The epidemiology of mycobacterium leprae: Recent insight

FEMS Microbiology Letters

Volumn 136, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 221-230

  Van Beers, Stella M ^a   De Wit, Madeleine Y L ^a   Klatser, Paul R ^a  

^a ROYAL TROPICAL INSTITUTE   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Epidemiology; Leprosy; Mycobacterium leprae

Indexed keywords

BCG VACCINE;

FUTUROLOGY; HOST PARASITE INTERACTION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; INFECTION CONTROL; LEPROSY; MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE;

EID: 0029669961     PISSN: 03781097     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0378-1097(95)00505-6     Document Type: Short Survey

References (50)

1. World Health Organization (1995) Progress towards the elimination of leprosy as a public health problem. Wkly Epidem. Rec., No 25, 177-182; No 26, 185-188.
2. World Health Organization (1995) Progress towards the elimination of leprosy as a public health problem. Wkly Epidem. Rec., No 25, 177-182; No 26, 185-188.
3. Shepard, C.C. (1960) The experimental disease that follows the injection of human leprosy bacilli into footpads of mice. J. Exp. Med. 112, 445-454.
4. Kirchheimer, W.F. and Storrs, E.E. (1971) An attempt to establish the armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus, Linn) as a model for the study of leprosy. I. Report of lepromatoid leprosy in an experimentally infected armadillo. Int. J. Lepr. 39, 693-702.
5. Fsihi, H. and Cole, S.T. (1995) The Mycobactenuin leprae genome: systematic sequence analysis identifies key catabolic enzymes, ATP-dependent transport systems and a novel polA locus associated with genomic variability. Mol. Microbiol. 16, 909-919.
6. Adams, L.B., Fukutomi, Y. and Krahenbuhl, J.L. (1993) Regulation of murine macrophage effector functions by lipoarabinomannan from mycobacterial strains with different degrees of virulence. Infect. Immun. 61, 4173-4181.
7. Rastogi, N. (1991) Structure and functions of the cell envelope in relation to mycobacterial virulence, pathogenicity and multiple drug resistance. Res. Microbiol. 142, 419-481.
8. Godal, T. and Negassi, K. (1973) Subclinical infection in leprosy. Br. Med. J. 3, 557-559.
9. Klatser, P.R. (1994) Serology of leprosy. Trop. Geogr. Med. 46, 59-62.
10. Klatser, P.R., van Beers, S., Madjid, B., Day, R. and de Wit, M.Y.L. (1993) Detection of Mycobacterium leprae nasal carriers in populations in which leprosy is endemic. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31, 2947-2951.
11. Beers, S. van, Izumi, S., Madjid, B., Maeda, Y., Day, R. and Klatser, P.R. (1994) An epidemiological study of leprosy infection by serology and polymerase chain reaction. Int. J. Lepr. 62, 1-9.
12. Hatta, M., van Beers, S.M., Madjid, B., Djumadi, A., de Wit, M.Y.L. and Klatser, P.R. (1995) Spatial distribution and persistence of Mycobacterium leprae nasal carriage among a population in which leprosy is endemic in Indonesia. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 89, 381-385.
13. Santos, A.R., Goes Filho, J.T., Nery, J.A.C., Duppre, N.C., Gallo, M.E.N., Suffys, P.N. and Degrave, W.M. (1995) Evaluation of PCR mediated DNA amplification in non-invasive biological specimens for subclinical detection of Mycobacterium leprae. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 11, 113-120.
14. Douglas, J.T., Sciulli, R.R., Cunanan, R.C. and Chan, G.P. (1994) Detection of M. leprae in nasal secretions by enhanced chemiluminescence assay (ECL). Abstract of the 94th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Microbiology.
15. Walsh, G.P., Meyers, W.M., Binford, C.H., Gerone, P.J., Wolf, R.H. and Leininger, J.R. (1981) Leprosy - a zoonosis. Lepr. Rev. Supp. I, 52, 77-83.
16. Donham, K.J. and Leininger, J.R. (1977) Spontaneous leprosy-like disease in a chimpanzee. J. Infect. Dis. 136, 132-136.
17. Davey, T.F. and Rees, R.J.W. (1974) The nasal discharge in leprosy: clinical and bacteriological aspects. Lepr. Rev. 45, 121-134.
18. McDermott-Lancaster, R.D. and McDougall, A.C. (1990) Mode of transmission and histology of M. leprae infection in nude mice. Int. J. Exp. Pathol. 71, 689-700.
19. Moore, P.S. and Broome, C.V. (1994) Cerebrospinal meningitis epidemics. Sci. Amer., November, 24-31.
20. Eichenwald, H.F., Kotsevalov, O. and Fasso, L.A. (1960) The 'cloud baby': an example of bacterial-viral interaction. Am. J. Dis. Child. 100, 161-173
21. Fine, P.E.M. (1982) Leprosy: the epidemiology of a slow bacterium. Epidemiol. Rev. 4, 161-168.
22. Fine, P.E.M. (1988) Implications of genetics for the epidemiology and control of leprosy. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B321, 365-376.
23. Shields, E.D., Russell, D.A. and Pericak-Vance, M.A. (1987) Genetic epidemiology of the susceptibility to leprosy. J. Clin. Invest. 79, 1139-1143.
24. Schurr, E., Morgan, K., Gros, P. and Skamene, E. (1991) Genetics of leprosy. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 44 (4) Suppl., 90-129.
25. Abel, L. and Bonney, E. (1990) A time-dependent logistic hazard function for modelling variable age of onset in analysis of familial diseases. Genet. Epidemiol. 7, 391-407.
26. Abel, L., Vu Dinh Lap, Oberti, J., Nguyen Van Thuc, Van Van Cua, Guilloud-Bataille, Schurr, E. and Lagrange, P.H. (1995) Complex segregation analysis of leprosy in Southern Vietnam. Genet. Epidemiol. 12, 63-82.
27. Feitosa, M.F., Borecki, I., Krieger, H., Beiguelman, B. and Rao, D.C. (1995) The genetic epidemiology of leprosy in a Brazilian population. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 56, 1179-1185.
28. Skamene, E. (1994) Inflammatory vs protective host responses; The Beg gene story. Immunobiol. 191, 451-460.
29. Shaw, M.A., Astkinson, S., Dockrell, H., Hussain, R., Lins-Lainson, Z., Shaw, J., Ramos, F., Siveira, F., Mehdi, S.Q., Kaukab, F., Khaliq, S., Chiang, T. and Blackwell, J. (1993) An RFLP map for 2q33-q37 from multicase mycobacterial and leishmanial disease families: no evidence for an Lsh / Ity / Bcg gene homologue influencing susceptibility to leprosy. Ann. Hum. Genet. 57, 251-271.
30. Blackwell, J.M., Barton, C.H., White, J.K., Roach, T.I.A., Shaw, M-A., Whitehead, S.H., Mock, B.A., Searle, S., Williams, H. and Baker, A.-M. (1994) Genetic regulation of leishmanial and mycobacterial infections: the Lsh/ Ity/ Bcg gene story continues. Immunol. Lett. 43, 99-107.
31. de Vries, R.R.P., Ottenhoff, T.H.M. and van Schooten, W.C.A. (1988) Human leucocyte antigens (HA) and mycobacterial disease. Springer Semin. Immunopathol.10, 305-318.
32. Mehra, N.K., Rajalingam, R., Mitra, D.K., Taneja, V. and Giphart, M. (1995) Variants of HA-DR2/DR51 group haplotypes and susceptibility to tuberculoid leprosy and pulmonary tuberculosis in Asian Indians. Int. J. Lepr. 63, 241-248.
33. Ponnighaus, J.M., Fine, P.E.M., Sterne, J.A.C., Malema, S.S., Bliss, L. and Wilson, R.J. (1994) Extended schooling and good housing conditions are associated with reduced risk of leprosy in rural Malawi. Int. J. Lepr. 62, 345-352.
34. Sommerfelt, H., Irgens, L.M. and Christian, M. (1985) Geographical variations in the occurrence of leprosy: possible roles played by nutrition and some other environmental factors. Int. J. Lepr. 53, 524-532.
35. Chandra, R.K. (1979) Interactions of nutrition, infection and immune response. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 68, 137-144.
36. Fine, P.E.M. (1988) BCG vaccination against tuberculosis and leprosy. Br. Med. J. 44, 691-703.
37. Fine, P.E.M., Sterne, J.A.C., Pönnighaus, J.M. and Rees, R.J.W. (1994) Delayed-type hypersensitivity, mycobacterial vaccines and protective immunity. The Lancet, 344, 1245-1249.
38. Chaudhury, S., Hazra, S.K., Saha, B., Mazumder, B., Biswas, P.C., Chattopadhya, D. and Saha, K. (1994) An eight-year field trial on antileprosy vaccines among high-risk household contacts in Calcutta metropolis. Int. J. Lepr. 62, 389-394.
39. Convit, J., Sampson, C., Zuniga, M., Smith, P.G., Plata, J., Silva, J., Molina, J., Pinardi, M.J., Bloom, B.R. and Salgado, A. (1992) Immunoprophylactic trial with combined Mycobacterium leprae /BCG vaccine against leprosy: prelimanry results. Lancet 339, 446-450.
40. Bretcher, P.A. (1992) A strategy to improve the efficacy of vaccination against tuberculosis and leprosy. Immunol. Today 13, 342-345.
41. Pönnighaus, J.M., Mwanjasi, L.J., Fine, P.E.M., Shaw, M.-A., Turner, A.C., Oxborrow, S.M., Lucas, S.B., Jenkins, P.A., Sterne, J.A.C. and Bliss, L. (1991) Is HIV infection a risk factor for leprosy? Int. J. Lepr. 59, 221-228.
42. Kawuma, H.J., Bwire, R. and Adatu-Engwau, F. (1994) Leprosy and infection with the human immunodeficiency virus in Uganda; a case-control study. Int. J. Lepr. 62, 521-526.
43. Frommel, D., Tekle Haimanot, R., Verdier, M., Negesse, Y., Bulto, T. and Denis, F. (1994) HIV infection and leprosy; a four year survey in Ethiopia. Lancet 344, 165-166.
44. Sampaio, E.P., Caneshi, J.R.T., Nery, J.A.C., Duppre, N.C., Pereira, G.M.B., Vieira, L.M.M., Moreira, A.L., Kaplan, G. and Sarno, E.N. (1995) Cellular immune response to Mycobacterium leprae infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. Infect. Immun. 63, 1848-1854.
45. Borgdorff, M.W., van den Broek, J., Chum, H.J., Klokke, A.H., Graf, P., Barongo, L.R. and Newell, J.N. (1993) HIV-1 infection as a risk factor for leprosy; a case-control study in Tanzania. Int. J. Lepr. 61, 556-562.
46. Bwire, R. and Kawuma, H.J.S. (1994) Type 1 reactions in leprosy, neuritis and steroid therapy; the impact of the human immunodeficiency virus. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. 88, 315-316.
47. Munyao, T.M., Bwayo, J.J., Owili, D.M., Ndinya-Achola, J.O., Kwaso, T.O. and Kreis, J.K. (1994) Human immunodeficiency virus-1 in leprosy patients attending Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. East Afr. Med. J. 71, 490-492.
48. Alvar, J. (1994) Leishmaniasis and AIDS co-infection. The Spanish example. Parasitol. Today 10, 160-163.
49. Fine, P.E.M. (1992) Reflections on the elimination of leprosy. Int. J. Lepr. 60, 71-80.
50. Becx-Bleumink, M. (1994) Success of the WHO multidrug therapy? Trop. Geogr. Med. 46, 61-64.