatsu enjo gekan, 2, 1989, p. 481; 'Japan Will Aid Africa in Anticolonial Struggle', The Japan Times, 7 November 1974, p. 4.
55. Gaimushô, Wagakuni no seifu kaihatsu enjo gekan, 2, 1989, p. 481; 'Japan Will Aid Africa in Anticolonial Struggle', The Japan Times, 7 November 1974, p. 4.
56. Horace Campbell, 'Tanzania and the Liberation Process of Southern Africa', The African Review, 1987, pp. 15-16.
57. Campbell, 'Tanzania and the Liberation Process', p. 17.
58. Gaimushô, Wagakuni no seifu kaihatsu enjo gekan, 1990, p. 482.
59. Orr, The Emergence of Japanese Foreign Aid Power, Chapter 5, p. 150.
60. This 'spokesman' role could have simply amounted to Tanzania not saying anything critical of Japan's relations with South Africa. The point that is being suggested here is that since Tanzania was an opinion leader within the OAU, if it had chosen to be publicly critical of Japan the latter's standing among the OAU member states may have become very bad.
61. 'Japan and Africa: Minister's Africa Tour Fruitful', The Anglo-Japanese Economic Institute, no. 104, 1974, p. 1.
62. Asahi shinbun, 8 November 1974, p. 4. The literal translation of the phrase kakko gekiha is: defeat (the opposite members) one by one; destroy (the enemy) one at a time. See also 'Japan Pledges Aid to Equalize Africa Trade', The Japan Times, 8 November 1974, p. 9.
63. Asahi shinbun, 8 November 1974, p. 4. The literal translation of the phrase kakko gekiha is: defeat (the opposite members) one by one; destroy (the enemy) one at a time. See also 'Japan Pledges Aid to Equalize Africa Trade', The Japan Times, 8 November 1974, p. 9.
64. Moon 'Consensus or Compliant', p. 298.
65. Julius Nyerere, Freedom and Socialism: A Selection from Writings and Speeches, 1965-1967 (Oxford University Press, London, 1969), pp. 239-40.
66. Interview with Saitô Kôji (Economic Attache, Embassy of Japan, Tanzania), 10 and 15 April, 1991.
67. Gaimushô, Wagakuni no seifu kaihatsu enjo gekan, 2, Tokyo: kokusai kyôryoku suishin kyôkai.
68. Gaimushô, Wagakuni no seifu kaihatsu enjo gekan, 2, 1990, 1991.
69. Gaimushô, Wagakuni no seifu kaihatsu enjo gekan, 2, 1990, 1991.
70. Gaimushô, Wagakuni no seifu kaihatsu enjo gekan, 2, 1990, 1991.
71. Gaimushôj Wagakuni no seifu kaihatsu enjo gekan, 2, 1990, 1991.