The distribution of solar radiation in the earth's atmosphere: The effects of ozone, aerosols and clouds

Chemosphere

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 739-758

  Lu, Yu ^a   Khalil, M A K ^b  

^a U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^b PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

OZONE;

AEROSOL; ARTICLE; ATMOSPHERE; CLOUD; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; MODEL; SOLAR RADIATION; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION;

AEROSOL OPTICAL PROPERTIES; ATMOSPHERIC RADIATIVE TRANSFER; RADIATIVE FLUX; SOLAR RADIATION MODEL;

EID: 0029668150     PISSN: 00456535     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0045-6535(96)00028-8     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Anderson, D. E., Jr., and R. R. Meier (1979), Effects of anisotropic multiple scattering on solar radiation in the troposphere and stratosphere, Appl. Opt., 18, 1955-1960.
2. Braslau, N., and J. V. Dave (1973), Effect of aerosols on the transfer of solar energy through realistic model atmospheres. Part II: Partly-absorbing aerosols, J. Appl. Meteo., 616-619.
3. Demerjian, K. L., K. L. Schere, and J. T. Peterson (1980), Theoretical estimates of actinic (spherically integrated) flux and photolytic rate constants of atmospheric species in the lower troposphere, Adv. Environ. Sci. Technol., 10, 369-459.
4. DeMore, W. B., S. P. Sander, D. M. Golden, R. F. Hampson, M. J. Kurylo, C. J. Howard, A. R. Ravishankara, C. E. Kolb, and M. J. Molina (1992), Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in stratospheric modeling, Evaluation Number 10, Publ 92-20, Jet Propul. Lab., Calif. Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, California.
5. Fiocco, G., A. Mugnai, and W. Forlizzi (1978), Effects of radiation scattered by aerosols on the photodissociation of ozone, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 40, 949-961.
6. Hough, A. M. (1988), The calculation of photolysis rates for use in global tropospheric modelling studies, AERE Rept. R-13259, 52 pp., Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
7. Kasten, F. (1966), A new table and approximate formula for relative optical air mass, Arch. Meteero. Geophys. Biocklim., B14, 206-223.
8. Isaksen, I. S. A., K. H. Midtbo, J. Sunde, and P. J. Crutzen (1977), A simplified method to include molecular scattering and reflection in calculations of photon fluxes and photodissociation rates, Geophys. Norv., 31, 11-26.
9. Lacis, A. A., and J. E. Hansen (1974), A parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation in the earth's atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 118-133.
10. Leighton, P. A., Photochemistry of Air Pollution, pp 21-41, Academic, Orlando, Fla., 1961.
11. Lenoble, J. (1985), Radiative Transfer in Scattering and Absorbing Atmospheres: Standard Computational Procedures, A. Deepak, Hampton, Va.
12. Liou, K. N. (1974), Analytic two-stream and four stream solutions for radiative transfer, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1473-1475.
13. Liou, K. N., An Introduction to Atmospheric Radiation, Academic, New York, 1980.
14. Lu, Y., Model Calculations of Radiative Transfer and Tropospheric Chemistry, Ph.D. Dissertation, pp 277, (OGI/ESE/CAS, Beaverton, Oregon, 1993).
15. Luther, F. M. (1980), Annual report of Lawrence Livermore Laboratory to the FAA on the High Altitude Pollution Program-1980, Publ. UCLA-50042-80, Lawrence Livermore Lab., Livermore, Calif.
16. Madronich, S., and G. Weller (1990), Numerical integration errors in calculated tropospheric photodissociation rate coefficients, J. Atmos. Chem. 10, 289-300.
17. Madronich, S. (1987), Photodissociation in the atmosphere 1. Actinic flux and the effects of ground reflections and clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 9740-9752.
18. McClatchey, R. A., R. W. Fenn, J. E. A. Selby, F. E. Volz, and J. S. Garing (1972), Optical Properties of the Atmosphere, 3rd ed., Tech. Rept. AFCRL-72-0497, Air Force Cambridge Res. Labs., Bedford, Massachusetts.
19. Meador, W. E., and W. R. Weaver (1980), Two-stream approximations to radiative transfer in planetary atmosphere: A unified description of existing methods and a new improvement, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 630-643.
20. Meier, R. R., J. S. Lee, and D. E. Anderson (1978), Atmospheric scattering of middle uv radiation from an internal source, Appl. Opt., 17, 3216-3225.
21. Meier, R. R., D. E. Anderson, Jr., and M. Nicolet (1982), Radiation field in the troposphere and stratosphere from 240-1000 nm, I General analysis, Planet. Space Sci., 30, 923-933.
22. Minschwaner, K. (1994), A high-resolution analysis of direct and scattered radiation in the stratosphere between 175 and 210 nm, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 3677-3684.
23. 2 to the solar radiation diffused by the ground and by atmospheric particles, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 41, 351-359.
24. Nicolet, M., R. R. Meier, and D. E. Anderson, Jr. (1982), Radiation field in the troposphere and stratosphere, II, Numerical analysis, Planet. Space Sci., 30, 935-983.
25. Pitari, G., and G. Visconti (1979), A simple method to account for Rayleigh effects on photodissociation rates, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1803-1811.
26. Pruppacher, H. R. The microstructure of atmospheric clouds and precipitation, In: Clouds Their Formation, Optical properties, and Effects, P. V. Hobbs and A. Deepak, Eds., Academic, 1981.
27. Ruggaber, A., R. Forkel, and R. Dlugi (1993), Spectral actinic flux and its ratio to spectral irradiance by radiation transfer calculations, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 1151-1162.
28. Ruggaber, A., R. Dlugi, T. Nakajima (1994), Modelling radiation quantities and photolysis frequencies in the troposphere, J. Atmos. Chem. 18, 171-210.
29. Stamnes, K., S. Tsay, W. Wiscombe, and K. Jayaweera (1988), Numerically stable algorithm for discrete-ordinate-method radiative transfer in multiple scattering and emitting layered media, Appl. Opt., 27, 2502-2509.
30. Stephens, G. L. (1979), Optical properties of eight water cloud types, CSIRO Aust. Div. Atmos. Phys. Tech. Pap. No. 36, 1-35.
31. Thompson, A. M. (1984), The effects of clouds on photolysis rates and ozone formation rates in the unpolluted troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 1341-1349.
32. Toon, O. B., C. P. Mckay, and T. P. Ackerman, and K. Santhanam (1989), Rapid calculation of radiative heating rates and photodissociation rates in inhomogeneous multiple scattering atmospheres, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 16,287-16,301.
33. Turco, R. P. (1975), Photodissociation rates in the atmosphere below 100 km, Geophys. Surv., 2, 153-192.
34. Wiscombe, W. J. (1977), The delta-Eddington approximation for a vertically inhomogeneous atmosphere, Tech. Note TN-1 + STR, Natl. Cent, for Atmos. Res., Boulder, CO.
35. WMO, 1985, Atmospheric Ozone 1986, WMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project - Report NO. 16, NASA, Washington, D.C.
36. Yung, Y. L. (1976), A numerical method for calculating the mean intensity in an inhomogeneous Raleigh scattering atmosphere, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 16, 755-761.