The structure of condensed chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis of insects

International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology

Volumn 25, Issue 1-2, 1996, Pages 37-62

  Wolf, Klaus Werner ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LÜBECK   (Germany)

Author keywords

Centromere; chromosomal protein; histone; karyotype; nucleolus; telomere

Indexed keywords

CHROMOSOME PROTEIN;

CENTROMERE; CHROMOSOME; CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; HEMIPTERA; INSECT; LEPIDOPTERA; MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; TELOMERE;

EID: 0029684467     PISSN: 00207322     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0020-7322(95)00021-6     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. Abad, J., M. Carmena, S. Baars, R. D. C. Saunders, D. M. Glover, P. Ludeña, C. Sentis, C. Tyler-Smith and A. Villasante. 1992. Dodeca satellite: a conserved G + C rich satellite from the centromeric heterochromatin of Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89: 4663-67.
2. Alfageme, C. R., G. T. Rudkin and L. H. Cohen. 1980. Isolation, properties and cellular distribution of D1, a chromosomal protein of Drosophila. Chromosoma 78: 1-31.
3. Allen, T. D., E. M. Jack, C. J. Harrison, D. Claugher and R. Harris, 1986. Human metaphase chromosome preparation for scanning electron microscopy - a consideration of inherent problems, pp. 299-307. In M. Müller, B. R. Becker, A. Boyde and J. J. Wolosewick (eds.) Science of Biological Specimen Preparation. SEM Inc., AMF O'Hare, Chicago.
4. Ambros, P. F. and A. T. Sumner. 1987. Correlation of pachytene chromomeres and metaphase bands of human chromosomes, and distinctive properties of telomeric regions. Cytogene. Cell Genet. 44: 223-28.
5. Andreassen, P. R., D. K. Palmer, M. H. Wener and R. L. Margolis. 1991. Telophase disc: a new mammalian mitotic organelle that bisects telophase cells with a possible function in cytokinesis. J. Cell Sci. 99: 523-34.
6. Ault, J. G. 1986. Stable versus unstable orientation of sex chromosomes in two grasshopper species. Chromosoma 93: 298-304.
7. Avides, M. C. and C. E. Sunkel. 1994. Isolation of chromosome-associated proteins from Drosophila melanogaster that bind a human centromeric DNA sequence. J. Cell Biol. 127: 1159-71.
8. Bastmeyer, M., W. Steffen and H. Fuge. 1986. Immunostaining of spindle components in tipulid spermatocytes using a serum against pericentriolar material. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 42: 305-10.
9. Bauer, H. 1967. Die kinetische Organisation der Lepidopteren-Chromosomen. Chromosoma 22: 101-25.
10. Biessmann, H., S. B. Carter and J. M. Mason. 1990. Chromosome ends in Drosophila without telomeric DNA sequences. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 87: 1758-61.
11. Biessmann, H. and J. M. Mason. 1992. Genetics and molecular biology of telomeres. Adv. Genet. 30: 185-249.
12. Biessmann, H. and J. M. Mason. 1994. Telomeric repeat sequences. Chromosoma 103: 154-61.
13. Bischoff, F. R., G. Maier, G. Tilz and H. Ponstingl. 1990. A 47-kD human nuclear protein recognized by antikinetochore autoimmune sera is homologous with the protein encoded by RCCI, a gene implicated in onset of chromosome condensation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 87: 8617-21.
14. Blackburn, E. H. 1991. Structure and function of telomeres. Nature (Lond.) 350: 569-73.
15. Brown, A. K. and P. J. Wilmore. 1974. Location of repetitious DNA in the chromosomes of the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria). Chromosoma 47: 379-83.
16. Brown, K. S. Jr, T. C. Emmel, P. J. Eliazar and E. Suomalainen. 1992. Evolutionary patterns in chromosome numbers in neotropical Lepidoptera. Hereditas 117: 109-25.
17. n comprises 4% of genomic DNA of Drosophila hydei and is located mainly in centromeric heterochromatin of all large acrocentric autosomes. Gene 137: 287-91.
18. Camacho, J. P. M., J. Belda and J. Cabrero. 1985. Meiotic behaviour of the holocentric chromosomes of Nezara viridula (Insecta, Heteroptera) analysed by C-banding and silver impregnation. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 27: 491-97.
19. Camacho, J. P. M., J. Cabrero, E. Viseras, M. D. Lopez-Leon, J. Navas-Castillo and J. D. Alche. 1991. G banding in two species of grasshopper and its relationship to C, N, and fluorescence banding techniques. Genome 34: 638-43.
20. Carmena, M., J. P. Abad, A Villasante and C. Gonzalez. 1993. The Drosophila melanogaster dodecasatellite sequence is closely linked to the centromere and can form connections between sister chromatids during mitosis. J. Cell Sci. 105: 41-50.
21. Choo, K. H., B. Vissel, A. Nagy, E. Earle and P. Kalitsis. 1991. A survey of the genomic distribution of alpha satellite DNA on all the human chromosomes, and derivation of a new consensus sequence. Nucl. Acids Res. 19: 1179-82.
22. Chooi, W. Y. and C. D. Laird. 1983. Morphological analyses of active genes and chromatin. J. Amer. Med. Assn 250: 82-3.
23. Church, K. and H.-P. P. Lin. 1982. Meiosis in Drosophila melanogaster. II. The prometaphase-I kinetochore microtubule bundle and kinetochore orientation in males. J. Cell Biol. 93: 365-73.
24. Compton, D. A., T. J. Yen and D. W. Cleveland. 1991. Identification of novel centromere/kinetochore-associated proteins using monoclonal antibodies generated against human mitotic chromosome scaffolds. J. Cell Biol. 112: 1083-117.
25. Cox, J. V. and J. B. Olmsted. 1984. Kinetochore antigens: complexity, synthesis, and evolutionary conservation, pp. 71-7. In Borisy, G. G. (ed.) Molecular Biology of the Cytoskeleton. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
26. Earnshaw, W. C. and C. A. Cooke. 1991. Analysis of the distribution of the INCENPs throughout mitosis reveals the existence of a pathway of structural changes in the chromosomes during metaphase and early events in cleavage furrow formation. J. Cell Sci. 98: 443-61.
27. Earnshaw, W. C. and N. Rothfield. 1985. Identification of a family of human centromere proteins using autoimmune sera from patients with scleroderma. Chromosoma 91: 313-21.
28. Eissenberg, J. C., G. D. Morris, G. Reuter and T. Hartnett. 1992. The heterochromatin-associated protein HP-1 is an essential protein in Drosophila with dosage-dependent effects on position-effect variegation. Genetics 131: 345-52.
29. El Agoze, M., F. Lemeunier and G. Periquet. 1992. Mitotic and salivary gland chromosome analyses in the Musca domestica L. (house fly) (Diptera:Muscidae). Heredity 69: 57-64.
30. Elgin, S. C. R. 1990. Chromatin structure and gene activity. Curr. Opinion Cell Biol. 2: 437-45.
31. Forer, A. and B. R. Brinkley. 1977. Microtubule distribution in the anaphase spindle of primary spermatocytes of a crane fly (Nephrotoma suturalis). Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 19: 503-19.
32. Frasch, M. 1991. The maternally expressed Drosophila gene encoding the chromatin-binding protein BJ1 is a homolog of the vertebrate gene regulator of chromatin condensation. EMBO J. 10: 1225-36.
33. Frasch, M. and H. Saumweber. 1989. Two proteins from Drosophila nuclei are bound to chromatin and are detected in a series of puffs on polytene chromosomes. Chromosoma 97: 272-81.
34. Fuge, H. 1976. Anaphase transport of akinetochoric fragments in tipulid spermatocytes. Electron microscopic observations on fragment-spindle interactions. Chromosoma 52: 149-58.
35. Fuge, H. 1989. Traction fibres in chromosome movement: the pros and cons. Biol. Cell. 66: 209-13.
36. Fuge, H. 1980. Local decondensation of chromatin at the surface of meiotic chromosomes during anaphase movement. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 23: 166-70.
37. Gassner, G. and D. J. Klemetson. 1974. A transmission electron microscope examination of Hemipteran and Lepidopteran gonial centromeres. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 16: 457-64.
38. Glätzer, K. H. and G. F. Meyer. 1981. Morphological aspects of the genetic activity in primary spermatocyte nuclei of Drosophila hydei. Biol. Cell. 41: 165-72.
39. Gooderham, K. and P. Jeppesen. 1983. Chinese hamster metaphase chromosomes isolated under physiological conditions. A partial characterization of associated non-histone proteins and protein cores. Exp. Cell Res. 144: 1-14.
40. Goodpasture, C. 1975. High-resolution chromosome analysis in Lepidoptera. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 69: 537-44.
41. Gormann, M., M. I. Kuroda and B. S. Baker. 1993. Regulation of the sex-specific binding of the maleless dosage compensation protein to the male X chromosome in Drosophila. Cell 72: 39-49.
42. Haaf, T., A. T. Sumner, J. Köhler, H. F. Willard and M. Sschmid. 1992b. A microchromosome derived from chromosome 11 in a patient with the CREST syndrome of scleroderma. Cytogenet. Cell. Genet. 60: 12-17.
43. Haaf, T., P. E. Wharburton and H. F. Willard. 1992a. Integration of human α-satellite DNA into simian chromosomes: centromere protein binding and disruption of normal chromosome segregation. Cell 70: 681-96.
44. Hadlaczky, G., T. Praznovszky, I. Rasko and J. Kereso. 1989. Centromere proteins. I Mitosis specific centromere antigens recognized by anti-centromere autoantibodies. Chromosoma 97: 282-88.
45. Hägele, K. 1979. Characterization of heterochromatin in Schistocerca gregaria by C- and N-banding methods. Chromosoma 70: 239-50.
46. Halkka, O. 1965. X-ray-induced changes in the chromosomes of Limotettix (Homoptera). Chromosoma 16: 185-91.
47. Harrison, C. J., M. Britch, T. D. Allen and R. Harris. 1981. Scanning electron microscopy of the G-banded human karyotype. Exp. Cell Res. 134: 141-53.
48. Henderson, S. A. 1964. RNA synthesis during male meiosis and spermiogenesis. Chromosoma 15: 345-66.
49. Hennig, W. 1992. Drosophila spermatogenesis as a model system. Andrologia 24: 21-6.
50. Hughes-Schrader, S. and H. Ris. 1941. The diffuse spindle attachment of coccids, verified by the mitotic behavior of induced chromosome fragments. J. Exp. Zool. 87: 429-56.
51. Hughes-Schrader, S. and F. Schrader. 1961. The kinetochore of the Hemiptera. Chromosoma 12: 327-50.
52. Iino, A. and S. Nagai. 1981. Chromatin and chromosomes observed by scanning electron microscopy. Biomed. Res. 2: 91-7.
53. James, T. C., J. C. Eissenberg, C. Craig, V. Dietrich, A. Hobson and S. C. R. Elgin. 1989. Distribution patterns of HP1, a heterochromatin-associated nonhistone chromosomal protein of Drosophila. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 50: 170-80.
54. James, T. C. and S. C. R. Elgin. 1986. Identification of a nonhistone chromosomal protein associated with heterochromatin in Drosophila melanogaster and its gene. Mol. Cell Biol. 6: 3862-72.
55. Jeppesen, P. 1993. Indirect immunofluorescence of unfixed mammalian metaphase chromosomes: Method and applications. Rev. Brasil. Genet. 16: 485-508.
56. Jeppesen, P., A. Mitchell, B. Turner and P. Perry. 1992. Antibodies to defined histone epitopes reveal variation in chromatin conformation and underacetylation of centric heterochromatin in human metaphase chromosomes. Chromosoma 101: 322-32.
57. Jeppesen, P. and B. M. Turner. 1993. The inactive X chromosome in female mammals is distinguished by a lack of histone H4 acetylation, a cytogenetic marker for gene expression. Cell 74: 281-89.
58. Kessel, R. 1992. Annulate lamellae: A last frontier in cellular organelles. Int. Rev. Cytol. 133: 43-120.
59. Kiauta, B. 1967. Considerations on the evolution of the chromosome complement in Odonata. Genetica 38: 430-46.
60. Kiauta, B. 1969. Autosomal fragmentations and fusions in Odonata and their evolutionary implications. Genetica 40: 158-80.
61. Kingwell, B. and J. B. Rattner. 1987. Mammalian kinetochore/centromere composition. A 50 kD antigen is present in the mammalian kinetochore/centromere. Chromosoma 95: 403-07.
62. Kipling, D. and H. J. Cooke. 1992. Beginning or end? Telomere structure, genetics and biology. Hum. Molec. Genet. 1: 3-6.
63. Koval, T. M. 1983a. Radiosensitivity of cultured insect cells. I. Lepidoptera. Rad. Res. 96: 118-26.
64. Koval, T. M. 1983b. Radiosensitivity of cultured insect cells. II. Diptera. Rad. Res. 96: 127-34.
65. Koval, T. M. 1983c. Intrinsic resistance to the lethal effects of x-irradiation in insect and arachnid cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 80: 4752-55.
66. Kuroda, M. I., M. J. Kernan, R. Kreber, B. Ganetzky and B. S. Baker. 1991. The maleless protein associates with the X chromosome to regulate dosage compensation in Drosophila. Cell 66: 935-47.
67. LaChance, L. E. and M. Degruguillier. 1969. Chromosomal fragments transmitted through three generations in Oncopeltus (Hemiptera). Science (Wash., D.C.) 166: 235-36.
68. LaChance, L. E. and C. K. Graham. 1984. Insect radiosensitivity: Dose curves and dose-fractionation studies of dominant lethal mutations in the mature sperm of 4 insect species. Mutat. Res. 127: 49-59.
69. LaFountain, J. R., M. A. Janicke, R. Balczon and G. K. Rickards. 1992. Cytochalasin induces abnormal anaphase in crane-fly spermatocytes and causes altered distribution of actin and centromeric antigens. Chromosoma 101: 425-41.
70. Lankhorst, L. 1970. A note on the periodicity of cell division in the gonads of Trichoptera, with a review of the main cytotxonomic data on the caddis-fly species so far studied. Genen Phaenen 14: 9-14.
71. Lavender, J. S., A. J. Birley, M. J. Palmer, M. I. Kuroda and B. M. Turner. 1994. Histone H4 acetylated at lysine 16 and proteins of the Drosophila dosage compensation pathway co-localize on the male X chromosome through mitosis. Chrom. Res. 2: 398-404.
72. Levinger, L. and A. Varshavsky. 1982. Protein D1 preferentially binds A + T-rich DNA in vitro and is a component of Drosophila melanogaster nucleosomes containing A + T-rich satellite DNA. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 70: 7152-56.
73. Loidl, P. 1994. Histone acetylation: facts and questions. Chromosoma 103: 441-49.
74. Manning, R. F., D. R. Samols and L. P. Gage. 1978. The genes for 18S ribosomal RNA of Bombyx mori are organized into tendem repeats of uniform length. Gene 4: 153-66.
75. Mason, J. M. and H. Biessmann. 1995. The unusual telomeres of Drosophila. Trends Genet. 11: 58-62.
76. Masumoto, H., H. Masukata, Y. Muro, N. Nozaki and T. Okazaki. 1989. A human centromere antigen (CENP-B) interacts with a short specific sequence in alphoid DNA, a human centromere satellite. J. Cell Biol. 109: 1963-73.
77. Maudlin, I. 1974. Giemsa banding of metaphase chromosomes in triatomine bugs. Nature (Lond.) 252: 392.
78. n among vertebrates. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 86: 7049-53.
79. Migeon, B. R., S. Luo, M. Janir and P. Jeppesen. 1994. The severe phenotype of female with tiny ring X chromosomes is associated with inability of these chromosomes to undergo X inactivation. Amer. J. Hum. Genet. 55: 497-504.
80. Miller, O. J. and B. R. Beatty. 1969. Visualization of nucleolar genes. Science (Wash., D.C.) 164: 955-57.
81. Motzko, D. and A. Ruthmann. 1984. Spindle membranes in mitosis and meiosis of the heteropteran insect Dysdercus intermedius. A study of the interrelationship of spindle architecture and the kinetic organization of chromosomes. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 33: 205-16.
82. Muramoto, N. 1976. A comparative study of C-bands in some species of Heteroptera and Orthoptera. Chromosome Inf. Serv. 20: 34-5.
83. Muramoto, N. 1980. A study of the C-banded chromosomes in some species of heteropteran insects. Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B 56: 125-30.
84. Ner, S. S. and A. A. Travers. 1994. HMG-D, the Drosophila melanogaster homologue of HMG1 protein, is associated with early embryonic chromatin in the absence of histone H1. EMBO J. 13: 1817-22.
85. Nicol, L. and P. G. N. Jeppesen. 1994. Human autoimmune sera recognize a conserved protein that is homologous to Drosophila HP1 and is associated with mammalian heterochromatin. Chrom. Res. 2: 245-53.
86. Odierna, G., F. Baldanza, G. Aprea and E. Olmo. 1993. Occurrence of G-banding in metaphase chromosomes of Encarsia berlesei (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Genome 36: 662-67.
87. n, in the silkworm Bombyx mori and other insects. Mol. Cell Biol. 13: 1424-32.
88. Oksala, T. 1943. Zytologische Studien an Odonaten. I. Chromosomenverhältnisse bei der Gattung Aeschna mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der postreduktionellen Teilung der Bivalente. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. Ser. A 4: 7-65.
89. Oliva, R., D. P. Bazett-Jones, L. Locklear and G. H. Dixon. 1990. Histone hyperacetylation can induce unfolding of the nucleosome core particle. Nucl. Acids Res. 18: 2739-47.
90. Ortiz, R. 1969. Chromosomes and meiosis in Dermaptera. Chromosomes Today 2: 33-40.
91. Palmer, M. J., V. A. Mergner, R. Richman, J. R. Manning, M. I. Kuroda and J. C. Lucchesi. 1993. The male-specific lethal-one (msl-1) gene of Drosophila melanogaster encodes a novel protein that associates with the X chromosomes in males. Genetics 134: 545-57.
92. Palmer, D. K., K. O'Day, H. LeTrong, H. Charbonneau and R. L. Margolis. 1991. Purification of the centromere-specific protein CENP-A and demonstration that it is a distinctive histone. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88: 3734-38.
93. Pammdita, T. K., V. Gregoire, K. Dhingra and W. N. Hittelman. 1994. Effect of chromosome size on aberration levels caused by gamma radiation as detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 67: 94-101.
94. Papeschi, A. G. 1988. C-banding and DNA content in three species of Belostoma (Heteroptera) with large differences in chromosome size and number. Genetica 76: 43-51.
95. Paro, R. and D. S. Hogness. 1991. The Polycomb protein shares a homologous domain with a heterochromatin-associated protein of Drosophila. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88: 263-67.
96. Perkins, H. D., D. G. Bedo and A. J. Howells. 1992. Characterization and chromosomal distribution of a tandemly repeated DNA sequence from the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. Chromosoma 101: 358-64.
97. Powers, J. A. and J. C. Eissenberg. 1993. Overlapping domains of the heterochromatin-associated protein HP1 mediate nuclear localization and heterochromatin binding. J. Cell Biol. 120: 291-99.
98. Puchalla, S. 1994. Polytene chromosomes of monogenic and amphogenic Chrysomya species (Calliphoridae, Diptera): analysis of banding patterns and in situ hybridization with Drosophila sex determining gene sequences. Chromosoma 103: 16-30.
99. Richards, E. J. and F. M. Ausubel. 1988. Isolation of a higher eukaryotic telomere from Arabidopsis thaliana. Cell 53: 127-36.
100. Robert, M. 1975. Isolation and manipulation of salivary gland nuclei and chromosomes. Meth. Cell Biol. 9: 377-90.
101. Rovira, C., W. Beermann and J.-E. Edström. 1993. A repetitive DNA sequence associated with the centromeres of Chironomus pallidivittatus. Nucl. Acids Res. 21: 1775-81.
102. Ruthmann, A. and Y. Permantier. 1973. Spindel und Kinetochoren in der Mitose und Meiose der Baumwollwanze Dydercus intermedius (Heteroptera). Chromosoma 41: 271-88.
103. Saunders, W. S., C. Chue, M. Goebl, C. Craig, R. F. Clark, J. A. Powers, J. C. Eissenberg, S. C. R. Elgin, N. F. Rothfield and W. C. Earnshaw. 1993. Molecular cloning of a human homologue of Drosophila heterochromatin protein HP1 using anti-centromere auto antibodies with anti-chromo specificity. J. Cell Sci. 104: 573-82.
104. Scheer, U., M. Thiry and G. Goessens. 1993. Structure, function and assembly of the nucleolus. Trends Cell Biol. 3: 236-41.
105. Shaw, D. 1994. Centromeres: Moving chromosomes through space and time. Trends Ecol. Evol. 9: 170-75.
106. Singh, P. B., J. R. Miller, J. Pearce, R. Kothary, R. D. Burton, R. Paro, T. C. James and S. J. Gaunt. 1991. A sequence motif found in a Drosophila heterochromatin protein is conserved in animals and plants. Nucl. Acids Res. 19: 789-94.
107. Smith, S. G. and N. Virkki. 1978. Coleoptera. In B. John, H. Bauer, H. Kayano, A. Levan and M. White (eds) Animal Cytogenetics, Vol. 3, Insecta 5, Gebrüder Borntraeger, Stuttgart.
108. Squarzoni, S., C. Cinti, S. Santi, A. Valmori and N. M. Maraldi. 1994. Preparation of chromosome spreads for electron (TEM, SEM, STEM), light and confocal microscopy. Chromosoma 103: 381-92.
109. Sumner, A. T. 1991. Scanning electron microscopy of mammalian chromosomes from prophase to telophase. Chromosoma 100: 410-18.
110. Sumner, A. T. 1992. Inhibitors of topoisomerase do not block the passage of human lymphocyte chromosomes hrough mitosis. J. Cell Sci. 103: 105-15.
111. Sumner, A. T. and A. Ross. 1989. Factors affecting preparation of chromosomes for scanning electron microscopy using osmium impregnation. Scanning Electron Microscopy Suppl. 3: 87-99.
112. Thiry, M., S. Schoonbroodt and G. Goessens. 1991. Cytochemical distinction of various nucleolar components in insect cells. Biol. Cell. 72: 133-40.
113. Thomas, D. B. Jr 1987. Chromosome evolution in the Heteroptera (Hemiptera): Agmatoploidy versus aneuploidy. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 80: 720-30.
114. Trapitz, P., K. H. Glätzer and H. Bünemann. 1992. Towards a physical map of the fertility genes on the heterochromatic Y Chromosome of Drosophila hydei: Families of repetitive sequences transcribed on the lampbrush loops Nooses and Threads are organized in extended clusters of several hundred kilobases. Mol. Gen. Genet. 235: 221-34.
115. Traut, W. 1976. Pachytene mapping in the female silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera). Chromosoma 58: 275-84.
116. Traut, W. 1977. A study of recombination, formation of chiasmata and synaptonemal complexes in female and male meiosis of Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera). Genetica 47: 135-42.
117. Traut, W. 1986. A genetic linkage study of W-chromosome - autosome fusions, breakage and kinetic organization of chromosomes in Ephestia (Lepidoptera). Genetica 69: 69-79.
118. Traut, W., N. T. thi Khuong and S. Schneider. 1990. Karyotope of Megaselia scalaris (Diptera) wild-type and translocation strains. Genetica 83: 77-84.
119. Turner, B. M. 1991. Histone acetylation and control of gene expression. J. Cell Sci. 99: 12-20.
120. Turner, B. M., A. J. Birley and J. Lavender. 1992. Histone H4 isoforms acetylated at specific lysine residues define individual chromosomes and chromatin domains in Drosophila polytene nuclei. Cell 69: 375-84.
121. Turner, B. M. and G. Fellows. 1989. Specific antibodies reveal ordered and cell-cycle-related use of histone-H4 acetylation sites in mammalian cells. Eur. J. Biochem. 179: 131-39.
122. Turner, B. M., L. Franci and H. Wallace. 1990. Islands of acetylated histone H4 in polytene chromosomes and their relationship to chromatin packaging and transcriptional activity. J. Cell Sci. 96: 335-46.
123. Wachtler, F. and A. Stahl. 1993. The nucleolus: A structural and functional interpretation. Micron 24: 473-505.
124. Webb, G. C. 1976. Chromosome organisation in the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera. I. Banding relationship of the normal and supernumerary chromosomes. Chromosoma 55: 229-46.
125. Webb, G. C. 1978. Cytogenetics of the parthenogenetic grasshopper Warramaba (formerly Moraba) virgo and its bisexual relatives. IV. Chromosome banding studies. Chromosoma 67: 309-39.
126. Weith, A. 1985. The fine structure of euchromatin and centromeric heterochromatin in Tenebrio molitor chromosomes. Chromosoma 91: 287-96.
127. Werner, L. 1975. Zur Evolution des Karyotyps bei den Lepidopteren. Die Chromosomenzahlen der Noctuiden. Genetica 45: 377-95.
128. Willard, H. F. and J. S. Waye. 1987. Hierarchical order in chromosome-specific human alpha satellite DNA. Trends Genet. 3: 192-98.
129. Williams, B. C. and M. L. Goldberg. 1994. Determinants of Drosophila zw10 protein localization and function. J. Cell Sci. 107: 785-98.
130. Wolf, K. W. 1988. Cytology of Lepidoptera. IV. Chromatin-associated, virus-like particles in testes of Pieris brassicae. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 47: 132-37.
131. Wolf, K. W. 1994a. How meiotic cells deal with non-exchange chromosomes. BioEssays 16: 107-13.
132. Wolf, K. W. 1994b. The unique structure of Lepidopteran spindles. Int. Rev. Cytol. 152: 1-48.
133. Wolf, K. W. 1995. Histone H4 acetylation in spermatogenesis of Schistocerca gregaria, a locust with an XX/X0 sex determinining system. Chrom. Res. 3: Suppl. 1, 63.
134. Wolf, K. W., K. Baumgart and W. Traut. 1987. Cytology of Lepidoptera. II. Fine structure of eupyrene and apyrene primary spermatocytes in Orgyia thyellina. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 44: 57-67.
135. Wolf, K. W., R. Blackman and A. T. Sumner. 1994a. Scanning electron microscopy of insect chromosomes: Schistocerca gregaria (Acrididae, Orthoptera), Megaselia scalaris (Phoridae, Diptera), and Myzus persicae (Aphididae, Hemiptera). J. Submicrosc. Cytol. Pathol. 26: 79-89.
136. Wolf, K. W., P. Jeppesen and A. Mitchell. 1993. The spermatid nucleus of Megaselia scalaris Loew (Insecta, Diptera, Phoridae): A study using anti-histone antibodies, scanning electron microscopy, and a centromere-specific oligonucleotide. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 35: 272-76.
137. Wolf, K. W., J. Kyburg and R. L. Blackman. 1991a. The relationship between nuclear envelope-derived annulate lamellae and the asymmetric division of primary spermatocytes in aphids. Chromosoma 101: 157-68.
138. Wolf, K. W., H. G. Mertl and W. Traut. 1991b. Structure, meiotic and meiotic behaviour, and stability of centromere-like elements devoid of chromosome arms in the fly Megaselia scalaris (Phoridae). Chromosoma 101: 99-108.
139. Wolf, K. W., A. Mitchell, L. Nicol and P. Jeppesen. 1994b. Centromere structure in Megaselia scalaris (Phoridae, Diptera), experiments using CREST sera, anti-histone antibodies, and a repetitive DNA probe. Biol. Cell. 80: 11-23.
140. Wolf, K. W., K. Novak and F. Marec. 1992. Chromosome structure in spermatogenesis of Anabolia furcata (Trichoptera). Genome 35: 46-52.
141. Wreggett, K. A., F. Hill, P. S. James, A. Hutchings, G. W. Butcher and P. B. Singh. 1994. A mammalian homologue of Drosophila heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) is a component of constitutive heterochromatin. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 66: 99-103.
142. Yeo, J. P., F. Alderuccio and B. H. Toh. 1994a. A new chromosomal protein essential for mitotic spindle assembly. Nature (Lond.) 367: 288-91.
143. Yeo, J.-P., A. Forer and B.-H. Toh. 1994b. A homologue of the human regulator of mitotic spindle assembly protein (RMSA-1) is present in crane fly and is associated with meiotic chromosomes. J. Cell Sci. 107: 1845-51.
144. Zhan, T. S., S. Pathak and J. C. Liang. 1984. Induction of G-bands in the chromosomes of Melanoplus sanguinipes (Othoptera, Acrididae). Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 26: 354-59.