Curie-point pyrolysis mass spectrometry as a tool in clinical microbiology

Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie

Volumn 285, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 133-156

  Goodfellow, Michael ^a   Freeman, Roger ^b   Sisson, Penelope R ^b  

^a NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b NEWCASTLE GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0029679480     PISSN: 09348840     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(97)80023-0     Document Type: Article

References (159)

1. Adriaans, B. and H. Shah: Fusobacterium ulcerans sp. nov. from tropical ulcers. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38 (1988) 447-448
2. Amann, R. I., W. Ludwig, and K.-H. Schleifer: Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual cells without cultivation. Microbiol. Rev. 59 (1995) 143-169
3. Aries, R. E., C. S. Gutteridge, and T. W. Ottley: Evaluation of a low cost, automated pyrolysis mass spectrometer. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 9 (1986) 81-88
4. Boon, J. J., W. R. De Boer, F. J. Kruyssen, and J. T. M. Wouters: Pyrolysis mass spectrometry of whole cells, cell walls and isolated cell wall polymers of Bacillus subtilis var. niger W. M. J. Gen. Microbiol. 122 (1981) 119-127
5. Borst, J., A. C. Van der Snee-Enkelaar, and H. L. C. Meuzelaar: Typing of Neisseria gonorrhoea by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 44 (1978) 253
6. Carmichael, J. W., A. S. Sekhon, and L. Sigler: Classification of some dermatophytes by pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography. Can. J. Microbiol. 19 (1976) 403-407
7. Cartmill, T. D. I., K. Orr, R. Freeman, and P. R. Sisson: Nosocomial infection with Clostridium difficile investigated by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. J. Med. Microbiol. 37 (1992) 352-356
8. Chun, J., E. Atalan, A. C. Ward, and M. Goodfellow: Artificial neural network analysis of pyrolysis mass spectrometric data in the identification of Streptomyces strains. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 107 (1993) 321-326
9. Chun, J., E. Atalan, S. B. Kim, H-J. Kim, M. E. Hamid, M. E. Trujillo, J. G. Magee, G. P. Manfio, A. C. Ward, and M. Goodfellow: Rapid identification of streptomycetes by artificial neural network analysis of pyrolysis mass spectra. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 114 (1993) 115-120
10. Chun, J., A. C. Ward, S-O. Kang, Y-C. Hah, and M. Goodfellow: Long-term identification of streptomycetes using pyrolysis mass spectrometry and artificial neural networks. Zbl. Bakt. 285 (1997) 258-266
11. Corkhill, J. E., P. R. Sisson, A. Smyth, J. Deveney, R. Freeman, D. Shears, and C. A. Hart: Application of pyrolysis mass spectrometry in the epidemiology of Pseudomonas cepacia in cystic fibrosis. J. Med. Microbiol. 41 (1994) 106-111
12. Dalgaard, P., G. P. Manfio, and M. Goodfellow: Classification of photobacteria associated with spoilage of fish products by numerical taxonomy. PCR fingerprinting and pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Zbl. Bakt. 285 (1996) 157-168
13. Davison, W. H. T., S. Slaney, and A. L. Wragg: A novel method of identification of polymers. Chem. Ind. (1954) 1356
14. De Nobel, J. G., T. Munnik, J. B. M. Pureveen, G. B. Eijkel, M. M. Mulder, J. J. Boon, H. Van Den Ende, and F. M. Klis: Analysis of cell-wall mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Acta Bot. Neerlandica 42 (1993) 505-516
15. Donnison, A. M., C. S. Gutteridge, J. R. Norris, H. W. Morgan, and R. Daniel: A preliminary grouping of New Zealand Thermus strains by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 9 (1986) 281-285
16. Drucker, D. B.: Microbiological Applications of Gas Chromatography. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1981)
17. Duerden, B. I., A. Eley, I. Goodwin, J. T. Magee, J. M. Hindmarch, and B. W. Bennett: A comparison of Bacteroides ureolyticus isolates from different clinical sources. J. Med. Microbiol. 29 (1989) 63-73
18. Embley, T. M. and R. Wait: Structural lipids of eubacteria. In: Chemical Methods in Prokaryotic Systematics, pp. 121-161, eds. M. Goodfellow and A. G. O'Donnell. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester (1994)
19. Eshuis, W., P. G. Kistemaker, and H. L. C. Meuzelaar: Some numerical aspects of reproducibility and specificity. In: Analytical Pyrolysis, pp. 151-166, eds. C. E. R. Jones and C. A. Cramers. Elsevier: Amsterdam (1977)
20. Eudy, L. W., M. D. Walla, J. R. Hudson, S. L. Morgan, and A. Fox: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry studies on the occurrence of acetamide, propionamide, and furfuryl alcohol in pyrolysates of bacteria, bacteria fractions and model compounds. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 7 (1985) 231-247
21. Ferguson, E. V., J.-J. Sanglier, A. C. Ward, and M. Goodfellow. Evaluation of Streptomyces Species-Groups by Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry. Zbl. Bakt. 285 (1997) 169-181
22. Freeman, R., M. Goodfellow, F. K. Gould, S. J. Hudson, and N. F. Lightfoot: Pyrolysis mass spectrometry for the rapid epidemiological typing of clinically significant bacterial pathogens. J. Med. Microbiol. 32 (1990) 283-286
23. Freeman, R., M. Goodfellow, F. K. Gould, S. J. Hudson, and N. F. Lightfoot: Rapid epidemiological typing of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis: A preliminary study with pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Zbl. Bakt. 21 (suppl.) (1990) 142-144
24. Freeman, R., P. R. Sisson, N. F. Lightfoot, and J. Mc Lauchlin: Analysis of epidemic and sporadic strains of Listeria monocytogenes by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 12 (1991) 133-136
25. Freeman, R., M. Goodfellow, F. K. Gould, and S. J. Hudson: Rapid epidemiological typing of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis: A preliminary study with pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Zbl. Bakt., Suppl. 21 (1991) 449-450
26. Freeman, R., M. Goodfellow, A. C. Ward, S. J. Hudson, F. K. Gould, and N. F. Lightfoot: Epidemiological typing of coagulase-negative staphylococci by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. J. Med. Microbiol. 34 (1991) 245-248
27. Freeman, R., F. K. Gould, R. Wilkinson, A. C. Ward, N. F. Lightfoot, and P. R. Sisson: Rapid inter-strain comparison by pyrolysis mass spectrometry of coagulase-negative staphylococci from persistent CAPD peritonitis. Epidem. Infect. 106 (1991) 239-246
28. Freeman, R., F. K. Gould, P. R. Sisson, and N. F. Lightfoot: Strain differentiation of capsule type 23 penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae from nosocomial infections by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 13 (1991) 28-31
29. Freeman, R., P. R. Sisson, N. F. Lightfoot, and J. McLauchlin: Analysis of epidemic and sporadic strains of Listeria monocytogenes by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 12 (1991) 133-136
30. Freeman, R., R. Goodacre, P. R. Sisson, J. G. Magee, A. C. Ward, and N. F. Lightfoot: Rapid identification of species within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by artificial neural network analysis of pyrolysis mass spectra. J. Med. Microbiol. 40 (1994) 170-173
31. Freeman, R., P. R. Sisson, A. C. Ward, and C. Hetherington: Phenotypic variation as a significant within-strain factor in comparisons of bacteria based on pyrolysis mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 28 (1994) 29-37
32. Freeman, R., F. K. Gould, D. W. Ryan, J. Chamberlain, and P. R. Sisson: Nosocomial infections due to enterococci attributed to a fluidized microsphere bed with the help of pyrolysis mass spectrometry. J. Hosp. Infect. 27 (1994) 187-193
33. Freeman, R., J. Wheeler, P. R. Sisson, A. C. Ward, H. Robertson, and N. F. Lightfoot: Rapid discrimination between closely similar oligonucleotides by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 28 (1994) 39-43
34. Freeman, R., P. R. Sisson, and A. C. Ward: Resolution of batch variation in pyrolysis mass spectrometry of bacteria by the use of artificial neural network analysis. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 68 (1995) 253-260
35. Freeman, R., P. R. Sisson, D. R. Jenkins, A. C. Ward, N. F. Lightfoot, and S. J. O'Brien: Sporadic isolates of Escherichia coli O157:H7 investigated by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Epidemiol. Infect. 114 (1995) 433-440
36. Freeman, R., P. R. Sisson, W. C. Noble, and N. F. Lightfoot: An apparent outbreak of infection with Acinetobacter calcaoaceticus reconsidered after investigation by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Zbl. Bakt. 285 (1997) 234-244
37. Freeman, R., P. R. Sisson, M. R. Barer, A. C. Ward, and N. F. Lightfoot: A highly discriminatory method for the direct comparison of two closely related bacterial populations by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Zbl. Bakt. 285 (1997) 285-289
38. French, G. L. C. S. Gutteridge, and I. Phillips: Pyrolysis gas chromatography of Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 49 (1980) 505-516
39. French, G. L., H. Falsania, and I. Phillips: Identification of viridans streptococci by pyrolysis gas chromatography. J. Med. Microbiol. 29 (1989) 19-27
40. Giesendorf, B. A. J., W. G. V. Quint, P. Vandamme, and A. van Belkum: Generation of DNA probes for detection of microorganisms by polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting. Zbl. Bakt. 283 (1996) 417-430
41. Goodacre, R.: Characterisation and quantification of microbial systems using pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Introducing neural networks to analytical pyrolysis. Microbiol. Eur. 2 (1994) 16-22
42. Goodacre, R. and R. C. W. Berkeley: Detection of small genotypic changes in Escherichia coli by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 71 (1990) 133-138
43. Goodacre, R. and D. B. Kell: Rapid and quantitative analysis of bioprocesses using pyrolysis mass spectrometry and neural networks: Application to indole production. Anal. Chem. Acta 279 (1993) 17-26
44. Goodacre, R. and D. B. Kell: Correction of mass spectral drift using artificial neural networks. Ann. Chem. 68 (1996) 271-280
45. Goodacre, R. and D. B. Kell: Pyrolysis mass spectrometry and its application in biotechnology. Curr. Opin. Biotech. 7 (1996) 20-28
46. Goodacre, R., A. Hartmann, J. E. Beringer, and R. C. W. Berkeley: The use of pyrolysis mass spectrometry in the characterisation of Rhizobium meliloti. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 13 (1991) 157-160
47. Goodacre, R., R. C. W. Berkeley, and J. E. Beringer: The use of pyrolysis mass spectrometry to detect the fimbrial adhesive antigen F41 from Escherichia coli HB 101 (p SLM 204). J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 22 (1991) 19-28
48. 5 in Escherichia coli. J. Biotechnology 34 (1994) 185-193
49. Goodacre, R., D. B. Kell, and G. Bianchi: Neural networks and olive oil. Nature 359 (1992) 594
50. Goodacre, R., D. B. Kell, and G. Bianchi: Rapid assessment of virgin olive oils and other seed oils using pyrolysis mass spectrometry and artificial neural networks. J. Sci. Food. Agric. 63 (1993) 297-307
51. Goodacre, R., M. J. Neal, and D. B. Kell: Rapid and quantitative analysis of the pyrolysis mass spectra of complex binary and tertiary mixtures using multivariate calibration and artificial neural networks. Anal. Chem. 66 (1994) 1070-1085
52. Goodacre, R., M. J. Neal, D. B. Kell, L. W. Greenham, W. C. Noble, and R. G. Harvey: Rapid identification using pyrolysis mass spectrometry and artificial neural networks of Propionibacterium acnes isolated from dogs. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 76 (1994) 124-134
53. Goodacre, R., M. J. Neal, and D. B. Kell: Quantitative analysis of multivariate data using artificial neural networks: A tutorial review and applications to the deconvolution of pyrolysis mass spectra. Zbl. Bakt. 284 (1996) 516-539
54. Goodacre, R., S. Frew, C. Wrigley-Jones, M. J. Neal, J. Maddock, T. W. Ottley, N. Porter, and D. B. Kell: Rapid screening for metabolite overproduction in fermentor broths using pyrolysis mass spectrometry with multivariate calibration and artificial neural networks. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 44 (1994) 1205-1216
55. Goodacre, R., S. Frew, C. Wrigley-Jones, G. Saunders, M. J. Neal, N. Porter, and D. B. Kell: Rapid and quantitative analysis of metabolites in fermentor broths using pyrolysis mass spectrometry with supervised learning: Application to the screening of Penicilliun chrysogenum fermentations for the overproduction of penicillins. Anal. Chem. Acta 313 (1995) 25-43
56. Goodacre, R., S. A. Howell, W. C. Noble, and M. J. Neal: Sub-species discrimination, using pyrolysis mass spectrometry and self-organising neural networks, of Propionibacterium acnes isolated from normal human skin. Zbl. Bakt. 284 (1996) 501-515
57. Goodacre, R., S. J. Hium, S. L. Cheeseman, D. Murdoch, A. J. Weightman, and W. G. Wade: Identification and discrimination of oral asaccharolytic Eubacterium spp. by pyrolysis mass spectrometry and artificial neural networks. Curr. Microbiol. 32 (1996) 77-84
58. Goodfellow, M.: Inter-strain comparison of pathogenic microorganisms by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Binary 7 (1995) 54-59
59. Goodfellow, M., J. Chun, E. Atalan, and J. J. Sanglier: Curie-point pyrolysis mass spectrometry and its application to bacterial systematics. In: Bacterial Systematics and Diversity, pp. 87-104, eds. F. G. Priest, A. Ramos-Cormenzana, and B. Tindall, Plenum Press, London
60. Gould, F. K., R. Freeman, P. R. Sisson, B. D. Cookson, and N. F. Lightfoot: Inter-strain comparison by pyrolysis mass spectrometry in the investigation of Staphylococcus aureus nosocomial infection. J. Hosp. Infect. 19 (1991) 41-48
61. Gower, J. C.: A general coefficient of similarity and some of its properties. Biometrics 27 (1971) 857-874
62. Gutteridge, C. S.: Characterisation of microorganisms by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Meth. Microbiol. 19 (1987) 227-272
63. Gutteridge, C. S. and J. R. Norris: The application of pyrolysis techniques to the identification of microorganisms. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 47 (1979) 5-43
64. Gutteridge, C. S., A. J. Sweatman, and J. R. Norris: Potential applications of Curie-point pyrolysis mass spectrometry with emphasis on food science. In: Analytical Pyrolysis Techniques and Applications, pp. 324-328, ed. K. J. Voorhees. Butterworths, London (1974)
65. Gutteridge, C. S., L. Vallis, and H. J. H. MacFie: Numerical methods in the classification of microorganisms by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. In: Computer Assisted Bacterial Systematics, pp. 369-401, eds. M. Goodfellow, D. Jones, and F. G. Priest. Academic Press, London (1985)
66. Haddadin, H. P., R. M. Stirland, N. W. Preston, and P. Collard: Identification of Vibrio cholerae by pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography. Appl. Microbiol. 25 (1973) 40-43
67. Haverkamp, J., H. L. C. Meuzelaar, E. C. Beuvery, P. M. Boonekamp, and R. H. Feisjema: Characterisation of Neisseria meningitidis capsular polysaccharides containing sialic acid by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Anal. Biochem. 104 (1980) 407-418
68. Haykin, S.: Neural Networks. Macmillan, New York (1994)
69. Heginbothom, M. L. and J. T. Magee: Pyrolysis mass spectrometry: A predictor of clinical response to treatment in pulmonary opportunistic mycobacterial infection: Preliminary work with M. malmoense. Zbl. Bakt. 285 (1997) 290-297
70. Helyer, R. J., T. Kelley, and R. C. W. Berkeley: Pyrolysis mass spectrometry studies on Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus and their close relatives. Zbl. Bakt. 285 (1997) 319-328
71. Hertz, J., A. Krogh, and R. G. Palmer: Introduction to the Theory of Neural Computation. Addison-Wesley, Redwood City, CA (1991)
72. Hindmarch, J. M., J. T. Magee, M. A. Hadfield, and B. I. Duerden: A pyrolysis mass spectrometry study of Corynebacterium spp. J. Med. Microbiol. 31 (1990) 137-149
73. Huff, S. M., J. M. Matsen, W. Windig, and H. L. C. Meuzelaar: Pyrolysis mass spectrometry of bacteria from infected human urine. I. Influence of culturing and antibiotics. Biomed. Environ. Mass. Spectrom. 13 (1986) 277-286
74. Huis I'nt Veld, J. H. J., H. L. C. Meuzelaar, and A. Tom: Analysis of streptococcal cell wall fractions by Curie-point pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography. Appl. Microbiol. 26 (1973) 92-97
75. Irwin, W. J.: Analytical Pyrolysis: A Comprehensive Guide. Marcel Dekker, New York (1982)
76. Jackson, R. M., M. L. Heginbothom, and J. T. Magee: Epidemiological typing of Klebsiella pneumoniae by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Zbl. Bakt. 285 (1997) 252-257
77. Kajioka, R. and P. W. Tang: Curie-point pyrolysis mass spectrometry of Legionella species. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 6 (1984) 59-68
78. Kay, H. E., H. L. C. Coutinho, M. Fattori, G. P. Manfio, R. Goodacre, M. P. Nuti, M. Basaglia, and J. E. Beringer: The identification of Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains isolated from Italian soils. Microbiology 140 (1994) 2333-2339
79. Kulik, M. M. and P. G. Vincent: Pyrolysis-gas-liquid chromatography of fungi: Observations on variability among nine Penicillium species of the Section Asymmetrica, Subsection Fasciculata. Mycopath. Mycol. Appl. 51 (1973) 1-18
80. Low, J. C., R. M. Chalmers, W. Donachie, R. Freeman, J. McLaughlin, and P. R. Sisson: Pyrolysis mass spectrometry of Listeria monocytogenes isolates from sheep. Res. Vet. Sci. 53 (1992) 64-67
81. Magee, J. G., M. Goodfellow, P. R. Sisson, and N. F. Lightfoot: Differentiation of Mycobacterium senegalense from related non-chromogenic mycobacteria by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Zbl. Bakt. 285 (1997) 278-284
82. Magee, J. T.: Whole-organism fingerprinting. In: Handbook of New Bacterial Systematics, pp. 383-427, eds. M. Goodfellow and A. G. O'Donnell. Academic Press, London (1993)
83. Magee, J. T.: Analytical fingerprinting methods. In: Chemical Methods in Prokaryotic Systematics, pp. 523-553, eds. M. Goodfellow and A. G. O'Donnell. Academic Press, London
84. Magee, J. T., J. M. Hindmarch, and D. F. Meechan: Identification of staphylococci by pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography. J. Med. Microbiol. 16 (1983) 483-495
85. Magee, J. T., J. M. Hindmarch, B. I. Duerden, and D. W. R. Mackenzie: Pyrolysis mass spectrometry as a method for inter-strain discrimination of Candida albicans. J. Gen. Microbiol. 134 (1988) 2841-2847
86. Magee, J. T., J. M. Hindmarch, K. W. Bennett, B. I. Duerden, and R. E. Aries: A pyrolysis mass spectrometry study of fusobacteria. J. Med. Microbiol. 28 (1989) 227-236
87. Magee, J. T., J. M. Hindmarch, I. A. Burnett, and A. Pease: Epidemiological typing of Streptococcus pyogenes by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. J. Med. Microbiol. 30 (1989) 273-278
88. Magee, J. T., J. M. Hindmarch, and C. D. Nichol: Typing of Streptococcus pyogenes by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. J. Med. Microbiol. 35 (1991) 304-306
89. Magee, J. T., J. S. Brasier, I. K. Hussein, C. D. Ribeiro, D. W. Hill, A. Griffiths, C. Da Costa, A. J. Sinclair, and B. I. Duerden: An investigation of a nosocomial outbreak of Clostridium difficile by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. J. Med. Microbiol. (1993) 345-351
90. Magee, J. T., R. Yousefi-Mashouf, J. M. Hindmarch, and B. I. Duerden: A pyrolysis mass spectrometry study of non-pigmented Prevotella species. J. Med. Microbiol. 37 (1992) 273-282
91. Magee, J. T., E. A. Randle, S. J. Gray, and S. K. Jackson: Pyrolysis mass spectrometry characterisation and numerical taxonomy of Aeromonas spp. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 64 (1993) 315-323
92. Magee, J. T., C. Philpot, J. Yang, and I. K. Hosein: Pyrolysis typing of isolates from recurrence of systemic cryptococcosis. J. Med. Microbiol. 40 (1994) 165-169
93. Magee, J. T., J. M. Hindmarch, and C. W. I. Douglas: A numerical taxonomic study of Streptococcus sanguis, S. mitis and similar organisms using conventional tests and pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Zbl. Bakt. 285 (1997) 195-203
94. Magee, J. T., J. M. Hindmarch, and T. G. Winstanley: Applications of pyrolysis mass spectrometry in studies on the mode of action of antimicrobial agents. Zbl. Bakt. 285 (1997) 305-310
95. Magee, J. T., J. M. Hindmarch, and T. G. Winstanley: A pyrolysis mass spectrometry study of temperature-dependent compositional shifts in Xanthomonas (Pseudomonas) maltophilia. Zbl. Bakt. 285 (1997) 299-304
96. Mahalanobis, B. P. C.: On the generalised distance in statistics. Proc. Ntl. Inst. Sci. India 2 (1936) 49-55
97. Manchester, L. N., A. Toole, and R. Goodacre: Characterisation of Carnobacterium species by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 78 (1995) 88-96
98. Manfio, G. P., M. Goodfellow, B. Austin, D. A. Austin, K. Pederson, and J. L. Larsen: Typing of the fish pathogen Listonella (Vibrio) anguillara by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Zbl. Bakt. 285 (1997) 245-257
99. Mathers, K., R. Freeman, P. R. Sisson, and N. F. Lightfoot: Differentiation between bacterial species and sub-species by pyrolysis mass spectrometry of extracted DNA. Zbl. Bakt. 285 (1997) 310-317
100. Meuzelaar, H. L. C. and P. G. Kistemaker: A technique for fast and reproducible fingerprinting of bacteria by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 45 (1973) 587-590
101. Meuzelaar, H. L. C., H. G. Picke, and H. C. Harink: Fully automated pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 134 (1975) 12-17
102. Meuzelaar, H. L. C., P. G. Kistemaker, W. Eshuis, and H. W. B. Engel: Progress in automated and computerised characterisation of microorganisms by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. In: Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology, pp. 225-230, eds. H. H. Johnstone and S. W. B. Newsom. Learned Information: Oxford (1976)
103. Meuzelaar, H. L. C., P. G. Kistemaker, W. Eshuis, and H. A. J. Boerboom: Automated pyrolysis mass-spectrometry: Application to the differentiation of microorganisms. Adv. Mass. Spectrom 7B (1976) 1452-1456
104. Meuzelaar, H. L. C., J. Haverkamp, and F. D. Hileman: Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry of Recent and Fossil Biomaterials. Compendium and Atlas. Elsevier, Amsterdam (1982)
105. Morris, C. W. and L. Boddy: Some neural network packages: A comparative review. Binary 5 (1993) 7-9
106. Murdoch, D. A. and J. T. Magee: A numerical taxonomic study of the Gram positive anaerobic cocci. J. Med. Microbiol. 43 (1995) 148-155
107. Nelder, J. C.: GENSTAT Reference Manual. Scientific and Social Service Program Library, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh
108. O'Donnell, A. G., H. J. H. MacFie, and J. R. Norris: An investigation of the relationship between Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus mycoides using pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography. J. Gen. Microbiol. 119 (1980) 189-194
109. Orr, K., F. K. Gould, P. R. Sisson, N. F. Lightfoot, R. Freeman, and D. Burdess: Rapid interstrain comparison by pyrolysis mass spectrometry in nosocomial infection with Xanthomonas maltophilia. J. Hosp. Infect. 17 (1991) 187-195
110. Ottley, T. W. and J. Maddock: The use of pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Lab. Pract. October (1986) 53-55
111. Oxborrow, G. S., N. D. Fields, and J. R. Puleo: Preparation of pure microbiological samples for pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography studies. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 32 (1976) 306-309
112. Pot, B., P. Vandamme, and K. Kersters: Analysis of electrophoretic whole-organism protein fingerprints. In: Chemical Methods in Prokaryotic Systematics, pp. 493-521, eds. M. Goodfellow and A. G. O'Donnell. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester (1994)
113. Rataj, T. and J. Schindler: Identification of bacteria by multilayer neural network. Binary 3 (1991) 159-164
114. Reiner, E.: Identification of bacteria by pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography. Nature 206 (1965) 1272-1274
115. Reiner, E. and W. J. Ewing: Chemotaxonomic studies of some Gram-negative bacteria by means of pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography. Nature 217 (1968) 191-194
116. Reiner, E. and G. P. Kubica: Predictive value of pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography in the differentiation of mycobacteria. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 99 (1969) 42-49
117. Reiner, E., J. J. Hicks, and C. R. Sulzer: Leptospiral taxonomy by pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography. Can. J. Microbiol. 19 (1973) 1203-1206
118. Sanglier, J. J., D. Whitehead, G. S. Saddler, E. V. Ferguson, and M. Goodfellow: Pyrolysis mass spectrometry as a method for the classification, identification and selection of actinomycetes. Gene 115 (1992) 235-242
119. Schleifer, K. H., W. Ludwig, and R. Amman: Nucleic acid probes. In: Handbook of New Bacterial Systematics, pp. 463-510, eds. M. Goodfellow and A. G. O'Donnell. Academic Press, London (1993)
120. Schulten, H. R. and R. P. Lattimer: Applications of mass spectrometry to polymer analysis. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 3 (1984) 2310-2315
121. Schute, L. A., C. S. Gutteridge, J. R. Norris, and R. C. W. Berkeley: Curie-point pyrolysis mass spectrometry applied to characterisation and identification of selected Bacillus species. J. Gen. Microbiol. 130 (1984) 343-355
122. Shute, L. A., R. C. W. Berkeley, J. R. Norris, and C. S. Gutteridge: Pyrolysis mass spectrometry in bacterial Systematics. In: Chemical Methods in Bacterial Systematics, pp. 95-114, eds. M. Goodfellow and D. E. Minnikin. Academic Press, London (1985)
123. Shute, L. A., C. S. Gutteridge, J. R. Norris, and R. C. W. Berkeley: Reproducibility of pyrolysis mass spectrometry: Effect of growth medium and instrument stability on the differentiation of selected Bacillus species. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 64 (1988) 79-88
124. Simmonds, P. G.: Whole microorganisms studied by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: Significance for extraterrestrial life detection systems. Appl. Microbiol. 20 (1970) 567-572
125. Simpson, P. K.: Artificial Neural Systems. Pergamon Press, Oxford (1990)
126. Sisson, P. R., R. Freeman, F. K. Gould, and N. F. Lightfoot: Strain differentiation of nosocomial isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. J. Hosp. Infect. 19 (1991) 137-140
127. Sisson, P. R., R. Freeman, N. F. Lightfoot, and I. R. Richardson: Incrimination of an environmental source of a case of Legionnaires' disease by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Epidem. Infect. 107 (1991) 127-132
128. Sisson, P. R., R. Freeman, J. G. Magee, and N. F. Lightfoot: Differentiation between mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Tubercle 72 (1991) 206-209
129. Sisson, P. R., R. Freeman, J. G. Magee, and N. F. Lightfoot: Rapid differentiation of Mycobacterium xenopi from mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. J. Clin. Path. 45 (1992) 355-357
130. Sisson, P. R., J. M. Kramer, M. M. Brett, R. Freeman, and R. J. Gilbert: Application of pyrolysis mass spectrometry to the investigation of outbreaks of food poisoning and non-gastrointestinal infection associated with Bacillus species and Clostridium perfringens. Int. J. Food. Microbiol. 17 (1992) 57-66
131. Sisson, P. R., N. F. Lightfoot, and R. Freeman: Pyrolysis mass spectrometry of microorganisms. PHLS Microbiol. Digest 9 (1992) 65-68
132. Sisson, P. R., R. Freeman, and N. F. Lightfoot: Outbreaks of Clostridium difficile infection investigated by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. PHLS Microbiol. Digest 10 (1993) 100-101
133. Sisson, P. R., R. Freeman, D. Law, A. C. Ward, and N. F. Lightfoot: Rapid detection of verocytotoxin production status in Escherichia coli by artificial neural networks analysis of pyrolysis mass spectra. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 32 (1994) 179-185
134. Smyth, A., D. Heaf, J. Corkhill, A. Hart, P. R. Sisson, and R. Freeman: Transmission of Pseudomonas cepacia by social contact in cystic fibrosis. Lancet 342 (1993) 434-435
135. Sokal, R. R. and C. D. Michener: A statistical method for evaluating systematic relationships. Kan. Univ. Sci. Bull. 38 (1958) 1409-1438
136. Stack, M. V., H. D. Donoghue, and J. E. Tyler: Discrimination between oral streptococci by pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 35 (1978) 45-50
137. Stack, M. V., H. D. Donoghue, and J. E. Tyler: Differentiation of Streptococcus mutans serotypes by discriminant analysis of pyrolysis-gas chromatography data. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 3 (1981) 221-227
138. Sutcliffe, I. C., G. P. Manfio, K. P. Schaal, and M. Goodfellow: An investigation of the intra-generic structure of Rothia by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Zbl. Bakt. 285 (1997) 204-211
139. Suzuki, K., M. Goodfellow, and A. G. O'Donnell: Cell envelopes and classification. In: Handbook of New Bacterial Systematics, pp. 195-250, eds. M. Goodfellow and A. G. O'Donnell. Academic Press, London (1993)
140. Trujillo, M. and M. Goodfellow: Polyphasic taxonomic study of clinically significant actinomadurae including the description of Actinomadura latina sp. nov. Zbl. Bakt. 285 (1997) 212-233
141. Voorhees, K. J., S. L. Durfee, and D. M. Updegraff: Identification of diverse bacteria grown under diverse conditions using pyrolysis-mass spectrometry. J. Microbiol. Meth. 8 (1988) 315-325
142. Wampler, T. P. and E. J. Levy: Reproducibility in pyrolysis, recent developments. J. Appl. Anal. Pyrol. 12 (1987) 75-82
143. Ward, A. C., R. Freeman, P. R. Sisson, and C. Hetherington: Phenotypic variation as a significant within-strain factor in PyMS-based comparisons of bacteria. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 28 (1994) 29-37
144. Weijman, A. C. M.: The application of Curie-point pyrolysis mass spectrometry in fungal taxonomy. In: Analytical Pyrolysis. pp. 225-233, eds. C. E. R. Jones and C. A. Cramers. Elsevier, Amsterdam (1977)
145. Wieten, G., J. Haverkamp, H. W. B. Engel, and I. Tarnok: Pyrolysis mass spectrometry in mycobacterial taxonomy and identification. In: Twenty-five Years of Mycobacterial Taxonomy, pp. 171-189, eds. G. P. Kubica, L. G. Wayne, and A. G. Good. CDC Press, Atlanta (1979)
146. Wieten, G., J. Haverkamp, H. L. C. Meuzelaar, H. W. B. Engel, and L. G. Berwald: Pyrolysis mass spectrometry: A new method to differentiate between the mycobacteria of the 'tuberculosis complex' and other mycobacteria. J. Gen. Microbiol. 122 (1981) 109-118
147. Wieten, G., J. Haverkamp, H. W. B. Engel, and L. G. Berwald: Application of pyrolysis mass spectrometry to the classification and identification of mycobacteria. Rev. Infect. Dis. 3 (1981) 871-877
148. Wieten, G., J. Haverkamp, L. G. Berwald, D. G. Groothuis, and P. Draper: Pyrolysis mass spectrometry: Its applicability to mycobacteriology, including Mycobacterium leprae. Ann. Microbiol. 133B (1982) 15-27
149. Wieten, G., J. Haverkamp, D. G. Groothuis, L. G. Berwald, and H. L. David: Classification and identification of Mycobacterium africanum by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. J. Gen. Microbiol. 129 (1983) 3679-3688
150. Wilkinson, S. R., M. Young, R. Goodacre, J. G. Morris, J. A. E. Farrow, and M. Collins: Phenotypic and genotypic differences between certain strains of Clostridium acetobutylicum. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 125 (1995) 199-204
151. Wilson, M. E., V. Oyama, and S. P. Vango: Design features of a lunar gas chromatograph. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Gas Chromatography, pp. 329-338, ed. N. Brenner. Academic Press, New York
152. Windig, W. and J. Haverkamp: Pyrolysis mass spectrometry of selected yeast species. I. Rhodosporidium. Stud. Mycol. 22 (1982) 56-59; 69-74
153. Windig, W. and G. S. De Hoog: Pyrolysis mass spectrometry of selected yeast species. II. Sporidiobolus. Stud. Mycol. 22 (1982) 60-64
154. Windig, W., P. G. Kistemaker, J. Haverkamp, and H. Meuzelaar: The effects of sample preparation, pyrolysis and pyrolysate transfer conditions on pyrolysis mass spectra. J. Appl. Anal. Pyrol. 1 (1979) 39-52
155. Windig, W., P. G. Kistemaker, and J. Haverkamp: Factor analysis of the influence of changes in experimental conditions in pyrolysis-mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 2 (1980) 7-18
156. Winstanley, T. G., J. T. Magee, D. I. Limb, J. M. Hindmarch, R. C. Spenser, R. Whiley, D. Beighton, and J. M. Hardie: A numerical taxonomic study of the 'Streptococcus milleri' group based upon conventional phenotypic tests and pyrolysis mass spectrometry. J. Med. Microbiol. 36 (1992) 149-155
157. Wold, S. and M. J. Söderström: SIMCA: A method for analysing chemical data in terms of similarity and analogy. In: Chemometrics: Theory and Application, pp. 243-282, ed. B. Kowalski. American Chemical Society Symposium, Series No. 52, Washington
158. Zemany, P. D.: Identification of complex organic materials by mass spectrometric analysis of their pyrolysis products. Anal. Chem. 24 (1952) 1709-1713
159. Zurada, J. M.: Introduction to Artificial Neural Systems. West Publishing Company, St Paul, USA. (1992)