An update on ron metabolism: Summary of the Fifth International Conference on disorders of Iron Metabolism

Hepatology

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 718-729

  Bonkovsky, Herbert L ^a   Ponka, Prem ^b   Bacon, Bruce R ^c   Drysdale, James ^d   Grace, Norman D ^d   Tavill, Anthony S ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d TUFTS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIMALARIAL AGENT; CHELATING AGENT; DEFERIPRONE; DEFEROXAMINE; FERRIC ION; FERROUS ION; FERROUS SULFATE; HEME; HLA ANTIGEN; HYDRAZONE DERIVATIVE; IRON; IRON BINDING PROTEIN; SALICYLALDEHYDE ISONICOTINOYLHYDRAZONE; TRANSFERRIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; IRON CHELATING AGENT;

BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFERENCE PAPER; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC LINKAGE; HEMOCHROMATOSIS; HEPATIC PORPHYRIA; HUMAN; IRON CHELATION; IRON DEFICIENCY; IRON METABOLISM; IRON OVERLOAD; IRON RESPONSIVE ELEMENT; METABOLIC DISORDER; MOLECULAR GENETICS; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SIDEROBLASTIC ANEMIA; THALASSEMIA; GENETICS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; LIVER DISEASE; METABOLISM; ORGANIZATION; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

CONGRESSES; HEME; HEMOCHROMATOSIS; HLA ANTIGENS; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; IRON; IRON CHELATING AGENTS; LIVER DISEASES; METABOLIC DISEASES;

EID: 0029665281     PISSN: 02709139     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/jhep.1996.v24.ajhep0240718     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (105)

1. Niederau C, Fischer R, Sonnenberg A, Stremmel W, Trampisch HJ, Strohmeyer G. Survival and causes of death in cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients with primary hemochromatosis. N Engl J Med 1985;313:1256-1262.
2. Adams PC, Speechley M, Kertesz AE. Long-term survival analysis in hereditary hemochromatosis. Gastroenterology 1991;101:368-372.
3. Fargion S, Mandelli C, Piperno A, Cesana B, Fracanzani AL, Fraquelli M, Bianchi PA, et al. Survival and prognostic factors in 212 Italian patients with genetic hemochromatosis. HEPATOLOGY 1992;15:655-659.
4. Stark DD. The Liver. In: Stark DD, Bradley WG, eds. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 1988:1030-1033.
5. Kaltwasser JP, Gottschalk R, Schalk KP, Hartle W. Non-invasive quantitation of liver iron-overload by magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Haematol 1990;74:360-363.
6. Bassett ML, Halliday JW, Powell LW. Value of hepatic iron measurements in early hemochromatosis and determination of the critical iron level associated with fibrosis. HEPATOLOGY 1986;6:24-29.
7. Summers K, Halliday J, Powell L. Identification of homozygous hemochromatosis subjects by measurement of biochemical hepatic iron index. HEPATOLOGY 1990;12:20-25.
8. Bonkovsky HL, Slaker D, Bills E, Wolf D. Usefulness and limitations of laboratory and hepatic imaging studies in iron-storage disease. Gastroenterology 1990;99:1080-1091.
9. Kowdley K, Krawitt EL, Trainer T, Susskind K, Pratt D, Knox TA, Kaplan MM, et al. Hepatic iron in hereditary hemochromatosis (HHC); a multicenter United States study [Abstract]. HEPATOLOGY 1995;22:371A.
10. Deugnier Y, Charalambous P, LeQuilleuc D, Turlin B, Searle J, Brissot P, Powell LW, et. al. Pre-neoplastic significance of hepatic iron-free-foci in genetic hemochromatosis: a study of 195 patients. HEPATOLOGY 1993; 18:1363-1369.
11. Olynyk J, Nixon BA, Jeffrey GP, Reed WD, Bacon BR. Predicting phlebotomy requirements in the treatment of iron overload [Abstract]. HEPATOLOGY 1994;20:323A.
12. Farrell FJ, Nguyen M, Woodley S, Imperial JC, Garcia-Kennedy R, Man K, Esquivel CO, et al. Outcome of liver transplantation in patients with hemochromatosis. HEPATOLOGY 1994;20:404-410.
13. Kowdley KV, Kaur S, Hassanein T, Farrell FJ, Sorrell MF, Van Thiel DH, Keeffe EB, et al. Prevalence of primary liver cancer and survival in hereditary hemochromatosis patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Transplan Surg 1995;1:237-241.
14. Tsukamoto H, Horne W, Kamimura S, Niemela N, Parkkila S, Yla-Herttuala Y, Brittenham GM. Experimental liver cirrhosis induced by alcohol and iron. J Clin Invest 1995;96:620-630.
15. Van Thiel DH, Friedlander L, Fagiuoli S, Wright HI, Irish W, Gavaler JS. Response to interferon alpha therapy is influenced by the iron content of the liver. J Hepatol 1994;20:410-415.
16. Olynyk JK, Reddy RK, DiBisceglie AM, Jeffers LJ, Parker T, Radick J, Schiff ER, et al. Hepatic iron concentration as a predictor of response to alpha interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 1995; 108:1104-1109.
17. Barton AL, Banner BF, Cable EE, Bonkovsky HL. Distribution of iron in the liver predicts the response of chronic hepatitis C infection to interferon therapy. Am J Clin Pathol 1995;103:419-424.
18. Fargion S, Carazzone A, Molteni V, Boldorini R, Sampietro M, Fracanzani AL, D'Alba R, et al. Iron and response to interferon-a in chronic hepatitis C [Abstract]. HEPATOLOGY 1995;22:415A.
19. van Thiel DH, Friedlander L, Malloy P, Fagiuoli S, Wright HI, Gasbarrini A, Caraceni P. Retreatment of hepatitis C interferon non-responders with larger doses of interferon with and without phlebotomy [Abstract]. Gastroenterology 1994;106:A1002.
20. Bayraktar Y, Koseoglu T, Kayhan B, Uzunalimoglu A, Gurakar A, van Thiel D. The use of desferrioxamine infusions to enhance the response rate to interferon-a (IFN) treatment of chronic viral hepatitis [Abstract]. Gastroenterology 1995;108:A1031.
21. Skikne BS, Cook JD. Effect of enhanced erythropoiesis on iron absorption. J Lab Clin Med 1992;120:746-751.
22. Peters LL, Andrews NC, Eicher EM, Davidson MB, Orkin SH, Lux SE. Mouse microcytic anaemia caused by a defect in the gene encoding the globin enhancer-binding protein NF-E2. Nature 1993;362:768-770.
23. Craven CM, Alexander T, Eldridge M, Kushner JP, Bernstein S, Kaplan J. Tissue distribution and clearance kinetics of nontransferrin-bound iron in the hypotransferrinemic mouse: a rodent model for hemochromatosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987;84:3457-3461.
24. Gutteridge JM, Rowley DA, Griffiths E, Halliwell B. Low molecular weight iron complexes and oxygen radical reactions in idiopathic haemochromatosis. Clin Sci 1985;68:463-467.
25. Richardson DR, Ponka P. Identification of a mechanism of iron uptake by cells which is stimulated by hydroxyl radicals generated via the iron-catalyzed Haber-Weiss reaction. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995;1269:105-114.
26. Yoshida K, Furihata K, Takeda S, Nakamura A, Yamamoto K, Morita H, Hiyamuta S, Ikeda S, Shimizu N, Yanagisawa N. A mutation in the ceruloplasmin gene is associated with systemic hemosiderosis in humans. Nat Genet 1995;9:267-272.
27. Osaki S, Johnson DE, Frieden E. The possible significance of ferrous oxidase activity of ceruloplasmin in normal human serum. J Biol Chem 1966;241:2746-2751.
28. Osaki S, Johnson DA, Frieden E. Mobilization of iron from the perfused mammalian liver. J Biol Chem 1971;246:3018-3023.
29. Anonymous. Iron-copper interactions: Some new revelations. Nutr Rev 1994;52:311-319.
30. Klausner RD, Dancis A. A genetic approach to elucidating eukaryotic iron metabolism. FEBS Lett 1994;355:109-113.
31. Harris ZL, Takahashi Y, Miyajima H, Serizawa M, MacGillivray RT, Gitlin JD. Aceruloplasminemia: molecular characterization of this disorder of iron metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995;92:2539-2543.
32. Morita H, Ikeda S, Yamamoto K, Morita S, Yoshida K, Nomoto S, Kato M, et al. Hereditary ceruloplasmin deficiency with hemosiderosis: a clinicopathological study of a Japanese family. Ann Neurol 1995;37:646-656.
33. Kushner JP, Cartwright GE. Sideroblastic anemia. Adv Intern Med 1977; 22:229-249.
34. May A, Fitzsimmons E. Sideroblastic anaemia. Bailliere's Clin Haematol 1994;7:851-879.
35. Bali PK, Zak O, Aisen P. A new role of the transferrin receptor in the release of iron from transferrin. Biochemistry 1991;30:324-328.
36. Cox TM, Ponka P, Schulman HM. Erythroid cell iron metabolism and heme synthesis. In: Ponka P, Schulman HM, Woodworth RC, eds. Iron transport and storage. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1990:263-279.
37. Ponka P, Wilczynska A, Schulman HM. Iron utilization in rabbit reticulocytes. A study using succinylacetone as an inhibitor of heme synthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1982;722:96-105.
38. Adams ML, Ostapiuk I, Grasso JA. The effects of inhibition of heme synthesis on the intracellular localization of iron in rat reticulocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1989;1012:243-253.
39. Ponka P, Neuwirt J. Regulation of iron entry into reticulocytes. I. Feedback inhibitory effect of heme on iron entry into reticulocytes and on heme synthesis. Blood 1969;33:690-707.
40. Ponka P, Schulman HM. Regulation of heme synthesis in erythroid cells: Hemin inhibits transferrin iron utilization but not protoporphyrin synthesis. Blood 1985;65:850-857.
41. Cotter PD, Baumann M, Bishop DF. Enzymatic defect in "X-linked" sideroblastic anemia: Molecular evidence for d-aminolevulinate synthase deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992;89:4028-4032.
42. 388-to-Ser substitution in erythroid d-aminolevulinate synthase. N Engl J Med 1994;330:675-679.
43. Fairbanks VF, Beutler E. Congenital atransferrinemia and idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis. In: Williams WJ, Beutler E, Erslev EJ, Lichtman MA, eds. Hematology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990:506-510.
44. Huggenvik JL, Craven CM, Idzerda RL, Bernstein S, Kaplan J, McKnight GS. A splicing defect in the mouse transferrin gene leads to congenital atransferrinemia. Blood 1989;74:482-486.
45. Kniseley AS. Neonatal hemochromatosis. Adv Pediatr 1992;39:383-403.
46. Gordeuk V, Mukiibi J, Hasstedt SJ, Somowitz W, Edwards CQ, West G, Mdambire S, et al. Iron overload in Africa. Interaction between a gene and dietary iron content. N Engl J Med 1992;326:95-100.
47. Baynes RD, Reddy GK, Shih YJ, Skikne BS, Cook JD. Serum form of the erythropoietin receptor identified by a sequence-specific peptide antibody. Blood 1993;82:2088-2095.
48. Bonkovsky HL. Iron and the liver. Amer J Med Sci 1991;301:32-43.
49. Bonkovsky HL. Porphyrin and heme metabolism and the porphyrias. In: Zakim D, Boyer TD, eds. Hepatology: A Textbook of liver disease. Second Edition. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1990:378-424.
50. Bloomer JR, Bonkovsky HL. The porphyrias. Disease-a-Month 1989;35: 7-54.
51. Kushner JP, Lee GR, Nacht S. The role of iron in the pathogenesis of porphyria cutanea tarda. J Clin Invest 1972;51:3044-3051.
52. Bonkovsky HL, Sinclair PR, Sinclair JF. Hepatic heme metabolism and its control. Yale J Biol Med 1979;52:13-37.
53. Bonkovsky HL. Mechanism of iron-potentiation of hepatic uroporphyria: studies in cultured chick embryo liver cells. HEPATOLOGY 1989;10:354-364.
54. Lincoln BC, Healey JF, Bonkovsky HL. Regulation of hepatic haem metabolism. Disparate mechanisms of induction of haem oxygenase by drugs and metals. Biochem J 1988;250:189-196.
55. Cable EE, Healey JF, Greene Y, Evans C-O, Bonkovsky HL. Mechanism of the synergistic induction of delta-aminolevulinate synthase by glutethimide and iron: relationship to the synergistic induction of heme oxygenase. Biochim Biophys Acta 1991;1080:245-251.
56. Cable E, Greene Y, Healey JF, Evans C-O, Bonkovsky HL. Mechanism of the synergistic induction of hepatic heme oxygenase by glutethimide and iron: studies in cultured chick embryo liver cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990;68:176-181.
57. Britton RS, Tavill AS, Bacon BR. Mechanisms of iron toxicity. In: Brock JH, Halliday JQ, Pippard MJ, Powell LW, eds. Iron metabolism in health and disease. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1994:311-351.
58. Britton RS, Ferrali M, Magiera CJ, Recknagel RO, Bacon BR. Increased prooxidant action of hepatic cytosolic low-molecular-weight iron in experimental iron overload. HEPATOLOGY 1990;11:1038-1043.
59. Bacon BR, O'Neill R, Britton RS. Hepatic mitochondrial energy production in rats with chronic iron overload. Gastroenterology 1993;105:1134-1140.
60. Dabbagh AJ, Mannion T, Lynch SM, Frei B. The effect of iron overload on rat plasma and liver oxidant status in vivo. Biochem J 1994;300:799-803.
61. Young IS, Trouton TG, Torney JJ, McMaster D, Callender ME, Trimble ER. Antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in hereditary haemochromatosis. Free Rad Biol Med 1994;16:393-397.
62. Gualdi R, Casalgrandi G, Montosi G, Venturi E, Pietrangelo A. Excess iron into hepatocytes is required for activation of collagen type I during experimental siderosis. Gastroenterology 1994;107:1118-1124.
63. Pietrangelo A, Gualdi R, Casalgrandi G, Montosi G, Venturi E. Molecular and cellular aspects of iron-induced hepatic cirrhosis in rodents. J Clin Invest 1995;95:1824-1831.
64. Maher JJ, Tzagarakis C, Gimenez A. Malondialdehyde stimulates collagen production by hepatic lipocytes only upon activation in primary culture. Alcohol Alcoholism 1994;29:605-610.
65. Kaltwasser JP, Werner E, Nicchzial M. Bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of bivalent and trivalent iron preparations. Arzneim-Forsch 1987; 37:122-129.
66. Maxton DG, Thompson RPH, Hider RC. Absorption of iron from ferric hydroxypyranone complexes. B J Nutr 1994;71:203-207.
67. Pippard MJ. Desferrioxamine-induced iron excretion in humans. Baillieres Clin Haematol 1989;2:323-343.
68. Brittenham GM, Griffith PM, Nienhuis AW, McLaren CE, Young NS, Tucker EE, Allen CJ, et al. Efficacy of deferoxamine in preventing complications of iron overload in patients with thalassemia major. N Engl J Med 1994;331:567-573.
69. Olivieri NF, Nathan DG, MacMillan JH, Wayne AS, Lie PP, McGee A, Martin M, et al. Survival in medically treated patients with homozygous b-thalassemia. N Engl J Med 1994;331:574-578.
70. Cabantchik ZI. Iron chelators as antimalarials: The biochemical basis of selective cytotoxicity. Parasitol Today 1995;11:74-78.
71. Ponka P, Borova J, Neuwirt J, Fuchs O, Necas E. A study of intracellular iron metabolism using pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone and other synthetic chelating agents. Biochim Biophys Acta 1979;586:278-297.
72. Lucarelli G, Galionberti M, Polchi P, Angelucci E, Baronciani D, Giardini C, Andreani M, et al. Marrow transplantation in patients with thalassemia responsive to iron chelation therapy. N Engl J Med 1993;329:840-844.
73. Pietrangelo A, Rocchi E, Casalgrandi G, Rigo G, Ferrari A, Perini M, Ventura E, et al. Regulation of transferrin, transferrin receptor, and ferritin genes in human duodenum. Gastroenterology 1992;102:802-809.
74. Pietrangelo A, Casalgrandi G, Quaglino D, Gualdi R, Conte D, Milani S, Montosi G, et al. Duodenal ferritin synthesis in genetic hemochromatosis. Gastroenterology 1995;108:208-217.
75. Pietrangelo A, Rocchi E, Ferrari A, Ventura E, Cairo G. Regulation of hepatic transferrin, transferrin receptor, and ferritin genes in human siderosis. HEPATOLOGY 1991;14:1083-1089.
76. Adams PC, Hajdu A, Flanagan PR. Activity of the iron-responsive element binding protein in hemochromatosis intestine and liver [Abstract]. HEPATOLOGY 1994;20:323A.
77. Stremmel W, Lotz G, Niederau C, Teschke R, Strohmeyer G. Iron uptake by rat duodenal microvillous membrane vesicles: evidence for a carrier mediated transport system. Eur J Clin Invest 1987;17:136-145.
78. Teichmann R, Stremmel W. Iron uptake by human upper small intestine microvillous membrane vesicles. J Clin Invest 1990;86:2145-2153.
79. Conrad ME, Umbreit JN, Moore EG, Peterson RDA, Jones MB. A newly identified iron binding protein in duodenal mucosa of rats. J Biol Chem 1990;265:5273-5279.
80. Conrad ME, Umbreit JN, Peterson RDA, Moore EG, Harper KP. Function of integrin in duodenal mucosal uptake of iron. Blood 1993;81:517-521.
81. Conrad ME, Umbreit JN, Moore EG. A role for mucin in the absorption of inorganic iron and other metal cations. Gastroenterology 1991;100: 129-136.
82. Conrad ME, Umbreit JN, Moore EG, Uzel C, Berry MR. Alternate iron transport pathway. Mobilferrin and integrin in K562 cells. J Biol Chem 1994;269:7169-7173.
83. Casey JL, Hentze MW, Koeller DM, Caughman SW, Rouault TA, Klausner RD, Harford JB. Iron-responsive elements: regulatory RNA sequences that control mRNA levels and translation. Science 1988;240: 924-928.
84. Klausner RD, Harford JB. Cis-trans models for post-transcriptional gene regulation. Science 1989;246:870-872.
85. Klausner RD, Rouault T, Harford JB. Regulating the fate of mRNA: the control of cellular iron metabolism. Cell 1993;72:19-28.
86. Girelli D, Olivieri O, Defrancesci L, Corrocher R, Bergamaschi G, Cazzola M. A linkage between hereditary hyperferritinaemia not related to iron overload and autosomal dominant congenital cataract. Br J Haematol 1995;90:931-934.
87. Bonneau D, Winterfuseau I, Loiseau MN, Amati P, Berthier M, Oriot D, Beaumont C. Bilateral cataract and high serum ferritin-a new dominant genetic disorder. J Med Genet 1995;32:778-779.
88. Girelli D, Corrocher R, Bisceglia L, Olivieri O, De Franceschi L, Zelante L, Gasparini P. Molecular basis for the recently described "hereditary hyperferritinemia-cataract syndrome": a mutation in the iron responsive element of ferritin L-subunit gene (the "Verona mutation"). Blood 1995; 86:4050-4053.
89. Beaumont C, Leneuve P, Devaux I, Scoazec JY, Berthier M, Louiseau ML, Grandchamp B, et al. Mutation in iron responsive element of the L ferritin mRNA in a family with dominant hyperferritinaemia and cataract. Nat Genet 1995;11:444-446.
90. Simon M, Le Mignon L, Fauchet R, Yaouanq J, David V, Edan G, Bourel M. A study of 609 HLA haplotypes marking for the hemochromatosis gene: (1) mapping of the gene near the HLA-A locus and characters required to define a heterozygous population and (2) hypothesis concerning the underlying cause of hemochromatosis -HLA association. Am J Hum Genet 1987;41:89-105.
91. Jazwinska EC, Lee SC, Webb SI, Halliday JW, Powell LW. Localization of the haemochromatosis gene close to D6S105. Am J Hum Genet 1993; 53:347-352.
92. Zheng HD, Bhavsar D, Volz A, Ziegler A, Drysdale J. Exclusion of ferritin and IRE binding proteins as candidates for the hemochromatosis gene. Hum Genet 1994;94:159-164.
93. Fracanzani AL, Fargion S, Romano R, Piperno A, Arosio P, Ruggeri A, Ronchi G, et al. Immunohistochemical evidence for a lack of ferritin in duodenal absorptive epithelial cells in idiopathic hemochromatosis. Gastroenterology 1989;96:1071-1078.
94. Pietrangelo A, Casalgrandi G, Quaglino D, Gualdi R, Conte D, Milani S, Montosi G, et al. Duodenal ferritin synthesis in genetic hemochromatosis. Gastroenterology 1995;108:208-217.
95. Volz A, Boyle JM, Cann HM, Cottingham RW, Orr HT, Ziegler A. Report of the second international workshop on human chromosome 6. Genomics 1994;21:464-472.
96. Totaro A, Grifa A, Roetto A, Lunardi C, D'Agruma L, Sbaiz L, Zelante L, et al. New polymorphisms and markers in the HLA class I region: relevance to hereditary hemochromatosis (HFE). Hum Genet 1995;95: 429-434.
97. Gyapay G, Morisette J, Vignal A, Dib C, Fizames C, Millasseau P, Marc S, et al. The 1993-94 Genethon human genetic linkage map. Nat Genet 1994;7:246-339.
98. Raha-Chowdbury R, Bowen DJ, Stone C, Pointon JJ, Terwilliger JD, Shearman JD, Robson KJH, et al. New polymorphic microsatellite markers place the haemochromatosis gene telomeric to DS6S105. Hum Mol Genet 1995;10:1869-1874.
99. Lord DK, Dunham I, Campbell RD, Bomford A, Strachan T, Cox TM. Molecular analysis of the human MHC class I region in hereditary haemochromatosis: a study by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Hum Genet 1990; 85:531-536.
100. Gruen JR, Goei VL, Summers KM, Capossela A, Powell L, Halliday J, Zoghbi H, et al. Physical and genetic mapping of the telomeric major histocompatibility complex region in man and relevance to the primary hemochromatosis gene (HFE). Genomics 1992;14:232-240.
101. Worwood M, Dorak MT, Raha-Chowdhury R. Haplotypes in linkage disequilibrium with the hemochromatosis gene. Am J Hum Genet 1994;55: 585-586.
102. Crawford DHG, Powell LW, Leggett BA, Francis JS, Fletcher LM, Webb SI, Halliday JW, et al. Evidence that the ancestral haplotype in Australian hemochromatosis patients may be associated with a common mutation in the gene. Am J Hum Genet 1995;57:362-367.
103. Goei VL, Parimoo S, Capossela A, Chu TW, Gruen JR. Isolation of novel non-HLA gene fragments from the hemochromatosis region 6p21.3 by cDNA hybridization selection. Am J Hum Genet 1993;54:244-251.
104. El Kalhoun A, Jouanolle AM, Boretto J, Mauvieux V, Le Gall JY, David V. Localization of seven new genes around the HLA-A locus. Hum Mol Genet 1994;2,55-60.
105. Gordon G, Jouanolle AM, Chauvel B, Mauvieux V, Le Treut A, Feingold J, LeGall JY, et al. Hum Genet 1996;97:103-113.