The epidemiology of asthma

Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 7-15

  Peat, Jennifer K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALLERGEN;

AIR POLLUTANT; ASTHMA; CHILD; DIET; ENVIRONMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; GENETICS; HEALTH; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY; INCIDENCE; INDOOR AIR POLLUTION; MALE; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE;

AIR POLLUTANTS; AIR POLLUTION, INDOOR; ALLERGENS; ASTHMA; CHILD; DIET; ENVIRONMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERSENSITIVITY; INCIDENCE; MALE; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; SEX FACTORS; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 0029677850     PISSN: 10705287     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Lebowitz MD, Sherrill DL: The assessment and interpretation of spirometry during the transition from childhood to adulthood. Pediatr Pulmonol 1995, 19:143-149.
2. Toelle BG, Peak JK, Salome CM, Crane J, McMillan D, Dermand J, D'Souza W, Woolcock AJ: Comparison of two epidemiological protocols for measuring airway responsiveness and allergic sensitivity in adults. Eur Respir J 1994, 7:1798-1804.
3. Peat JK, Gray EJ, Mellis CM, Leader SR, Woolcock AJ: Differences in airway responsiveness between children and adults living in the same environment: an epidemiological study in two regions of New South Wales. Eur Respir J 1994, 7:1805-1813. This important epidemiologic study has documented age differences in the prevalence of asthma using objective methods in two age groups standardized for allergen exposure.
4. Hartley-Sharpe CJ, Booth H, Johns DP, Walters EH: Differences in aerosol output and airways responsiveness between the DeVilbiss 40 and 45 hand held nebulizers. Thorax 1994, 50:635-638.
5. Paoletti P, Carrozzi L, Viegi G, Modena P, Ballerin L, DiPede F, Grado L, Baldacci S, Pedreschi M, Vellutini M, et al.: Distribution of bronchial responsiveness in general population: effect of sex, age, smoking, and level of pulmonary function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995, 151:1770-1777.
6. Haby MM, Peat JK, Mellis CM, Anderson SD, Woolcock AJ: An exercise challenge for epidemiological studies of childhood asthma: validity and repeatability. Eur Respir J 1995, 8:729-736.
7. Riedler J, Reade T, Dalton M, Holst D, Robertson C: Hypertonic saline challenge in an epidemiologic survey of asthma in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994, 150:1632-1639.
8. Steen N, Hutchinson A, McCol E, Eccles MP, Hewison J, Meadows KA, Blades SM, Fowler P: Development of a symptom based outcome measure for asthma. BMJ 1994, 309:1065-1068.
9. Kanengiser S: Forced expiratory maneuvers in children aged 3 to 5 years. Pediatr Pulmonol 1994, 18:144-149.
10. Frischer T, Meinert R, Urbanek R, Kuehr J: Variability of peak expiratory flow rate in children: short and long term reproducibility. Thorax 1995, 50:35-39.
11. Boezen HM, Schouten JP, Postma DS, Rijcken B: Distribution of peak expiratory flow variability by age, gender and smoking habits in a random population sample aged 20-70 years. Eur Respir J 1994, 7:1814-1820.
12. Rode A, Shephard RJ: The ageing of lung function: cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of an inuit community. Eur Respir J 1994, 7:1653-1659.
13. Asher MI, Kail U, Anderson HR, Beasley R, Crane J, Martinez F, Mitchell EA, Pearce N, Sibbald B, Stewart AW, et al.: International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC): rationale and methods. Eur Respir J 1995, 8:483-491. The first report from this group of studies, which aims to document the prevalence and risk factors for asthma worldwide.
14. Boezen HM, Schouten JP, Postma DS, Rijcken B: Relation between respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function and peak flow variability in adults. Thorax 1995, 50:121-126.
15. Dodge R, Cline MG, Lebowitz MD, Burrows B: Findings before the diagnosis of asthma in young adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994, 94:831-835.
16. Clough JB, Holgate ST: Episodes of respiratory morbidity in children with cough and wheeze. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994, 150:48-53.
17. Postma DS, Oosterhoff Y, Van Aalderen WMC, Kauffman HF, Wempe JB, Koeter GH: Inflammation in nocturnal asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994, 150:S83-S86.
18. Weersink EJM, Postma DS: Nocturnal asthma: not a separate disease entity. Respir Med 1994, 88:483-491.
19. Shaw R, Woodman K, Ayson M, Dibdin S, Winkelmann R, Crane J, Beasley R, Pearce N: Measuring the prevalence of bronchial hyper-responsrveness in children. Int J Epidemiol 1995, 24:597-602.
20. Peat JK: The rising trend in allergic illness: which environmental factors are important? Clin Exp Allergy 1994, 24:797-800.
21. Crockett AJ, Cranston JM, Alpers JH: The changing prevalence of asthma-like respiratory symptoms in South Australian rural school children. J Paediatr Child Health 1995, 31:213-217.
22. Rimpela AH, Savonius B, Rimpela MK, Haahtela T: Asthma and allergic rhinitis among Finnish adolescents in 1977-1991. Scand J Soc Med 1995, 23:60-65.
23. Mohamed N, Ng'ang'a L, Odhiambo J, Nyamwaya J, Menzies R: Home environment and asthma in Kenyan schoolchildren: a case-control study. Thorax 1995, 50:74-78.
24. Leung R, Ho P: Asthma, allergy, and atopy in three south-east Asian populations. Thorax 1994, 49:1205-1210. This article uses a standard protocol to demonstrate international variations in the prevalence of childhood asthma and the low prevalence of asthma in southeast Asia.
25. Crain EF, Weiss KB, Bijur PE, Hersh M, Westbrook L, Stein REK: An estimate of the prevalence of asthma and wheezing among inner-city children. Pediatrics 1994, 94:356-362.
26. Leung R, Bishop J, Robertson CF: Prevalence of asthma and wheeze in Hong Kong schoolchildren: an international comparative study. Eur Respir J 1994, 7:2046-2049.
27. Flynn MGL: Respiratory symptoms of rural Fijian and Indian children in Fijl. Thorax 1994, 49:1201-1204. This article demonstrates ethnic differences in asthma in two groups of children living in the same country.
28. Bjornsson E, Norback D, Janson C, Widstrom J, Palmgren U, Strom G, Boman G: Asthmatic symptoms and Indoor levels of micro-organisms and house dust mites. Clin Exp Allergy 1995, 25:423-431.
29. Zock JP, Brunekreef B, Hazebrook-Kampschreur AAJM, Roosjen CW: House dust mite allergen in bedroom floor dust and respiratory health of children with asthmatic symptoms. Eur Respir J 1994, 7:1254-1259.
30. Sporik R, Ingram MJ, Price W, Sussman JH, Honsinger RW, Platts-Mills TAE: Association of asthma with serum IgE and skin test reactivity to allergens among children living at high altitude: tickling the dragon's breath. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995, 151:1388-1392. This report demonstrates that in regions where house dust mite exposure levels are low, other allergens become important risk factors for childhood asthma.
31. Custovic A, Taggart SCO, Woodcock A: House dust mite and cat allergen in different indoor environments. Clin Exp Allergy 1994, 24:1164-1168.
32. Munir AKM, Elinarsson R, Dreborg SKG: Mite (Der p l. Der f l), cat (Fel d l) and dog (Can f l) allergens in dust from Swedish day-care centres. Clin Exp Allergy 1995, 25:119-126.
33. Chan-Yeung M, Becker A, Lam J, Dimich-Ward H, Ferguson A, Warren P, Simons E, Broder I, Manfreda J: House dust mite allergen levels in two cities in Canada: effects of season, humidity, city and home characteristics. Clin Exp Allergy 1995, 25:240-246.
34. Li C-S, Wan G-H, Hsieh K-H, Chua K-Y, Un R-H: Seasonal variation of house dust mite allergen (Der p l) in a subtropical climate. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994, 94:131-134.
35. Sundell J, Wickman M, Pershagen G, Nordvall SL: Ventilation in homes Infested by house-dust mites. Allergy 1995, 50:106-112.
36. Britton J, Pavord I, Richards K, Wisniewski A, Knox A, Lewis S, Tattersfield A, Weise S: Dietary magnesium, lung function, wheezing, and airway hyper-reactivity in a random adult population sample. Lancet 1994, 344:357-362. This large population study has collected further evidence of the importance of diet in respiratory health.
37. Britton JR, Pavord ID, Richards KA, Knox AJ, Wisniewski AF, Lewis SA, Tattersfield AE, Weiss ST: Dietary antioxidant vitamin intake and lung function in the general population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995, 151:1383-1387. One of the few studies to document that dietary factors can protect against the development of respiratory disease.
38. Shahar E, Folsom AR, Melnick SL, Tockman MS, Comstock GW, Shimakawa T, Higgins MW, Sortie PD, Szklo M: Does dietary vitamin A protect against airway obstruction? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994, 150:978-982.
39. Britton J, Pavord I, Richards K, Knox A, Wisniewski A, Weiss S, Tattersfield A: Dietary sodium intake and the risk of airway in hyperactivity in a random adult population. Thorax 1994, 49:875-880.
40. Troisi RJ, Willett WC, Weiss ST, Trichopoulos D, Rosner B, Speizer FE: A prospective study of diet and adult-onset asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995, 151:1401-1408.
41. Burney P: The origins of obstructive airways disease: a role for diet. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995, 151:1292-1293.
42. Nafstad P, Botten G, Hagen JA, Zahlsen K, Nilsen OG, Silsand T, Kongerud J: Comparison of three methods for estimating environmental tobacco smoke exposure among children aged between 12 and 36 months. Int J Epidemiol 1995, 24:88-94.
43. Lai Y-L, Thacker A, Gairola CG: Sidestream cigarette smoke exposure and airway reactivity during early life. J Appl Physiol 1994, 77:1868-1874. Animal studies such as this are the only method available to try to delineate whether pre- and postnatal exposure to ETS have different, independent effects.
44. Kelly YJ, Brabin BJ, Milligan P, Heaf DP, Reid J, Pearson MG: Maternal asthma, premature birth, and the risk of morbidity in schoolchildren in Merseyside. Thorax 1995, 50:525-530.
45. Conter V, Cortinovis I, Rogari P, Riva L: Weight growth in Infants born to mothers who smoked during pregnancy. BMJ 1995, 310:768-771.
46. Chen Y: Environmental tobacco smoker, low birth weight, and hospitalization for respiratory disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994, 150:54-58.
47. Brown RW, Hanrahan JP, Castile RG, Tager IB: Effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on passive respiratory mechanics in early infancy. Pediatr Pulmonol 1995, 19:23-28.
48. Henderson FW, Henry MM, Ivins SS, Morris R, Neebe EC, Lue S-Y, Stewart PW: Correlates of recurrent wheezing in school-age children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995, 151:1786-1793.
49. Braback L, Breborowicz A, Dreborg S, Knutsson A, Pieklik H, Bjorksten B: Atopic sensitization and respiratory symptoms among Polish and Swedish school children. Clin Exp Allergy 1994, 24:826-835. This important study documents the increased prevalence of asthma and allergic illness in an affluent region as compared with an increased prevalence of respiratory infections in a nonaffluent region.
50. Braback L, Breborowicz A, Julge K, Knutsson A, Riikjarv M-A, Vasar M, Bjorksten B: Risk factors for respiratory symptoms and atopic sensitisation in the Baltic area. Arch Dis Child 1995, 72:487-493.
51. Kay J, Mortimer MJ, Jaron AG: Do both paternal and maternal smoking influence the prevalence of childhood asthma? A study into the prevelance of asthma in children and the effects of parental smoking. J Asthma 1995, 32:47-55.
52. Soto-Quiros M, Bustaamante M, Gutierrez I, Hanson LA, Srannegard I-L, Karlberg J: The prevalence of childhood asthma in Costa Rica. Clin Exp Allergy 1994, 24:1130-1136.
53. Cunningham J, Dockery DW, Speizer FE: Maternal smoking during pregnancy as a predictor of lung function in children. Am J Epidemiol 1994, 139:1139-1152.
54. Haby MM, Peat JK, Woolcock AJ: Effect of passive smoking, asthma, and respiratory infection on lung function in Australian children. Pediatr Pulmonol 1994, 18:323-329.
55. Jindal SK, Gupta D, Singh A: Indices of morbidity and control of asthma in adult patients exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Chest 1994, 106:746-749.
56. Soyseth V, Kongerud J, Boe J: Postnatal maternal smoking increases the prevalence of asthma but not of bronchial hyperresponsiveness or atopy in their children. Chest 1995, 107:389-394.
57. Agudo A, Bardagi S, Romero PV, Gonzalez CA: Exercise-Induced airways narrowing and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in schoolchildren. Am J Epidemiol 1994, 140:409-417.
58. von Mutius E, Martinez FD, Fritzch C, Nicolai T, Roell G, Theimann HH: Prevalence of asthma and atopy in two areas of West and East Germany. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994, 149:358-364.
59. Schwartz J, Dockery DW, Neas LM, Wypij D, Ware JH, Spengler JD, Koutrakis P, Speizer FE, Ferris BG: Acute effects of summer air pollution on respiratory symptom reporting in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994, 150:1234-1242.
60. Ayres J: Asthma and the atmosphere. BMJ 1994, 309:619-620.
61. Higham JH: Thunderstorm peak in Lutton. BMJ 1994, 309:604.
62. Campbell-Hewson G, Cope A, Egleston CV, Sherriff HM, Robinson SM, Allitt U: Epidemic of asthma possibly associated with electrical storms. BMJ 1994, 309:1086-1087.
63. Schwartz J: Short term fluctuations in air pollution and hospital admissions of the elderly for respiratory disease. Thorax 1995, 50:531-538.
64. Soyseth V, Kongerud J, Haarr D, Strand O, Bolle R, Boe J: Relation of exposure to airway irritants in infancy to prevalence of bronchial hyper-responsiveness in schoolchildren. Lancet 1995, 345:217-220.
65. Tam AYC, Wong CM, Lam TH, Ong SG, Peters J, Hedley AJ: Bronchial responsiveness in children exposed to atmospheric pollution in Hong Kong. Chest 1994, 106:1056-1060.
66. Waldron G, Pottle B, Dod J: Asthma and the motorways: one District's experience. J Public Health Med 1995, 17:85-89.
67. Higgins BG, Francis HC, Yates CJ, Warburton CJ, Fletcher AM, Reid JA, Pickering CAC, Woodcock AA: Effects of air pollution on symptoms and peak expiratory flow measurements in subjects with obstructive airways disease. Thorax 1995, 50:149-155.
68. Johnston SL, Pattemore PK, Sanderson G, Smith S, Lampe F, Josephs L, Symington P, O'Toole SO, Myint SH, Tyrell DAJ, Holgate ST: Community study of role of viral infections in exacerbations of asthma in 9-11 year old children. BMJ 1995, 310:1225-1228.
69. Weiss ST, Tager IB, Munoz A, Speizer FE: The relationship of respiratory infections in early childhood to the occurrence of increased levels of bronchial responsiveness and atopy. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985, 131:573-578.
70. Voter KZ, Henry MM, Stewart PW, Henderson FW: Lower respiratory illness in early childhood and lung function and bronchial reactivity in adolescent males. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988, 137:302-307.
71. Stern B, Raizenne M, Burnett R: Respiratory effects of early childhood exposure to passive smoke. Environ Int 1989, 15:29-34.
72. Peat JK, Salome CM, Woolcock AJ: Factors associated with bronchial hyperresponsiveness in Australian adults and children. Eur Respir J 1992, 5:921-929.
73. Martinez FD: Role of viral infections in the inception of asthma and allergies during childhood: could they be protective? Thorax 1994, 49:1189-1191. This article raises some issues that may be crucial in the etiology of asthma.
74. von Mutius E, Martinez FD, Fritsch C, Nicolai T, Reitmeir P, Thiemann H-H: Skin test reactivity and number of siblings. BMJ 1994, 308:692-695.
75. Strachan DP: Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. BMJ 1989, 299:1259-1260.
76. Jenkins MA, Hopper JL, Bowes G, Carlin JB, Rander LB, Giles GG: Factors in childhood as predictors of asthma in adult life. BMJ 1994, 309:90-93. One of the few longitudinal studies that has achieved a high response rate over a long time period and has therefore been able to document the influence of childhood factors on presence of asthma in adulthood.
77. Cookson W: The genetics of atopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994, 94:643-644.
78. Martinez FD, Wright AL, Taussig LM, Holberg CJ, Halonen M, Morgan WJ, and the Group Health Medical Associates: Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life. N Engl J Med 1995, 332:133-138. This landmark study of a birth cohort used objective measurements to document the prognosis of respiratory symptoms in early childhood.
79. Burrows B, Sears MR, Flannery EM, Herbison GP, Holdaway MD: Relations of bronchial responsiveness to allergy skin reactivity lung function, respiratory symptoms, and diagnosis in thirteen-year-old New Zealand children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995, 95:548-560.
80. Sennhauser FH, Kuhni CE: Prevalence of respiratory symptoms in Swiss children: Is bronchial asthma really more prevalent in boys? Pediatr Pulmonol 1995, 19:161-166.
81. Larsson L: Incidence of asthma in Swedish teenagers: relation to sex and smoking habits. Thorax 1994, 50:260-264.
82. Hibbert M, Lanigan A, Raven J, Landau L, Phelan P: Gender differences in lung growth. Pediatr Pulmonol 1995, 19:129-134.
83. Kanner RE, Connett JE, Ahose MD, Buist AS, Lee WW, Tashkin DP, Wise RA: Gender differences in airway hyperresponsiveness in smokers with mild COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994, 150:956-961.
84. Redline S, Gold D: Challenges in interpreting gender differences in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994, 150:1219-1221.
85. Sears MR: Growing up with asthma. BMJ 1994, 309:72-73.
86. Oswald H, Phelan PD, Lanigan A, Hibbert M, Bowes G, Olinsky A: Outcome of childhood asthma in mid-adult life. BMJ 1994, 309:95-96. The continuation of a longitudinal cohort study that has followed up subjects with different severities of asthma from ages 7 to 35 years.
87. Burney PGJ, Chinn S, Rona RJ: Has the prevalence of asthma increased in children? Evidence from the national study of health and growth 1973-1986. BMJ 1990, 300:1306-1310.
88. Abramson MJ, Kutin JJ, Rosier MJ, Bowes G: Morbidity, medication and trigger factors in a community sample of adults with asthma. Med J Aust 1995, 162:78-81.
89. Silverman M: Asthma and wheezing in young children. N Engl J Med 1995, 332:181-182.
90. Giffin F, Greenough A, Yuksel B: Relationship between lung function results in the first year of life and respiratory morbidity in early childhood in patients bom prematurely. Pediatr Pulmonol 1994, 18:290-294.
91. 1. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995, 151:656-662.
92. Ulrik CS, Lange P: Decline of lung function in adults with bronchial asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994, 150:629-634.
93. Sherrill DL, Halonen M, Burrows B: Relationships between total serum IgE, atopy, and smoking: a twenty-year follow-up analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994, 94:954-962.
94. Boner AL, Comis A, Schiassi M, Venge P, Piacentini GL: Bronchial reactivity in asthmatic children at high and low altitude. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995, 151:1194-1200. This study has very important implications for the prevention of asthma.
95. Dales RE, Schweitzer I, Kerr P, Gougeon L, Rivington R, Draper J: Risk factors for emergency department visits for asthma. Thorax 1995, 50:520-524.
96. Toelle BG, Peak JK, Mellis CM, Woolcock AJ: The cost of childhood asthma to Australian families. Pediatr Pulmonol 1995, 19:330-335.
97. Kuehr J, Frischer T, Meinen R, Barth R, Schraub S, Urbanek R, Karmaus W, Forster W: Sensitization to mite allergens is a risk factor for early and late onset of asthma and for persistence of asthmatic signs in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995, 95:655-662.
98. Hide DW, Matthews S, Matthews L, Stevens M, Ridout S, Twiselton R, Gant C, Arshad SH: Effect of allergen avoidance in infancy on allergic manifestations at age two years. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994, 93:842-846.
99. Sabria J, Anto JM, Sunyer J, Roca J, Morell F, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Rodrigo MJ, Codina R: Clinical and functional characteristics of patients two years after being affected by the soybean asthma epidemic. Thorax 1994, 49:906-909.
100. Hovell MF, Meltzer SB, Zakarian JM, Wahlgren DR, Emerson JA, Hofstetter CR, Leaderer BP, Meltzer EO, Zeige RS, O'Connor RD, et al.: Reduction of environmental tobacco smoke exposure among asthmatic childre: a controlled trial. Chest 1994, 106:440-446.
101. Carswell F: The relationship between mite allergen exposure and asthma severity. Clin Exp Allergy 1995, 25:99-101.
102. Huss RW, Huss K, Squire EN, Carpenter GB, Smith U, Salata K, Hershey J: Mite allergen control with acaricide falls. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994, 94:27-32.
103. Cabrera P, Julia-Serda G, Rodriguez de Castro F, Caminero J, Barber D, Carrillo T: Reduction of house dust mite allergens after dehumidifer use. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995, 95:635-636.
104. Custovic A, Taggart SCO, Kennaugh JK, Woodcock A: Portable dehumidifiers in the control of house dust mites and mite allergens. Clin Exp Allergy 1995, 25:312-216.
105. Marks GB, Tovey ER, Green W, Shearer M, Salome CM, Woolcock AJ: House dust mite allergen avoidance: a randomized controlled trial of surface chemical treatment and encasement of bedding. Clin Exp Allergy 1994, 24:1078-1083.
106. Marks GB, Tovey ER, Green W, Shearer M, Salome CM, Woolcock AJ: The effect of changes in house dust mite allergen exposure on the severity of asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 1995, 25:114-118.
107. van der Heide S, de Monchy JGR, de Vries K, Bruggnik TM, Kauffman HF: Seasonal variation in airway hyperresponsiveness and natural exposure to house dust mite allergens in patients with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994, 93:470-475.
108. Harving H, Korsgaard J, Dahl R: Clinical efficacy of reduction in house-dust mite exposure in specially designed, mechanically ventilated "healthy" homes. Allergy 1994, 49:866-870.