Steep structure formation in the Okiep Copper District, South Africa: Bulk inhomogeneous shortening of a high-grade metamorphic granite-gneiss sequence

Journal of Structural Geology

Volumn 18, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 735-751

  Kisters, Alexander F M ^a,b   Charlesworth, E Guy ^a   Gibson, Roger L ^a   Anhaeusser, Carl R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^b RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASPHALTENE; CHARNOCKITIZATION; CRUSTAL SHORTENING; DEFORMATION; GRNAITE GNEISS; HIGH GRADE METAMORPHISM; KEROGEN; METHYLATION; MIGMATIZATION; ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY; ORGANIC MATTER; PYROLYSIS;

SOUTH AFRICA, NAMAQUALAND, OKIEP;

ANISOTROPY; DEFORMATION; GRANITE; LITHOLOGY; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; METAMORPHIC ROCKS; RHEOLOGY; STRAIN;

BULK INHOMOGENEOUS SHORTENING; CUSPATE STRUCTURES; EXPLOSIVE FOLD AMPLIFICATION; HIGH GRADE METAMORPHIC GRANITE GNEISS SEQUENCE; INITIAL FOLDING; PROGRESSIVE FOLD OBLITERATION;

TECTONICS;

EID: 0029666725     PISSN: 01918141     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0191-8141(96)80008-3     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Allsopp, H. L., Köstlin, E. O., Welke, H. J., Kröner, A. & Blignault, H. J. 1979. Rb-Sr and U-Pb geochronology of late Precambrian-early Palaeozoic igneous activity in the Richtersveld (South Africa) and southern South West Africa. Trans geol. Soc. S. Afr. 82, 185-204.
2. Barton, E. S. 1983. Reconnaissance isotopic investigations in the Namaqua mobile belt and implications for Proterozoic crustal evolution - Namaqualand Geotraverse. In: Namaqualand Metamorphic Complex (edited by Botha, B. J. V.). Spec. Publ. geol. Soc. S. Afr. 10, 45-67.
3. Bell, T. H. 1981. Foliation development - the contribution, geometry and significance of progressive, bulk, inhomogeneous shortening. Tectonophysics 75, 273-296.
4. Benedict, P. C., Wiid, D. De N., Cornelissen, A. K. & Staff 1964. Progress report on the geology of the O'okiep Copper district. In: The Geology of Some Ore Deposits in Southern Africa, Volume 2 (edited by Haughton, S. H.). Geological Society of South Africa, 239-302.
5. Blignault, H. J., Van Aswegen, G., Van Der Merwe, S. W. & Colliston, W. P. 1983. The Namaqualand Geotraverse and Environs: Part of the Proterozoic Namaqua Mobile Belt. In: Namaqualand Metamorphic Complex (edited by Botha, B.J.V.). Spec. Publ. geol. Soc. S. Afr. 10, 1-29.
6. Burg, J. P. & Harris, L. B. 1982. Tension fractures and boudinage oblique to the maximum extension direction - an analogy with Lüder's bands. Tectonophysics 83, 347-363.
7. Cawthorn, R. G. & Meyer, F. M. 1993. Petrochemistry of the Okiep Copper District Basic Intrusive Bodies, Northwestern Cape Province, South Africa. Econ. Geol. 88, 590-606.
8. Clifford, T. N., Gronow, L., Rex, D. C. & Burger, A. J. 1975a. Geochronological and petrogenetic studies of highgrade metamorphic rocks and intrusives in Namaqualand, South Africa. J. Petrol. 16, 154-188.
9. Clifford, T. N., Stumpfl, E. F. & Mclver, I. R. 1975b. A sapphirine-cordierite-bronzite-phlogopite paragenesis from Namaqualand, South Africa. Mineral. Mag. 40, 347-356.
10. Clifford, T. N., Stumpfl, E. F., Burger, A. J., McCarthy, T. S. & Rex, D. C. 1981. Mineral-chemical and isotopic studies of Namaqualand granulites, South Africa: a Grenville analogue. Contr. Mineral. Petrol. 77, 225-250.
11. Clifford, T. N., Barton, A. S., Retief, E. A., Rex, D. C. & Fanning, C. M. 1995. A crustal progenitor for the intrusive anorthosite-charnockite kindred of the cupriferous Koperberg Suite, O'okiep District, Namaqualand, South Africa; new isotope data for the country rocks and the intrusives. J. Petrol. 36, 231-258.
12. Conradie, J. A. & Schoch, A. E. 1986. Petrographical characteristics of the Koperberg Suite, South Africa - an analogy to massif-type anorthosites? Precambrium Res. 31, 157-188.
13. Dell'Angelo, L. N. & Tullis, J. 1988. Experimental deformation of partially melted granitic aggregates. J. metamorph. Geol. 6, 495-515.
14. Hälbich, I. W. 1978. Minor structures in gneiss and the origin of steep structures in the Okiep Copper District. In: Mineralization in Metamorphic Terranes (edited by Verwoerd, W. J.). Spec. Publ. geol. Soc. S. Afr. 4, 297-322.
15. Joubert, P. 1971. The regional tectonism of the gneisses of part of Namaqualand. Bull. Precambrian Res. Unit, Univ. Cape Town 10.
16. Joubert, P. 1986a. The Namaqualand Metamorphic Complex - a summary. In: Mineral Deposits of Southern Africa (edited by Anhaeusser, C. R. & Maske, S.). Geological Society of South Africa, 1395-1420.
17. Joubert, P. 1986b: Namaqualand - a model for Proterozoic accretion? Trans. geol. Soc. S. Afr. 89, 79-96.
18. Kisters, A. F. M. 1993. Structural relationships of economic orebearers in the Okiep Copper District/ Namaqualand, NW Cape. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
19. Kisters, A. F. M., Charlesworth, E. G., Gibson, R. L., & Anhaeusser, C. R. In press. The relationship between antiformal and monoclinal steep structures in the Okiep Copper District, Namaqualand: a case study. S. Afr. J. Geol.
20. Kisters, A. F. M., Gibson, R. L., Charlesworth, E. G. & Anhauesser, C. R. 1992a. Megabreccia formation in the Okiep Copper District. In: Geological Society of South Africa 24th Congress Abstracts, 228-230.
21. Kisters, A. F. M., Potgieter, J. E., Charlesworth, E. G., Anhaeusser, C. R., Gibson, R. L. & Watkeys, M. K. 1994. Emplacement features of cupriferous noritoids in the Okiep Copper District, Namaqualand, South Africa. Expl. Min. Geol. 3, 297-310.
22. Kisters, A. F. M., Watkeys, M. K., Charlesworth, E. G., Gibson, R. L. & Anhaeusser, C. R. 1992b. Steep structure formation in the Okiep Copper District, Namaqualand. In: Geological Society of South Africa 24th Congress Abstracts, 234-236.
23. Kröner, A., Anhaeusser, C. R. & Vajner, V. 1973. Neue Ergebnisse zur Evolution der präkambrischen Kruste im südlichen Afrika. Geol. Rdsch. 62, 281-309.
24. Lacassin, R. 1988. Large-scale foliation boudinage in gneisses. J. Struct. Geol. 10, 643-647.
25. Latham, J.-P. 1983. The influence of mechanical anisotropy on the development of geological structures. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London.
26. Latham, J.-P. 1985a. The influence of nonlinear material properties and resistance to bending on the development of internal structures. J. Struct. Geol. 7, 225-236.
27. Latham, J.-P. 1985b. A numerical investigation and geological discussion of the relationship between folding, kinking and faulting. J. Struct. Geol. 7, 237-249.
28. Lombaard, A. F. & the Exploration Department Staff of the O'okiep Copper Company Limited 1986. The copper deposits of the Okiep District, Namaqualand. In: Mineral Deposits of Southern Africa (edited by Anhaeusser, C. R. & Maske, S.). Geological Society of South Africa, 1421-1445.
29. Lombaard, A. F. & Schreuder, F. J. G. 1978. Distribution pattern and general geological features of steep structures, megabreccias and basic rocks in the Okiep Copper District. In: Mineralization in Metamorphic Terranes (edited by Verwoerd, W. J.). Spec. Publ. geol. Soc. S. Afr. 4, 269-295.
30. McIver, J. R., McCarthy, T. S. & Packham, B. de V. 1983. The Copper-bearing basic rocks of Namaqualand, South Africa. Mineral. Deposita 18, 135-160.
31. Nadai, A. 1963. Theory of Flow and Fracture of Solids, Vols I and II. McGraw-Hill, New York.
32. Nicolaysen, L. O. & Burger, A. J. 1965. Note on an extensive zone of 1000 million year old metamorphic and igneous rocks in Southern Africa. Sci. de la Terre 10, 497-516.
33. Pharr, G. M. & Ashby, M. F. 1983. On creep enhanced by a liquid phase. Acta metall. 31, 129-138.
34. Platt, J. P. & Vissers, R. L. M. 1980. Extensional structures in anisotropic rocks. J. Struct. Geol. 2, 397-410.
35. Price, N. J. & Cosgrove, J. W. 1990. Analysis of Geological Structures. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
36. Ramsay, J. G. 1967. Folding and Fracturing of Rocks. McGraw Hill, New York.
37. Ramsay, J. G. & Huber, M. I. 1987. The Techniques of Modern Structural Geology, Volume II. Academic Press, London.
38. Reid, D. L. 1977. Geochemistry of Precambrian igneous rocks in the lower Orange River region. Bull. Precambrian Res. Unit, Univ. Cape Town 22.
39. Stowe, C. W. 1986. Synthesis and interpretation of structures along the north-eastern boundary of the Namaqua tectonic province, South Africa. Trans. geol. Soc. S. Afr. 89, 185-198.
40. Stumpfl, E. F., Clifford, T. N., Burger, A. J. & van Zyl, D. 1976. The copper deposits of the O'okiep District, South Africa: new data and concepts. Mineral. Deposita 11, 46-70.
41. Tankard, A. J., Eriksson, K. A., Hunter, D. R., Jackson, M. P. A. Hobday, D. K. & Minter, W. E. L. 1982. Crustal Evolution of Southern Africa. Springer, New York.
42. Venter, L. C. 1984. Geometriese en vervormingsanalises op enkele steilstrukture van die Okiep-Koperdistrik. Unpublished M. Sc dissertation, University of the Orange Free State.
43. Waters, D. J. 1986. Metamorphic zonation and thermal history of pelitic gneisses from Western Namaqualand, South Africa. Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr. 89, 97-102.
44. Waters, D. J. 1988. Partial melting and the formation of granulite facies assemblages in Namaqualand, South Africa. J. metamorph. Geol. 6, 387-404.
45. Waters, D. J. 1990. Metamorphic and thermal constraints on the Proterozoic tectonic evolution of Namaqualand. In: Geocongress 1990, Cape Town, Abstracts, 606-609.
46. Waters, D. J. & Whales, C. J. 1984. Dehydration melting and the granulite transition in metapelites from southern Namaqualand, S. Africa. Contr. Miner. Petrol. 88, 269-275.
47. Wegmann, C. E. 1963. Tectonic patterns at different levels. Alex Du Toit Memorial Lecture 8. Geol. Soc. S. Afr. 66, Annex.