Volatiles from the 1994 eruptions of Rabaul: Understanding large caldera systems

Science

Volumn 273, Issue 5274, 1996, Pages 490-493

  Roggensack, Kurt ^a   Williams, Stanley N ^a   Schaefer, Stephen J ^a,c   Parnell Jr , Roderic A ^b  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITIES SPACE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON DIOXIDE; CHLORIDE; ICE; SEA WATER; SILICIC ACID; SULFUR; SULFUR DIOXIDE; WATER;

ARTICLE; ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; GEOLOGY; LEACHING; PAPUA NEW GUINEA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION DETECTOR; SPECTROMETRY; VOLCANIC ASH; VOLCANO;

CALDERA; CARBON DIOXIDE; MAFIC INTRUSION; VOLATILE ELEMENT; VOLCANIC ERUPTION; VOLCANIC GAS;

PAPUA NEW GUINEA, RABAUL;

EID: 0029663546     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.273.5274.490     Document Type: Article

References (32)

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2. 2 on the first day of the eruption [C. O. McKee et al., Global Volcan. Net. Bull. 19, 2 (1994)].
3. 2 on the first day of the eruption [C. O. McKee et al., Global Volcan. Net. Bull. 19, 2 (1994)].
4. I. E. Sprod, personal communication.
5. M. S. Quimby-Hunt and K. K. Turekian, Eos 64, 130 (1983).
6. Typical mafic ash leachate S/Cl values for the Cerro Negro volcano in Nicaragua are ∼1 to 7 [W. I. Rose, Geology 5, 621 (1977)]. The average S/Cl ratio for the dacitic 1980 Mount St. Helen eruption was 0.66, with S ∼650 ppm [R. E. Stoiber, S. N. Williams, L. L. Malinconico Jr., D. A. Johnston, T. J. Casadevall, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 11, 203 (1981)]. The high S/Cl ratios of Tavurvur ash could reflect a high oxidation state or the presence of a mafic melt in the magma chamber, or both.
7. Typical mafic ash leachate S/Cl values for the Cerro Negro volcano in Nicaragua are ∼1 to 7 [W. I. Rose, Geology 5, 621 (1977)]. The average S/Cl ratio for the dacitic 1980 Mount St. Helen eruption was 0.66, with S ∼650 ppm [R. E. Stoiber, S. N. Williams, L. L. Malinconico Jr., D. A. Johnston, T. J. Casadevall, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 11, 203 (1981)]. The high S/Cl ratios of Tavurvur ash could reflect a high oxidation state or the presence of a mafic melt in the magma chamber, or both.
8. 60-75.
9. Fe-Mg crystal-melt partitioning indicates that olivine post-entrapment crystallization was minor (0 to 7%). Ml compositions were first adjusted with the use of the empirical relation of A. Kilinc, I. S. E. Carmichael, M. L. Rivers, and R. O. Sack [Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 83, 136 (1983)] and bulk rock ferrous/ferric data [R. F. Heming, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 85, 1253 (1974)], Adjusted Ml compositions were compared with host olivine compositions (Table 3) with the use of the Fe-Mg distribution coefficient of P. L. Roeder and R. F. Emslie [Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 29, 275 (1970)]. The compositional variation of olivine MIs is consistent with fractional crystallization of the observed crystal assemblage.
10. Fe-Mg crystal-melt partitioning indicates that olivine post-entrapment crystallization was minor (0 to 7%). Ml compositions were first adjusted with the use of the empirical relation of A. Kilinc, I. S. E. Carmichael, M. L. Rivers, and R. O. Sack [Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 83, 136 (1983)] and bulk rock ferrous/ferric data [R. F. Heming, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 85, 1253 (1974)], Adjusted Ml compositions were compared with host olivine compositions (Table 3) with the use of the Fe-Mg distribution coefficient of P. L. Roeder and R. F. Emslie [Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 29, 275 (1970)]. The compositional variation of olivine MIs is consistent with fractional crystallization of the observed crystal assemblage.
11. Fe-Mg crystal-melt partitioning indicates that olivine post-entrapment crystallization was minor (0 to 7%). Ml compositions were first adjusted with the use of the empirical relation of A. Kilinc, I. S. E. Carmichael, M. L. Rivers, and R. O. Sack [Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 83, 136 (1983)] and bulk rock ferrous/ferric data [R. F. Heming, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 85, 1253 (1974)], Adjusted Ml compositions were compared with host olivine compositions (Table 3) with the use of the Fe-Mg distribution coefficient of P. L. Roeder and R. F. Emslie [Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 29, 275 (1970)]. The compositional variation of olivine MIs is consistent with fractional crystallization of the observed crystal assemblage.
12. C. P. Wood, I. A. Nairn, C. O. McKee, B. Talai, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 69, 285 (1995).
13. C. W. Burnham, in Volatiles in Magmas, M. R. Carroll and J. R. Holloway, Eds., vol. 30 of Reviews in Mineralogy (Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC, 1994), pp. 123-129.
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15. J. Mori et al., in Volcanic Hazards: Assessment and Monitoring, J. H. Latter, Ed. (IAVCEI Proceedings in Volcanology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1989), pp. 429-462; C. McKee, J. Mori, B. Talai, ibid., pp. 399-428.
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18. W. I. Rose et al., J. Geophys. Res. 93, 4485 (1988).
19. Olivine MI sample F1-1 has the highest saturation pressure (350 MPa) but is compositionally intermediate to other olivine MIs, which indicates that this MI is not related to the other MIs by decompression and crystallization.
20. A. R. McBirney and T. Murase, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 12, 337 (1984); F. Spera, in Physics of Magmatic Processes, R. B. Hargraves, Ed. (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 1980), pp. 265-323.
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22. T. L. Grove and J. M. Donnelly-Nolan, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 92, 281 (1986).
23. T. R. Alpha and H. G. Greene, U.S. Geol. Surv. Misc. Field Stud. Map MF 1778 (1985).
24. 2 could result in underestimation of saturation pressure [A. T. Anderson Jr. and G. G. Brown, Am. Mineral. 78, 794, 1993].
25. 2 could result in underestimation of saturation pressure [A. T. Anderson Jr. and G. G. Brown, Am. Mineral. 78, 794, 1993].
26. 2 could result in underestimation of saturation pressure [A. T. Anderson Jr. and G. G. Brown, Am. Mineral. 78, 794, 1993].
27. P. S. Taylor and R. E. Stoiber, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 84, 1031 (1973).
28. 3-free glasses were used to reference backgrounds on compositionally similar MIs. For further discussion of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy methods and associated analytical error, see P. D. Ihinger, R. L. Hervig, and P. F. McMillan, in Volatiles in Magmas, M. R. Carroll and J. R. Holloway, Eds., vol. 30 of Reviews in Mineralogy (Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC, 1994), pp. 67-121.
29. 3-free glasses were used to reference backgrounds on compositionally similar MIs. For further discussion of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy methods and associated analytical error, see P. D. Ihinger, R. L. Hervig, and P. F. McMillan, in Volatiles in Magmas, M. R. Carroll and J. R. Holloway, Eds., vol. 30 of Reviews in Mineralogy (Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC, 1994), pp. 67-121.
30. 3-free glasses were used to reference backgrounds on compositionally similar MIs. For further discussion of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy methods and associated analytical error, see P. D. Ihinger, R. L. Hervig, and P. F. McMillan, in Volatiles in Magmas, M. R. Carroll and J. R. Holloway, Eds., vol. 30 of Reviews in Mineralogy (Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC, 1994), pp. 67-121.
31. 3-free glasses were used to reference backgrounds on compositionally similar MIs. For further discussion of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy methods and associated analytical error, see P. D. Ihinger, R. L. Hervig, and P. F. McMillan, in Volatiles in Magmas, M. R. Carroll and J. R. Holloway, Eds., vol. 30 of Reviews in Mineralogy (Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC, 1994), pp. 67-121.
32. Thanks to Rabaul Volcano Observatory, and especially C. McKee, for assistance with field work during the eruption; J. Lowenstem of the U.S. Geological Survey for help with FTIR spectroscopy and the use of his lab; J, Clark for assisting with electron microprobe analyses (instrument support from EAR 8408163); and S. Selkirk for figure preparation. Financial support was provided by NSF grant EAR95-10188, Arizona State University, and the Lende Foundation.