TH2 cells in allergic inflammation: A target of immunotherapy

Clinical and Experimental Allergy

Volumn 26, Issue 7, 1996, Pages 756-765

  Lord, C J M ^a   Lamb, J R ^a  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

B7 ANTIGEN; CD4 ANTIGEN; CD45 ANTIGEN; CD8 ANTIGEN; CD86 ANTIGEN; CYTOKINE; CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN 4; GAMMA INTERFERON; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 2; INTERLEUKIN 4; LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN 1; RECOMBINANT GAMMA INTERFERON; T LYMPHOCYTE RECEPTOR;

ALLERGIC DISEASE; ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL; ASTHMA; ATOPY; B LYMPHOCYTE; CLONAL ANERGY; HELPER CELL; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE; IMMUNOTHERAPY; LYMPHOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE; ANIMAL; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CYTOLOGY; HYPERSENSITIVITY; INFLAMMATION; LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; TH1 CELL; TH2 CELL;

ANIMALS; CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CYTOKINES; HUMANS; HYPERSENSITIVITY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INFLAMMATION; LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS; TH1 CELLS; TH2 CELLS;

EID: 0029661918     PISSN: 09547894     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00605.x     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. Hetzel C, Lamb JR. CD4 + T cell-targeted immunomodulation and the therapy of allergic disease. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1994; 73:1-10.
2. Sears M, Burrows B, Flannery E et al. Relation between airway responsiveness and serum IgE in children with asthma and in apparently normal children. N Eng J Med 1991; 325:1067-71.
3. Mosmann TR, Cherwinski H, Bond MW, Giedlin MA, Coffman RL. Two types of murine helper T cell clone 1 Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. J Immunol 1986; 136:2348-57.
4. Mosmann TR, Schumacher JH, Street NF el al. Diversity of cytokine synthesis and function of mouse CD4 + T cells. Immunol Rev 1991; 123:209-29.
5. Street NE, Schumacher JH, Fong TAT et al. Heterogeneity of mouse helper T cells: Evidence from bulk cultures and Iimiting dilution cloning for precursors of Th1 and TH2 cells. J Immunol 1990; 144:1629-39.
6. Wierenga EA, Snoek M, de Groot C et al. Evidence for compartmentalization of functional subsets of CD4 + T lymphocytes in atopic patients. J Immunol 1990; 144:4651-6.
7. Parronchi P, Macchia D, Piccinni M-P et al. Allergen and bacterial antigen-specific T-cell clones established from atopic donors show a different profile of cytokine production. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88:4538-42.
8. Yssel H, Johnson KE, Schneider PV et al. T cell activation-inducing epitopes of the house dust mite allergen Der p 1. J Immunol 1992; 148: 738-45.
9. Kay AB, Ying S, Varney V et al. Messenger RNA expression of the cytokine gene cluster, interleukin 3 (IL3), IL-4 , IL5, and granulocyte/macrophage colonystimulating factor, in allergen-induced late-phase cutaneous reactions in atopic subjects. J Exp Med 1991; 173:775-8.
10. Hamid Q, Azzawi M, Ying S et al. Expression of mRNA for interleukin-5 in mucosal bronchial biopsies from asthma. J Clin Invest 1991; 87:1541-6.
11. Robinson DS, Hamid Q, Ying S et al. Predominant TH2-like bronchoalveolar T lymphocyte population in atopic asthma. N Eng J Med 1992; 326:295-304.
12. Gajewski TF, Pinnas M, Wong T, Fitch FW. Murine Th1 and TH2 clones proliferate optimally in response to distinct antigen-presenting cell populations. J Immunol 1991; 146;1750-8.
13. Schmitz J, Assenmacher M, Radbruch A. Regulation of T helper cell cytokine expression: functional dichotomy of antigen-presenting cells. Eur J Immunol 1995; 23:191-9.
14. Fiorentine DF, Zlotnik A, Vieira Pet al. IL10 acts on the antigen-presenting cell to inhibit cytokine production by Th1 cells. J Immunol 1991; 146:3444-51.
15. McArthur JG, Raulet DH. CD28-induced co-stimulation of T helper type 2 cells mediated by induction of responsiveness to interleukin 4. J Exp Med 1993; 178: 1645-53.
16. Macatatonia SE, Hosken NA, Litton M et al. Dendritic cells produce IL-12 and direct the development of Th1 cells from naive CD4 + T cells. J Immunol 1995; 154:5071-9.
17. Secrist H, DeKruyff RH, Umetsu DT. Interleukin 4 production by CD4 + T cells from allergic individuals is modulated by antigen concentration and antigenpresenting cell type. J Exp Med 1995; 181:1081-9.
18. Malynn BA, Romeo DT, Wortis HH. Antigen specific B cells efficiently present low doses of antigen for induction of T cell proliferation. J Immunol 1985; 135:980-8.
19. Lanzavecchia A. Antigen specific interaction between T and B cells. Nature 1985; 314:537-9.
20. Constant S, Sant' Angelo S, Pasqualini T et al. Peptide and protein antigens require distinct antigen-presenting cell subsets for the priming of CD4 + T cells. J Immunol 1995; 154:4915-23.
21. Evavold BD, Allen PM. Seperation of IL-4 production from Th cell proliferation by an altered T cell receptor ligand. Science 1991; 252:1308-10.
22. Evavold BD, Sloan-Lancaster J, Hsu BL, Allen PM. Separation of T helper 1 clone cytolysis from proliferation and lymphokine production using analog peptides. J Immunol 1993; 150:3131-40.
23. Sloan-Lancaster J, Evavold BD, Allen PM. Induction of T-cell anergy by altered T-eell-receptor ligand on live antigen-presenting cells. Nature 1993; 363:156-9.
24. Renz H, Bradley K, Saloga J, Loader J, Larsen GL, Gelfand EW. T cells expressing specific Vβ elements regulate immunoglobulin E production and airways responsiveness in vivo. J Exp Med 1993a; 177:1175-80.
25. Renz H, Saloga J, Bradley KL et al. Specific VβT cell subsets mediate the immediate hypersensitivity response to ragweed allergen. J Immunol 1993b; 151:1907-17.
26. Pfeiffer C, Stein J, Southwood S et al. Altered peptide ligands can control CD4 T lymphocyte differentiation in vivo. J Exp Med 1995; 181:1569-74.
27. Seder RA, Paul WE, Davis MM, de St Groth BF. The presence of interleukin 4 during in vitro priming determines the lymphokine-producing potential of CD4 + T cell receptor transgenic mice. J Exp Med 1992; 176:1091-8.
28. Hsieh C-S, Heimberger AB, Gold JS, O'Garra A, Murphy KM. Differential regulation of T helper phenotype development by interleukins 4 and 10 in an ab T-cell receptor transgenic system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 6065-9.
29. Sadick MD, Heinzel FP, Holaday BJ et al. Cure of murine leishmaniasis with anti-interleukin-4 mono clonal anti-body Evidence for a T cell dependent. interferon gamma-independent mechanism. J Exp Med 1990; 171:115-27.
30. Heinzel FP, Schoenhut DS, Rerko RM, Rosser LE, Gately MK. Recombinant interleukin-12 cures mice infected with Leishmania major. J Exp Med 1993; 177:1505-9.
31. D'Andrea A, Rengaraju M, Valiante NM et al. Production of natural killer cell stimulatory factor (interleukin 12) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Exp Med 1992; 176:1387-98.
32. Manetti R, Parronchi P, Guidizi MG et al. Natural killer cell stimulatory factor (interleukin 12 [IL12]) induces T helper type 1 (Th 1)-specific immune responses and inhibits the development of IL-4 producing cells. J Exp Med 1993; 177:1199-204.
33. Chan SH, Kobayashi M, Santoli D, Perussia B, Trinchieri G. Mechanisms of IFNγ induction by natural killer cell stimulatory factor (NKSF/IL12): Role of transcription and mRNA stability in the synergistic interaction between NKSF and IL12. J Immunol 1992; 148:92-8.
34. Manetti R, Gerosa F, Giudizi MG et al. Interleukin 12 induces stable priming for interferon γ (IFNγ) production during differentiation of human T helper (Th) cells and transient IFNγ production in established TH2 clones. J Exp Med 1994; 179:1273-83.
35. Hardy KJ, Sawada T. Human gamma interferon strongly upregulates its own gene expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1989; 170:1021-6.
36. Seder RA, Gazzinelli R, Sher A, Paul WE. IL12 acts directly on CD4 + T cells to enhance priming for IFNγ production and diminishes IL-4 inhibition of such priming. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90:10188-92.
37. Hseih CS, Macatonia SE, O'Garra A, Murphy KM . Pathogen-induced Th1 phenotype development in CD4 + alpha beta-TCR transgenic T cells is macrophage dependent. Int Immunol 1993; 5:371-82.
38. Trinchieri G, Immunoregulation by interleukin-12. Ciba Foundation Symposium No 195 on T cell subsets in infectious and autoimmune diseases 1995.
39. Kopf M, Le Gros G, Bachmann M et al. Disruption of the murine IL-4 gene blocks TH2 cytokine responses. Nature 1993; 362:245-8.
40. Fiorentino DF, Bond MW, Mosmann TR. Two types of mouse T helper cell IV: Th2 clones secrete a factor that inhibits cytokine production by Th1 clones. J Exp Med 1989; 170:2081-95.
41. Murphy EE, Terres G, Macatonia SE et al. B7 and interleukin-12 cooperate for proliferation and IFNγ production by mouses Th1 clones that are unresponsive to B7 co-stimulation. J Exp Med 1994; 180: 223-31.
42. D'Andrea AD, Aste-Amezaga M, Valainte NM et al. Interleukin-10 inhibits lymphocyte production by suppressing natural killer cell stimulatory factor/interleukin-12 synthesis in accessory cells. J Exp Med 1993; 178:1041-8.
43. Ding L, Linsley PS, Huang LY, Germain RN, Shevach EM. IL12 inhibits macrophage co-stimulatory activity by selectively inhibiting the upregulation of B7 expression. J Immunol 1993; 151:1224-34.
44. Fernandez-Botran R, Sanders VM, Mosmann TR, Vietetta ES. Lymphokine-mediated regulation of the proliferative response of clones of T helper 1 and T helper 2 cells. J Exp Med 1988; 168:543-58.
45. Gajewski TF, Fitch FW. Anti-proliferative effect of IFN-gamma in immune regulation I IFN-gamma inhibits the proliferation of Th2 but not Th1 murine helper T lymphocyte clones. J Immunol 1988; 140:4245-52.
46. Mosmann TR, Coffman RL. Heterogeneity of cytokine secretion patterns and functions of helper T cells. Adv Immunol 1989; 46:111-47.
47. Croft M, Carter L, Swain SL, Dutton RW. Generation of polarized antigen specific CD8 effector populations: reciprocal action of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-12 in promoting type 2 vs type 1 cytokine profiles J Exp Med 1994; 180: 1715-28.
48. Coyle AJ, Erard F, Bertrand C et al. Virus-specific CDS + cells can switch to interleukin 5 production and induce airway eosinophilia. J Exp Med 1995; 181:1229-33.
49. Lament AG, Sette A, Fujinami R et al. Inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induction on SJL/J mice by using a peptide with high affinity for IAs molecules. J Immunol 1990; 145:1687-93.
50. u. J Immunol 1992; 148:3049-54.
51. Verhoef A, Higgins JA, Thorpe CJ et al. Clonal analysis of the atopic immune response to the group 2 allergen of Dermatophagoides spp: identification of HLA-DR and - DQ restricted T cell epitopes. Int Immunol 1993; 5:1589-97.
52. Sato TA, Widmer MB, Finkelman FD et al. Recombinant soluble murine IL-4 receptor can inhibit or enhance IgE responses in vivo. J Immunol 1993: 150:2717-23.
53. Gieni RS, Yang X, Hayglass KT. Allergen-specific modulation of cytokine synthesis patterns and IgE responses in vivo with chemically modified allergen. J Immunol 1993; 150:302-10.
54. Waldmann TA. Monoclonal antibodies in diagnosis and therapy. Science 1991; 252:1657-62.
55. Lack G, Renz H, Saloga J et al. Nebulized but not parenteral IFNγf decreases IgE production and normalizes airways function in a murine model of allergen sensitization. J Immunol 1994; 152:2546-54.
56. Finkelman FD, Madden KB, Morris SC et al. Anticytokine antibodies as carrier proteins. Prolongation of in vivo effects of exogenous cytokines by injection of cytokine anticytokine antibody complexes. J Immunol 1993; 151:1235-44.
57. Giavedoni LD, Jones L, Gardner MB et al. Vaccinia virus recombinants expressing chimeric proteins of human immunodeficiency virus and g-interferon are attenuated for nude mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89:3409-13.
58. Skeiky YAW, Guderian JA, Benson DR et al. A recombinant Leishmania antigen that stimulates human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to express a Th1-type cytokine profile and to produce interleukin 12. J Exp Med 1995; 181:1527-37.
59. Arora N, Gangal SV. Efficacy of liposome entrapped allergen in down regulation of IgE response in mice. Clin Exp Allergy 1992; 22:35-42.
60. Varney VA, Gaga M, Frew AJ et al. Usefulness of immunotherapy in patients with severe summer hay fever uncontrolled by antiallergic drugs. Br Med J 1991; 302:265-9.
61. Bousquet J, Becker WN, Hejjaoui A et al. Clinical and immunological reactivity of patients allergic to grass pollens and to multiple pollen species II. Efficacy of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, specific immunotherapy with standardized extracts. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991; 88:43-53.
62. Secrist H, Chelan CJ, Wen Y et al. Allergen immunotherapy decreases interleukin 4 production in CD4 - T cells from allergic individuals. J Exp Med 1993; 178:2123-30.
63. Varney VA, Hamid QA, Gaga M et al. Influence of grass pollen immunotherapy on cellular infiltration and cytokine mRNA expression during allergen-induced late-phase cutaneous responses. Clin Invest 1993; 92:664-51.
64. Jutel M, Pichler WJ, Skrbic D et al. Bee venom immunotherapy results in decrease of IL-4 and IL-5 and increase of IFNγ secretion in specific allergen-stimulated T cells cultures. J Immunol 1995; 154:4187-94.
65. McHugh SM, Deighton J, Stewart AG, Lachmann PJ, Ewan PW. Bee venom immunotherapy induces a shift in cytokine responses from a TH2 to a Th1 dominant pattern: comparison of rush and conventional immunotherapy. Clin Exp Allergy 1995;25:828-38.
66. Hayglass KT, Stefura BP. Anti-interferon-γ treatment blocks the ability of gluteraldehyde-polymerized allergens to inhibit specific IgE responses. J Exp Med 1991; 173:279-85.
67. Evavold BD, Sloan-Lancaster J, Allen PM. Tickling the TCR: selective T cell functions stimulated by altered peptide hgands. Immunol Today 1993; 14:602-9.
68. DeMagistris M, Alexander J, Coggeshall M et al. TH2 cell clonal anergy as a consequence of partial activation. J Exp Med 1992; 68:625-34.
69. Evavold BD, Williams SG, Chen JS, Allen PM. T cell inducing determinants contain a hierarchy of residues contacting the T cell receptor. Sem Immunol 1991; 3:225-9.
70. Sloan-Lancaster J, Evavold BD, Allen PM. TH2 cell clonal anergy as a consequence of partial activation J Exp Med 1994; 180:1195-205.
71. Sloan-Lancaster J. Allen PM. Significance of T-cell stimulation by altered peptide ligands in T cell biology. Curr Opin Immunol 1995; 7:103-9.
72. Wauben MHM, Boog CJP, Van der Zee R et al. Disease inhibition by major histocompatibility complex binding peptide analogues of disease-associated epitopes: more than blocking alone. J Exp Med 1992; 176:667-77.
73. Arnold B, Schonrich G, Hammerling GJ. Multiple levels of peripheral tolerance. Immunol Today 1993; 14:12-4.
74. Schwartz RH. A cell culture model for T lymphocyte clonal anergy. Science 1990; 248:349-56.
75. Mueller DL, Jenkins MK, Schwartz RH. Clonal expansion vs functional clonal inactivation: a costimulatory signalling pathway determines the outcome of T cell antigen receptor occupancy. Ann Rev Immunol 1989; 7:445-80.
76. O'Hehir RE, Yssel H, Verma S et al. Clonal analysis of differential lymphokine secretion in peptide and superantigen induced anergy. Int Immunol 1991; 3:819-26.
77. Yssel H, Fasler S, Lamb J, de Vries JH. Induction of non-responsiveness in human allergen-specific type 2 helper cells. Curr Opin Immunol 1994; 6:847-52.
78. Briner TJ, Kuo M-C, Rogers BR, Keating K, Greenstein JL. Inhibition of allergen-specific marine T cell responses after subcutaneous injection of T cell epitope-containing peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90:7608-12.
79. Gajewski TK, Qian D, Fields P, Fitch FW. Anergic T lymphocytes have altered inositol phosphate, calcium, and tyrosine kinase signalling pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91:38-42.
80. La Salle JM, Tolentino PJ, Freeman GJ, Nalder LM, Haller DA. Early signalling defects in human T cells anergised by T cell presentation of autoantigen. J Exp Med 1992; 176:177-86.
81. Sloan-Lancaster J. Shaw AS, Rothbard JB, Allen PM. Partial T cell signalling: altered phospho-z and lack of ZAP-70 recruitment in APL-induced T cell anergy. Cell 1994; 79:913-22.
82. Hoyne GF. Callow MG, Kuo M-C. Thomas WR. Inhibition of T-cell responses by feeding peptides containing major and cryptic epitopes: studies with the Der pI allergen. Immunology 1994; 83:190-5.
83. Hoyne GF, Callow MG, Kuhlman J, Thomas WR. T-eell lymphokine response to orally administered proteins during priming and unresponsiveness. Immunology 1993; 78:534-40.
84. Hoyne GF. O'Hehir RE, Wraith DC, Thomas WR, Lamb JR. Inhibition of T cell and antibody responses to the major house dust mite allergen in naive and sensitised mice. J Exp Med 1993; 178:1783-8.
85. Holt PG. Sedgewick JD. Suppression of IgE responses following inhalation of antigen. Immunol Today 1987; 8:14-5.
86. McMenamin C, Schon-Hegrad M. Oliver J, Girn B, Holt PG. Regulation of IgE responses to inhaled antigens: cellular mechanisms underlying allergic sensitization vs tolerance induction. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1991; 94:78-82.
87. McMenamin C, Oliver J. Girn B et al. Regulation of T-cell sensitization at epithelial surfaces in the respiratory tract: suppression of IgE responses to inhaled antigens by CD3 + Ter (α-P-) lymphocytes (putative γ/δ T cells). Immunology 1991; 74:234-9.
88. Fujihashi K, Taguchi T, Aicher WK et al. Immunoregulatory functions for murine intra-epithelial lymphocytes: gamma/delta T cell receptor-positive (TCR +) T cells abrogate oral tolerance while alpha/beta TCR + T cells provide B cell help. J Exp Med 1992; 175:695-707.
89. Fraser JD, Weiss A. Regulation of T cell lymphokine gene transcription by the accessory molecule CD28. Mol Cell Biol 1992; 12:4357-63.
90. Neste FO, Turka LA, Nickoloff BJ. Characterization of dermal dendritic cells in psoriasis: autostimulation of T lymphocytes and induction of Th1 type cytokines. J Clin Invest 1994; 94:202-9.
91. Shanafelt M-C, Soderberg C, Allsup A et al. Costimulatory signals can selectively modulate cytokine production by subsets of CD4 + T cells. J Immunol 1995; 154:1684-90.
92. Kuchroo VK, Prabhu-Das M, Brown JA et al. B7-1 and B7-2 costimulatory molecules activate differentially the Th1/TH2 developmental pathways: application to autoimmune disease therapy. Cell 1995; 80:707-18.
93. O'Hehir RE, Lamb JR. Induction of specific clonal anergy in human T lymphocytes by Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87:8884-8.
94. Lake RA, O'Hehir RE, Verhoef A Lamb JR. CD28 mRNA rapidly decays when activated T cells are functionally anergised with specific peptide. Int Immunol 1993; 5:461-6.
95. Gajewski TF, Lancki DW, Stack R, Fitch FW. 'Anergy' of Th0 helper T lymphocytes induces downregulation of Th1 characteristics and a transition to a TH2 phenotype. J Exp Med 1994; 179:481-91.
96. Van Seventer GA, Shimizu Y, Morgan KJ, Shaw S. The LFA-1 ligand provides an important co-stimulatory signal for T cell receptor-mediated activation of resting T cells. J Immunol 1990; 144:4579-86.
97. Isobe M, Yagita H, Okumura K, Ihara A. Specificacceptance of cardiac allograft after treatment with antibodies to ICAM-1 and LFA-1. Science 1992; 25:1125-7.
98. Nakao A, Nakajima H, Tomioka H, Nishimura T, Iwamato I. Induction of T cell tolerance by pretreatment with anti-ICAM-1 and anti lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 antibodies prevents antigen-induced eosinophil recruitment into the mouse airways. J Immunol 1994; 153:5819-25.
99. Freeman GJ, Boussiotis VA, Anumanthan A et al. B7-1 and B7-2 do not deliver identical costimulatory signals, since B7-2 but not B7 1 preferentially costimulutes the initial production of IL 4. Immunity 1995; 2:523-32.
100. Azuma M, Ito D, Yagita H et al. B70 antigen is a second ligand for CTLA-4 and CD28. Nature 1993; 366:76-9.
101. Nozawa Y, Wachl E, Tuminaga K, Abe M. Wakasa H. A novel monoclonal antibody (FUN-1) identifies an activation antigen in cells of the B cell lineage and Reed-Sternberg cells. J Pathol 1993; 169:309-15.
102. Freedman AS, Freeman GJ, Rhynhart K, Nadier LM. Selective induction of B7/BB-1 on interferon g stimulated monocytes: a potential mechanism for amplification of T cell activation. Cell Immunol 1991; 137:429-37.
103. 104 Hathcock KS, Laszio G, Pucillo C, Linsley P, Hodes RJ, Comparative analysis of B7.1 and B7.2 costimulatory ligands expression and function. J Exp Med 1994; 180:631-40.
104. Lenschow DJ, Sperling AI, Cooke MP et al. Differential upregulation of the B71 and B72 costimulatory molecules following immunoglobulin receptor engagement by antigen. J Immunol 1994; 153:1990-7.
105. Levine BL, Heda Y, Craighead N, Huang ML, June CH. CD28 ligands CD80 (B7.1) and CD86 (B7.2) induce long term autocrine growth of CD4 + T cells and induce similar patterns of cytokine secretion in vitro. Int Immunol 1995; 7:891-04.