Millwrights, Clockmakers and the Origins of Textile Machine-Making in Yorkshire

Textile History

Volumn 27, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 43-57

  Cookson, Gillian ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRITISH (YORKSHIRE); TEXTILE HISTORY; TEXTILE INDUSTRY; TEXTILE MACHINES;

EID: 0029675188     PISSN: 00404969     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1179/tex.1996.27.1.43     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. Although More is clear that the mechanical engineering industry grew out of the trade of the smith, rather than that of the millwright; and Tann's description of the millwright's role in the textile industry is convincing: Charles More, Skill and the English Working Class, 1870-1914 (London: Croom Helm, 1980), pp. 195-96; Jennifer Tann, The Development of the Factory (London, 1970), chapter 6, and 'The Textile Millwright in the Early Industrial Revolution', Textile History, v (1974), pp. 80-89.
2. Although More is clear that the mechanical engineering industry grew out of the trade of the smith, rather than that of the millwright; and Tann's description of the millwright's role in the textile industry is convincing: Charles More, Skill and the English Working Class, 1870-1914 (London: Croom Helm, 1980), pp. 195-96; Jennifer Tann, The Development of the Factory (London, 1970), chapter 6, and 'The Textile Millwright in the Early Industrial Revolution', Textile History, v (1974), pp. 80-89.
3. Although More is clear that the mechanical engineering industry grew out of the trade of the smith, rather than that of the millwright; and Tann's description of the millwright's role in the textile industry is convincing: Charles More, Skill and the English Working Class, 1870-1914 (London: Croom Helm, 1980), pp. 195-96; Jennifer Tann, The Development of the Factory (London, 1970), chapter 6, and 'The Textile Millwright in the Early Industrial Revolution', Textile History, v (1974), pp. 80-89.
4. Gillian Cookson, 'The West Yorkshire Textile Engineering Industry, 1780-1850', D.Phil. thesis, University of York, 1994.
5. Gillian Cookson, 'Early Textile Engineers in Leeds, 1780-1850', Publications of the Thoresby Society, Second series, IV (1994), pp. 40-61.
6. See for example D. T. Jenkins, The West Riding Wool Textile Industry, 1770-1835: a study in fixed capital formation (Edington: Pasold, 1975), p. 110.
7. William Pole, ed., The Life of Sir William Fairbairn, Bart. (Newton Abbot: David and Charles, 1970 [1877]), p. 436. Fairbairn's tendency to amplify his own achievements has been remarked upon by Tann, 1974, op. cit., p. 83.
8. E. Kilburn Scott, ed., Matthew Murray, Pioneer Engineer: records from 1765-1826 (Leeds, 1928), p. 20.
9. John B. Rae, 'Engineers are People', Technology and Culture, XVI (1975), p. 411, citing A. E. Musson and E. Robinson, Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution (Manchester: MUP, 1969), p. 429.
10. John B. Rae, 'Engineers are People', Technology and Culture, XVI (1975), p. 411, citing A. E. Musson and E. Robinson, Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution (Manchester: MUP, 1969), p. 429.
11. Francois Crouzet, The First Industrialists: the problems of origins (Cambridge, 1985), p. 90.
12. R. J. Morris, Class, Sect and Party: the making of the British middle class: Leeds, 1820-50 (Manchester: MUP, 1990), p. 33.
13. For example, John Foster, Class Struggle and the Industrial Revolution: early industrial capitalism in three English towns (London: Methuen, 1974), p. 225.
14. Cookson, 'West Yorkshire textile engineering industry', op. cit., p. 70.
15. John Hodgson, Textile Manufacture and other industries in Keighley (Keighley, 1879), p. 36; West Yorkshire Archive Service (hereafter WYAS), Bradford, DB2/6/3, journal of Robert Heaton.
16. WYAS Bradford, Hattersley archive, 32D83/5/1, Richard Hattersley's day book, 1793-98.
17. Jenkins, op. cit., p. 199.
18. Cookson, 'Early Textile Engineers in Leeds', op. cit., pp. 51-52.
19. Ibid., p. 50.
20. Cookson, 'West Yorkshire Textile Engineering Industry', op. cit., pp. 77-80.
21. See Tann, 1970, op. cit., chapter 6; J. B. Jefferys, The Story of the Engineers, 1800-1945 (New York and London, 1970), p. 9; for an account of millwrights in South Yorkshire from the early modern period, Christine A. Ball, 'Millwrights in Sheffield and South Yorkshire, 1550-1900', M.A. dissertation in Historical Archaeology, University of Sheffield, 1992.
22. See Tann, 1970, op. cit., chapter 6; J. B. Jefferys, The Story of the Engineers, 1800-1945 (New York and London, 1970), p. 9; for an account of millwrights in South Yorkshire from the early modern period, Christine A. Ball, 'Millwrights in Sheffield and South Yorkshire, 1550-1900', M.A. dissertation in Historical Archaeology, University of Sheffield, 1992.
23. See Tann, 1970, op. cit., chapter 6; J. B. Jefferys, The Story of the Engineers, 1800-1945 (New York and London, 1970), p. 9; for an account of millwrights in South Yorkshire from the early modern period, Christine A. Ball, 'Millwrights in Sheffield and South Yorkshire, 1550-1900', M.A. dissertation in Historical Archaeology, University of Sheffield, 1992.
24. Tann, 1970, op. cit., pp. 80, 99; Ball, op. cit., p. 54.
25. Tann, 1970, op. cit., pp. 80, 99; Ball, op. cit., p. 54.
26. Tann, 1974, op. cit., p. 85.
27. Yorkshire Archaeological Society, Leeds Parish Register, MS1415, 24 November 1791; Leeds Intelligencer, 27 November 1791, 25 July 1808.
28. Tann, 1970, op. cit., p. 99.
29. Select Committee on Artisans and Machinery, Parl. Papers, 1824 (51) v, p. 28, evidence of Alexander Galloway; see also pp. 39-41. The point has also been made by More, op. cit., p. 196.
30. Select Committee on Artisans and Machinery, Parl. Papers, 1824 (51) v, p. 28, evidence of Alexander Galloway; see also pp. 39-41. The point has also been made by More, op. cit., p. 196.
31. Select Committee on Artisans and Machinery, op. cit., p. 340.
32. Ibid., p. 341.
33. Stuart B. Smith, 'Thomas Cheek Hewes, 1768-1832: an ingenious engineer and mechanic of Manchester', M.Sc.Tech. dissertation, University of Manchester, 1969, p. 35.
34. E. Kilburn Scott, 'Early cloth fulling and its machinery', Transactions of the Newcomen Society, XII (1931-32), pp. 39-42.
35. Tann, 1974, op. cit., p. 82.
36. Information from Mr John Briggs of Alfred Briggs and Sons, Gomersal.
37. Tann, 1974, op. cit., p. 85.
38. Tann, 1970, op. cit., chapter 6.
39. Ball, op. cit., p. II; Tann, 1970, op. cit., p. 97.
40. Ball, op. cit., p. II; Tann, 1970, op. cit., p. 97.
41. Yorkshire Archaeological Society, DD61, account book of Richard Smith of Addingham. For this reference I am indebted to Mrs Kate Mason.
42. G. and N. A. Cookson, Gomersal: a window on the past (Huddersfield: Kirklees Council, 1992), pp. 117-18.
43. Bretton Hall College, Beaumont Mss., BEA/C3/B16/6.
44. WYAS Bradford, Spencer Stanhope Mss., Sp.St./14/39.
45. George Ingle, 'History of R. V. Marriner Ltd., worsted spinners, Keighley', M.Phil, thesis, University of Leeds, 1974, pp. 9-11.
46. WYAS Bradford, DB2/6/3, journal of Robert Heaton.
47. Ibid., p. 27.
48. Ibid., pp. 36-37, 106.
49. Ibid., p. 100.
50. WYAS Leeds, DB23, Accounts of Ard Walker.
51. David S. Landes, A Revolution in Time: clocks and the making of the modern world (Cambridge, Mass., 1983), pp. 274-75.
52. Ibid., p. 280.
53. Charles Babbage, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures (London, 1835), pp. 349-52.
54. Katrina Honeyman, Origins of Enterprise: business leadership in the industrial revolution, (Manchester: MUP, 1982), p. 117.
55. Tann, 1970, op. cit., p. 100.
56. Musson and Robinson, op. cit., p. 456.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid., p. 435.
59. E. Surrey Dane, Peter Stubs and the Lancashire Hand Tool Industry (Altrincham, 1973), p. 51.
60. Musson and Robinson, op. cit., p. 437.
61. A. E. Musson, "The Engineering Industry', in R. A. Church, ed., The Dynamics of Victorian Business (London, 1980), p. 90.
62. Alan Smith, ed., A catalogue of tools for watch- and clockmakers by John Wyke of Liverpool (Winterthur, Delaware, 1977), p. 16 etc.
63. S. G. Checkland, The Rise of Industrial Society in England, 1815-1885 (London: Longmans, 1964), p. 81.
64. Abbot P. Usher, A History of Mechanical Inventions (New York, 1982), pp. 364-65.
65. Jefferys, op. cit., p. 13; Pole, op. cit., p. 421, pp. 266-67; Musson, 1980, op. cit., p. 88; Usher, op. cit., p. 367; Checkland, op. cit., pp. 77-78; Trevor Turner, 'History of Fenton, Murray and Wood', M.Sc.Tech. dissertation, University of Manchester, 1966, p. 1.3; Musson and Robinson, op. cit., p. 65.
66. Jefferys, op. cit., p. 13; Pole, op. cit., p. 421, pp. 266-67; Musson, 1980, op. cit., p. 88; Usher, op. cit., p. 367; Checkland, op. cit., pp. 77-78; Trevor Turner, 'History of Fenton, Murray and Wood', M.Sc.Tech. dissertation, University of Manchester, 1966, p. 1.3; Musson and Robinson, op. cit., p. 65.
67. Jefferys, op. cit., p. 13; Pole, op. cit., p. 421, pp. 266-67; Musson, 1980, op. cit., p. 88; Usher, op. cit., p. 367; Checkland, op. cit., pp. 77-78; Trevor Turner, 'History of Fenton, Murray and Wood', M.Sc.Tech. dissertation, University of Manchester, 1966, p. 1.3; Musson and Robinson, op. cit., p. 65.
68. Jefferys, op. cit., p. 13; Pole, op. cit., p. 421, pp. 266-67; Musson, 1980, op. cit., p. 88; Usher, op. cit., p. 367; Checkland, op. cit., pp. 77-78; Trevor Turner, 'History of Fenton, Murray and Wood', M.Sc.Tech. dissertation, University of Manchester, 1966, p. 1.3; Musson and Robinson, op. cit., p. 65.
69. Jefferys, op. cit., p. 13; Pole, op. cit., p. 421, pp. 266-67; Musson, 1980, op. cit., p. 88; Usher, op. cit., p. 367; Checkland, op. cit., pp. 77-78; Trevor Turner, 'History of Fenton, Murray and Wood', M.Sc.Tech. dissertation, University of Manchester, 1966, p. 1.3; Musson and Robinson, op. cit., p. 65.
70. Jefferys, op. cit., p. 13; Pole, op. cit., p. 421, pp. 266-67; Musson, 1980, op. cit., p. 88; Usher, op. cit., p. 367; Checkland, op. cit., pp. 77-78; Trevor Turner, 'History of Fenton, Murray and Wood', M.Sc.Tech. dissertation, University of Manchester, 1966, p. 13; Musson and Robinson, op. cit., p. 65.
71. Jefferys, op. cit., p. 13; Pole, op. cit., p. 421, pp. 266-67; Musson, 1980, op. cit., p. 88; Usher, op. cit., p. 367; Checkland, op. cit., pp. 77-78; Trevor Turner, 'History of Fenton, Murray and Wood', M.Sc.Tech. dissertation, University of Manchester, 1966, p. 1.3; Musson and Robinson, op. cit., p. 65.
72. Abraham Rees, Cyclopaedia (1819).
73. Ibid.
74. G. H. Tupling, 'The early metal trades and the beginnings of engineering in Lancashire', Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society, LXI (1949), p. 22.
75. Brian Loomes, Yorkshire Clockmakers (Clapham: Dalesman Publications, 1972), pp. 8-9, quoting the London Tradesman, 1747.
76. Brian Loomes, Yorkshire Clockmakers (Clapham: Dalesman Publications, 1972), pp. 8-9, quoting the London Tradesman, 1747.
77. Ibid., pp. 8-9.
78. Dane, op. cit., p. 51.
79. Ron Fitzgerald has pointed out the similarity between the mechanism of a factory clock at Leeds Industrial Museum, and parts of an early machine.
80. Information from Dr G. Jackson.
81. Select Committee on Artisans and Machinery, op. cit., p. 251.
82. Musson and Robinson, op. cit., p. 439.
83. Loomes, op. cit., pp. 32, 179.
84. Loomes, op. cit.
85. Arthur J. Hawkes, The Clockmakers and Watchmakers of Wigan, 1650-1850 (Wigan, 1950).
86. W. O. Henderson, Britain and Industrial Europe (Leicester, 1965), p. 203 et seq.
87. Loomes, op. cit.
88. WYAS Bradford, Hattersley archive, 32D83/5/1, Day Book 1793-98.
89. Ibid., 32D83/2/1, Ledger 1797-1809.
90. Hodgson, op. cit., p. 245.
91. The Poll for the County of York, 1807, p. 367; WYAS Bradford, Hattersley archive, 32D83/2/1, Ledger 1797-1809; Hodgson, op. cit., p. 245.
92. The Poll for the County of York, 1807, p. 367; WYAS Bradford, Hattersley archive, 32D83/2/1, Ledger 1797-1809; Hodgson, op. cit., p. 245.
93. Loomes, op. cit.
94. Hodgson, op. cit., pp. 212-13.
95. WYAS Leeds, Fairbairn Lawson Mss., Acc. 2371/80/2.
96. Universal British Directory 1793.
97. WYAS Leeds, Fairbairn Lawson Mss., Acc. 2371/80/2.
98. Ibid., Acc. 2371/76.
99. Though contemporary dictionaries continued to define 'clock' and 'clockwork' conventionally. See for example Marchant's dictionary of 1760 and Crabb's Universal Technological Dictionary of 1823.
100. C. H. Lee, A Cotton Enterprise, 1795-1840: a history of M'Connel and Kennedy, fine cotton spinners, (Manchester: MUP, 1972), p. 17.
101. Usher, op. cit., pp. 298-99; Musson and Robinson, op. cit., p. 438.
102. Usher, op. cit., pp. 298-99; Musson and Robinson, op. cit., p. 438.
103. John James, History of the Worsted Manufacture in England, (Bradford, 1857), p. 535, quoting Nasmyth.