An introduction to CHP issues

International Journal of Global Energy Issues

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 301-318

  Verbruggen, Aviel ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ANTWERP   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITÉ CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN   (Belgium)

^c STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cogeneration; District heating; Energy efficiency; Energy markets; Energy policy

Indexed keywords

DISTRICT HEATING; ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION; ENERGY EFFICIENCY; ENERGY POLICY; INDUSTRIAL HEATING;

COMBINED HEAT AND POWER PROCESS; HEAT/POWER RATIO; THERMAL CONVERSION EFFICIENCY;

COGENERATION PLANTS;

EID: 0029695496     PISSN: 09547118     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. The share of primary energy lost in thermal power generation ranges form about 45% in the most advanced combined cycle gas and steam plants, 55% in modern diesel plants, 60% in conventional steam plants, 65% in modern gas turbine and gas engine units, to even 67-70% in nuclear plants.
2. Reynolds, W. and Perkins, H. (1977) Engineering Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill, New York; or for a clear introduction, Reynolds, W. (1974) Energy: From Nature to Man, McGraw-Hill, New York.
3. Reynolds, W. and Perkins, H. (1977) Engineering Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill, New York; or for a clear introduction, Reynolds, W. (1974) Energy: From Nature to Man, McGraw-Hill, New York.
4. See e.g. World Energy Council (1991) 'District heating/combined heat and power. Decisive factors for a successful use - as learnt from experience', June; and e.g. Roncato, J.P. 'Gas-fired cogeneration: what future in the European context?' and Nielsen, M. and Bernsen, E. 'Combined heat and power in Eastern Europe: potentials and barriers'; Eimermacher, T. 'Cogeneration as a growth market in Germany' (this issue).
5. See e.g. World Energy Council (1991) 'District heating/combined heat and power. Decisive factors for a successful use - as learnt from experience', June; and e.g. Roncato, J.P. 'Gas-fired cogeneration: what future in the European context?' and Nielsen, M. and Bernsen, E. 'Combined heat and power in Eastern Europe: potentials and barriers'; Eimermacher, T. 'Cogeneration as a growth market in Germany' (this issue).
6. See e.g. World Energy Council (1991) 'District heating/combined heat and power. Decisive factors for a successful use - as learnt from experience', June; and e.g. Roncato, J.P. 'Gas-fired cogeneration: what future in the European context?' and Nielsen, M. and Bernsen, E. 'Combined heat and power in Eastern Europe: potentials and barriers'; Eimermacher, T. 'Cogeneration as a growth market in Germany' (this issue).
7. See e.g. World Energy Council (1991) 'District heating/combined heat and power. Decisive factors for a successful use - as learnt from experience', June; and e.g. Roncato, J.P. 'Gas-fired cogeneration: what future in the European context?' and Nielsen, M. and Bernsen, E. 'Combined heat and power in Eastern Europe: potentials and barriers'; Eimermacher, T. 'Cogeneration as a growth market in Germany' (this issue).
8. Reynolds, W. and Perkins, H. (1977) op. cit. [2]. Also: Rohrer, A. 'Comparison of combined heat and power generation' (this issue).
9. Reynolds, W. and Perkins, H. (1977) op. cit. [2]. Also: Rohrer, A. 'Comparison of combined heat and power generation' (this issue).
10. The heat/power ratio is an inverted quality yardstick. The lower the ratio is, the higher the quality of the CHP process, being proportional to the power/heat ratio.
11. See Rohrer, A. op. cit. for a more extended discussion.
12. This wisdom rule breaks down when the CHP plant would generate a lot of surplus power, that cannot be exported to the grid or to another user at 'normal' prices. This crucial issue for CHP is discussed further in this article.
13. 2 emissions', Energy Policy, Vol. 20, No. 12, December, pp. 1207-1214.
14. In district heating systems, heat storage to bridge hourly load fluctuations is frequently applied (see e.g. Lorentzen, P.) (1993) 'The use of heat accumulators in district heat networks', District Heating International, Vol. 22, March.
15. In Alabama, USA, a pressurised air storage of 110 MW has been proofed, next to the 290 MW facility in Huntorf, Germany (see EPRI Journal, December 1991).
16. See World Energy Council (1991) op. cit. [3]; also Topfer, K. (1994) 'Aufgeben und Chancen der Fernwärme-Heizkraftwirtschaft durch eine ökologisch orientierte nachhaltige Umwelt- und Energiepolitik', District Heating International, October.
17. See World Energy Council (1991) op. cit. [3]; also Topfer, K. (1994) 'Aufgeben und Chancen der Fernwärme-Heizkraftwirtschaft durch eine ökologisch orientierte nachhaltige Umwelt- und Energiepolitik', District Heating International, October.
18. Although proposals have been made about interconnecting district heating schemes, the widest networks remain limited to larger metropolitan areas (e.g. Copenhagen, see Mortensen, H.C. and Overgaard, B. (1992) 'CHP development in Denmark: role and results', Energy Policy, December or to dense industrial areas (e.g. the Ruhr-Schiene and Saar-Schiene in Germany; see Mathenia, T. (1993) 'Einsatz industrieller Abwärme bei der Energieversorgung Oberhausen AG', District Heating International, Vol. 22, December.
19. Although proposals have been made about interconnecting district heating schemes, the widest networks remain limited to larger metropolitan areas (e.g. Copenhagen, see Mortensen, H.C. and Overgaard, B. (1992) 'CHP development in Denmark: role and results', Energy Policy, December or to dense industrial areas (e.g. the Ruhr-Schiene and Saar-Schiene in Germany; see Mathenia, T. (1993) 'Einsatz industrieller Abwärme bei der Energieversorgung Oberhausen AG', District Heating International, Vol. 22, December.
20. See e.g. HMSO (1988) 'Privatising Electricity', London, February; and POWER-GEN Europe, Proceedings of the Paris Conference (1994) with papers by Boys, P. (OFFER), Declercq, D. (IFIEC), Mosca, L. (BEUC) and (EURELECTRIC), and of the Köln Conference (1994) with a paper by Verbruggen, A. on the 'Electricity industry structure in Europe'.
21. See e.g. HMSO (1988) 'Privatising Electricity', London, February; and POWER-GEN Europe, Proceedings of the Paris Conference (1994) with papers by Boys, P. (OFFER), Declercq, D. (IFIEC), Mosca, L. (BEUC) and (EURELECTRIC), and of the Köln Conference (1994) with a paper by Verbruggen, A. on the 'Electricity industry structure in Europe'.
22. See e.g. HMSO (1988) 'Privatising Electricity', London, February; and POWER-GEN Europe, Proceedings of the Paris Conference (1994) with papers by Boys, P. (OFFER), Declercq, D. (IFIEC), Mosca, L. (BEUC) and (EURELECTRIC), and of the Köln Conference (1994) with a paper by Verbruggen, A. on the 'Electricity industry structure in Europe'.
23. See e.g. HMSO (1988) 'Privatising Electricity', London, February; and POWER-GEN Europe, Proceedings of the Paris Conference (1994) with papers by Boys, P. (OFFER), Declercq, D. (IFIEC), Mosca, L. (BEUC) and (EURELECTRIC), and of the Köln Conference (1994) with a paper by Verbruggen, A. on the 'Electricity industry structure in Europe'.
24. Blok, K. (1993) 'The development of industrial CHP in the Netherlands', Energy Policy, February.
25. For example, in Sweden oil-fired district heating cogeneration plants had a hard time in the 80s when nuclear and hydro electricity supply in Sweden was so abundant that it has been converted into low-temperature heat.
26. One observes, for example, that the utilisation time of the subscribed capacities, measured globally for the majority of German district heating systems, has fallen from about 1900 hours beginning seventies to 1550 hours beginning nineties, see: Krohner, P. and Ruppert, K. (1994) 'Hauptbericht der Fernwärme-versorgung', District Heating International, AGFW, VDEW, Vol. 23, June.
27. See, for example, International Energy Agency and Danish Ministry of Energy 'Workshop on the regulatory and institutional aspects of combined heat and power production and district heating', Copenhagen, 15-17 June 1988; Institute of Energy 'CHP: creating higher profits', seminar London, 16-17 May 1991; World Energy Council, op. cit. [3].
28. See, for example, International Energy Agency and Danish Ministry of Energy 'Workshop on the regulatory and institutional aspects of combined heat and power production and district heating', Copenhagen, 15-17 June 1988; Institute of Energy 'CHP: creating higher profits', seminar London, 16-17 May 1991; World Energy Council, op. cit. [3].
29. See, for example, International Energy Agency and Danish Ministry of Energy 'Workshop on the regulatory and institutional aspects of combined heat and power production and district heating', Copenhagen, 15-17 June 1988; Institute of Energy 'CHP: creating higher profits', seminar London, 16-17 May 1991; World Energy Council, op. cit. [3].
30. World Energy Council, op. cit. [3]; Krohner, P. and Ruppert, K., op. cit. [16].
31. World Energy Council, op. cit. [3]; Krohner, P. and Ruppert, K., op. cit. [16].
32. Dufait, N. and Verbruggen, A. (1993) 'Barriers and attitudes of the electric utilities to industrial CHP in the European Community', International Journal of Global Energy Issues, Vol. 5.
33. See Eimermacher, T. 'Cogeneration as a growth market in Germany', (this issue); see also the District Heating/Fernwärme International journal edited by AGFW-VDEW, Frankfurt a/Main.
34. See Eimermacher, T. 'Cogeneration as a growth market in Germany', (this issue); see also the District Heating/Fernwärme International journal edited by AGFW-VDEW, Frankfurt a/Main.
35. Verbruggen, A. (1982) 'A system model of combined heat and power generation in district heating', Resources and Energy, Vol. 4, No. 3.
36. Marshall, E. (1993) 'CHP and deregulation: the regulator's viewpoint', Energy Policy, January.
37. See the discussions in the USA following the PURPA lawgiving in 1978, where regulators, power companies and independents balanced principles, definitions, prescriptions, procedures, etc. for assessing the right tariffs for independents, see FERC 'Administrative determination of full avoided costs, sales of power to qualifying facilities, and interconnection facilities' (Docket No. RM 88-6-000).
38. The marginal cost pricing of electricity has been discussed continuously in the economics literature since the forties; see e.g. Boiteux, M. (1949) 'La tarification des demandes en pointe, Revue générale de l'électricité, Vol. 58, Philips, L. (1983) 'The economics of price discrimination' Cambridge University Press; Serot, D.E. (1991) 'Economic implications of proposed changes in the regulation of cogeneration', Resources and Energy, Vol. 13.
39. The marginal cost pricing of electricity has been discussed continuously in the economics literature since the forties; see e.g. Boiteux, M. (1949) 'La tarification des demandes en pointe, Revue générale de l'électricité, Vol. 58, Philips, L. (1983) 'The economics of price discrimination' Cambridge University Press; Serot, D.E. (1991) 'Economic implications of proposed changes in the regulation of cogeneration', Resources and Energy, Vol. 13.
40. The marginal cost pricing of electricity has been discussed continuously in the economics literature since the forties; see e.g. Boiteux, M. (1949) 'La tarification des demandes en pointe, Revue générale de l'électricité, Vol. 58, Philips, L. (1983) 'The economics of price discrimination' Cambridge University Press; Serot, D.E. (1991) 'Economic implications of proposed changes in the regulation of cogeneration', Resources and Energy, Vol. 13.
41. For example, in Belgium, the power companies constructed a tariff that was based on an average price for the energy (kWh) and on a marginal price for the capacity (kW) supplied by independent producers (see Verbruggen, A. (1990) 'Pricing independent power production', International Journal of Global Energy Issues, Vol. 2).
42. In fact, a two part tariff with a major fixed term in it is argued to represent well the costs of base-load power supply, and is therefore applied to customers with a high capacity factor (utilisation times of more than e.g. 5000 hours a year). When this same tariff is used for charging back-up power supply, the argumentation is of course invalid.
43. See notes [18] and [20] also Brown, M., Van der Does, T. and Verhagen, B. The role of promotional organisations in the development of cogeneration', (this issue).
44. World Energy Council, op. cit. see note [18].